2.

8 MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCE ACROSS LIME HYDRATOR

2.8.1 MATERIAL BALANCE OF LIME HYDRATOR

The capacity of the lime hydrator pilot plant at Chemical Engineering Department, Old Building,

Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria is 100kg (Ayuba Y., 2016). Therefore;

Basis: 100kg

Equation of the hydration reaction taking place in the lime hydrator:

Quicklime Hydrated lime Heat

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 +
1 mole 1 mole 1 mole
(40+16)kg/mol (2+16)kg/mol [40+{(16+2)2}]kg/mol
56kg/mol 18kg/mol 76kg/mol
Calcium oxide Water Calcium hydroxide

From the stoichiometric of the hydration reaction above:

1 mole of CaO react with 1mole of H 2O to produce 1 mole of Ca(OH) 2 in the lime hydrator.

Thus:

56kg/mol of CaO reacts with 18kg/mol of H2O to yield 76kg/mol of Ca(OH)2. Since basis is

100kg of Ca(OH)2 (Hydrated lime), this implies that;

If 56kg/mol of quicklime (CaO) reacts with 18kg/mol water in the hydrator to yield 76kg/mol

Ca(OH)2. Then;

Xkg of quicklime will react with Xkg water to yield 100kg of Ca(OH)2 [hydrated lime]. Hence;

X kg of quicklime = 56kg/mol 100kg = 73.6842kg of CaO

76kg/mol

X kg of water = 18kg/mol 100kg = 23.6842kg of H2O

76kg/mol

Therefore; 73.6842kg of CaO (quicklime) will react with 23.6842kg of H 2O (water) to yield

100kg of Ca(OH)2 in the lime hydrator.

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 CaO (Quicklime) H2O (Water)
73.6842kg 23.6842kg

Lime Hydrator

Xkg 100kg
Vapour (Heat) Ca(OH)2 (Hydrated Lime)

Figure 2.12: Material Balance across the Lime Hydrator Boundary

From the law of conservation;

Material input = Material output + Material generation + Material accumulation ---2.6

Assuming a steady state operation: Material generation = 0, Material accumulation = 0, thus:

Material input into the Lime Hydrator = Material output of the Lime Hydrator

73.6842kg of CaO + 23.6842kg of H2O = X kg of Heat + 100kg of Ca(OH)2

Hence;

X kg of Heat = (73.6842kg of CaO + 23.6842kg of H2O) - 100kg of Ca(OH)2

= - 2.6316 kg of Heat

This means that, the hydration reaction taking place between the quicklime and water in the lime

hydrator to produce the hydrated lime is exothermic (ie heat is loss in form of vapour from the

lime hydrator to the surrounding).

2.8.2 ENERGY BALANCE OF THE LIME HYDRATOR

Energy gain = Energy loss + Energy generation + Energy accumulation ---2.7

Assuming steady state operation;

Energy accumulation = 0, Energy gain = Energy of CaO in + Energy of H 2O in, Energy loss =

Energy of Ca(OH)2 out, Energy generation = Heat out of the lime hydrator. Thus;
46
Energy of CaO in + Energy of H2O in = Energy of Ca(OH)2 out + Heat out of the lime hydrator

Heat out of the lime hydrator = (Energy of CaO in + Energy of H2O in) - Energy of Ca(OH)2 out

---2.8

Heat Energy = Mass Specific Heat Capacity Temperature Change = mCT

Assuming the feeds (CaO and H2O) are fed into the lime hydrator at room temperature, thus;

Temperature change = T = 25oC = 25 + 273 = 298K,

But at 298K:

Specific heat capacity of CaO, CCaO = 49.9540J/(mol.K)

Specificic heat capacity of H2O, CH O = 74.5390J/(mol.K)

2

Specific heat capacity of Ca(OH)2, CCa(OH) = 87.5000J/(mol.K)

2

Specific heat capacity of Heat = ?

Energy of CaO in =MCaOCCaOT= 73.6842kg 49.9540J/mol.K 298K =

1096884.517kgJ/mol

= 1096884.517kgJ 1 mole = 1096884.517kgJ = 19587.2235J= 19.5872kJ

mol 56kg 56kg
Energy of H2O in =MH OCH O T =23.6842kg74.5390J/(mol.K)298K = 526088.1820kgJ/mol
2 2

= 526088.1820kgJ 1 mole = 526088.1820kgJ = 29227.1212J = 29.2271kJ

mol 18kg 18kg
Energy of Ca(OH)2 out=MH OCH OT=100.000kg87.5000J/molK298K= 2607500.00kgJ/mol
2 2

= 2607500.00kgJ 1 mole = 2607500.00kgJ = 34309.2105J = 34.3092kJ

Mol 76kg 76kg

Thus;

Heat out of the lime hydrator = (Energy of CaO in + Energy of H2O in) - Energy of Ca(OH)2 out

= (19587.2235J + 29227.1212J) - 34309.2105J

= 48814.3447J - 34309.2105J

= 14505.1342J

47
 = 14.5051342kJ

2.8.3 EFFICIENCY OF THE LIME HYDRATOR

From literatures; Efficiency = Input 100 ---2.9

Output

Hence; Efficiency of the Lime Hydrator = Total Energy Output 100

Total Energy Input

Total energy input = (Energy of CaO in + Energy of H2O in) = (19587.2235J + 29227.1212J)

= 48814.3447J

Total energy output = Energy of Ca(OH)2 out + Heat out of the Lime Hydrator

= 34309.2105J + 14505.1342J = 48814.3447J

Efficiency of the Lime Hydrator = 48814.3447J 100 = 100%

48814.3447J

The efficiency of the lime hydrator is 100% but in reality, it is very difficult to obtain such due to

the effect of environmental factors and unforeseen malfunctioning of the part or parts of the lime

hydrator plot plant, etc.

48
 REFERENCES

Aliyu Y., 2016. Design and Construction of Lime Hydrator; Research Project, Department of

Chemical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

EPA Standard, June 1986. Handbook for stabilization/solidification of Hazardous Waste

Hassibi M.,November 1999. An Overview of Lime Slaking and Factors that Affect the Process,

Chemco Sytem, L.P.

Hassibi M.,November 2015. An Overview of Lime Slaking and Factors that Affect the Process,

Chemco Sytem, L.P.

Hassibi M., 2010. Equipment Selection for the Lime Slaking and their Impact on the Slaking

Process, Chemco System, L.P.

Hively E.F., Practical Lime Slaking, Alis Mineral System Grinding Division.

Mater J., 2009. Effect of Reactivity of Quick Lime on the Properties of Hydrated Lime Sorbent

for SO2 Removal, Science Technology, Volume 25, No 3.

Micheal M., 2008. Lime, Domestic Survey and Data Tables, U.S. Geological Survey, 898

National Center.

Miller T.C., A Study of Reaction between Calcium Oxide and Water, Published by National

Lime Association, Washington D.C.

Robert S. B., Chemistry and Technology of Lime and Limestone, Second Edition, John Wiley &

Sons.

Schaub M., SCHAUB Dry Lime Hydration Plant, Provinostrae 52, D-86153 Augsburg.

(www.schaub-systems.com)

Wire and Wire Products, October 1995.

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www.epa.gov/safewater/mdbp/coaguide.pdf

www.etymonline.com

www.metso.com

www.wikipedia.com

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