ASRA College Student Handbook: Electronics 4th Semester

ASRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
STUDENT HAND BOOK

Bachelor of Technology
Semester- 4th
Study Scheme- 2011 onwards
DEPARMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
ASRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
BHAWANIGARH (SANGRUR)
AUTHORS:
Er. Vikas Goyal
Er. Gagandeep Kaur
Er. Sandeep Pal Singh
Er. Manpreet Kaushal
Er. Neeraj Julka
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 1
STUDY SCHEME
Course code Course title Load allocation Marks distribution Total Credits
Marks
L T P Internal Externa
l
BTEE-402 Linear Control Systems 4 1 - 40 60 100 5
BTEC-401 Analog Communication 3 1 - 40 60 100 4
Systems
BTEC-402 Signal & Systems 3 1 - 40 60 100 4
BTEC-403 Electromagnetics & 4 1 - 40 60 100 5
Antennas
BTEC-404 Electronic Measurement 3 1 - 40 60 100 4
&
Instrumentation
BTEC-405 Pulse Wave Shaping and 3 1 - 40 60 100 4
Switching
BTEC-406 Lab Analog - - 2 30 20 50 1
Communication
Systems
BTEC-407 Lab Electronic - - 2 30 20 50 1
Measurement
& Instrumentation
BTEC-408 Lab Signal & Systems - - 2 30 20 50 1
using MATLAB/Mentor
DSP
General Fitness 100 ---- 100

Syllabus
Linear Control Systems
BTEE 402
Internal Marks: 40 LTP

External Marks: 60 410
Total Marks: 100
Unit I Introductory Concepts: Plant, Systems, Servomechanism, regulating systems,

disturbances, Open loop control system, closed loop control systems, linear and non-linear
systems, time variant and invariant, continuous and sampled-data control systems, Block
diagrams, some illustrative examples.
Unit II Modeling: Formulation of equation of linear electrical, mechanical, thermal, pneumatic
and hydraulic system, electrical, mechanical analogies. Transfer function, Block diagram
representation, signal flow graphs and associated algebra, characteristics equation.
Unit III Time Domain Analysis: Typical test input signals, Transient response of the first and
second order systems. Time domain specifications, Dominant closed loop poles of higher order
systems.Steady state error and coefficients, pole-zero location and stability, Routh-Hurwitz
Criterion.
Unit IV Root Locus Technique: The extreme points of the root loci for positive gain.
Asymptotes to the loci, Breakaway points, intersection with imaginary axis, location of roots
with given gain and sketch of the root locus plot.
Unit V Frequency Domain Analysis: Closed loop frequency response, Bode plots, stability and
loop transfer function. Frequency response specifications, Relative stability, Relation between
time and frequency response for second order systems. Log. Magnitude versus Phase angle plot,
Nyquist criterion for stability.
Unit VI Compensation: Necessity of compensation, series and parallel compensation,
compensating networks, applications of lag and lead-compensation.
Unit VII Control Components: Error detectors potentiometers and synchros, servo motors,
a.c. and d.c. techno generators, Magnetic amplifiers.
Suggested Readings / Books
Dorf Richard C. and Bishop Robert H., Modern Control System, Addison Wesley, Pearson New Delhi
Ogata K., Modern Control Engineering, Prentice Hall,
Kuo B. C., Automatic Control System, Prentice Hall
Nagrath I.J. and Gopal M., Control System Engineering, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
Singh / Janardhanan, Modern Control Engineering, Cengage Learning
Kilian, Modern Control Technology: Components and Systems, Cengage Learning

Analog Communication Systems
BTEC 401

Total Marks: 100
Unit I Base Band Signals and Systems: Introduction, Elements of communication system,
Noise & its types; Noise Figure & noise factor, Noise equivalent temperature. Modulation &
Demodulation, Mixing; Linear & Nonlinear, need of modulation, types of modulation systems,
basic transmission signals, Frequency multiplexing technique.
Unit II Analog Modulation Techniques: Introduction, theory of amplitude modulation; AM
power calculations, AM current calculations, AM modulation with a complex wave, theory of
frequency modulation mathematical analysis of FM, spectra of FM signals, narrow band of FM,
Wide band FM, Theory of phase modulation, phase modulation obtained from frequency
modulation, comparison of AM & FM, Comparison of PM & FM.
Unit III AM Transmission: Introduction, generation of Amplitude Modulation, Low level and
high level modulation, basic principle of AM generation; square law modulation, Amplitude
modulation in amplifier circuits, suppressed carrier AM generation (Balanced Modulator) ring
Modulator, Product Modulator/balanced Modulator.
Unit IV AM Reception: Receiver Parameters; Selectivity, Sensitivity, Fidelity, Tuned Ratio
Frequency (TRF) Receiver, Super heterodyne Receiver; Basic elements of AM super heterodyne
Receiver; RF Amplifier, Neutralization of RF Amplifiers, Class of operation of RF Amplifiers,
High power RF Amplifiers, Image Frequency Rejection, Cascade RF Amplifier, methods of
increasing Bandwidth, frequency Conversion and Mixers; Additive Mixing, Bipolar Transistor
Additive Mixer, self-excited Additive Mixers, multiplicative mixing, Multiplicative Mixer using
dual gate MOSFET, Tracking & Alignment, IF Amplifier, AM detector; square law detector,
Envelope or Diode detector, AM detector with AGC, Distortion in diode detectors, AM
detector Circuit using Transistor, Double hetro-dyne receiver, AM receiver using a phase locked
loop (PLL), AM receiver characteristics.
Unit V FM Transmission: FM allocation standards, generation of FM by direct method,
varactor diode Modulator, Cross by Direct FM Transmitter, Phase-Locked-Loop Direct FM
Transmitter, Indirect generation of FM; Armstrong method, RC phase shift method, Frequency
stabilised reactance FM transmitter.
Unit VI FM Reception: Frequency demodulators, Tuned circuit frequency discriminators; Slope
Detector, Balance Slope Detector, Foster Seeley discriminator, Ratio Detector, FM detection
using PLL, Zero crossing detector as a Frequency Demodulator, quadrature FM demodulator, pre
emphasis and de-emphasis, limiter circuits, FM Capture effect, FM receiver, FM stereo
transmission and reception, Two way FM Radio Transmitter and Receiver.

Unit VII SSB Transmission: Introduction, Single Side band systems, AM-SSB; Full carrier,
Suppressed carrier , reduced carrier, Independent side band, and Vestigial side band, Comparison
of SSB Transmission to conventional AM, Generation of SSB; Filter method, Phase Shift
Method, Third Method.
Unit VIII SSB Reception: SSB Product Demodulator, Balanced Modulator as SSB
Demodulator, Single Side band receivers; Single side band BFO Receivers, Coherent Single side
band BFO Receivers, Single Side band Envelop detection receiver, Multi Channel Pilot Carrier
SSB Receiver.
Unit IX Pulse Modulation Transmissions and Reception: Introduction, Sampling Theorem
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Natural PAM Frequency Spectra for PAM , Flat-top PAM,
Sample and hold circuits, Time division Multiplexing, PAM Modulator Circuit, Demodulation of
PAM Signals, Pulse Time Modulation (PTM); Pulse Width Modulation(PWM), Pulse Position
Modulation (PPM), PPM Demodulator.
Suggested / Recommended Books:
Electronic communication Systems by Kennedy & Davis, Tata Mcgraw Hill.
Analog Communication Systems by Manoj Kumar &Manisha, SatyaPrakashan, New Delhi, 2nd Edition.
Electronic Communication System, Tomasi, Pearson Education.
Electronic Communication, Roddy, Pearson Education.
Analog Communication Systems by SymonHykens, John Wiley &Sons .
Principles of Communication System, Taub& Schilling, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.

Signals & Systems
BTEC402

Total Marks: 100
Unit I Classification of Signals and Systems: Continuous time signals (CT signals), discrete
time signals (DT signals) - Step, Ramp, Pulse, Impulse, Exponential, Classification of CT and
DT signals - periodic & aperiodic, random &deterministic signals, Even& Odd Signals, Energy
& Power Signals, Description of continuous time and discrete time systems.
Unit II Analysis of Continuous Time Signals: Fourier series analysis, Spectrum of C.T. signals,
Fourier Transform and its properties in Signal Analysis, Power Spectral Density and Energy
spectral density.
Unit III Linear Time Invariant Continuous Time Systems: Linear Time invariant Systems
and their properties. Differential equation & Block diagram representation, Impulse response,
Convolution integral, Frequency response (Transfer Function), Fourier transforms analysis.
Unit IV Analysis of Discrete Time Signals: Sampling of CT signals and aliasing, DTFT and its
properties, Ztransform and properties of Z-transform.
Unit V Linear Time Invariant - Discrete Time System: Difference equations, Block diagram
representation, Impulse response, Convolution sum, LTI systems analysis using DTFT and Z-
transforms.
Unit VI Random Signal Theory: Introduction to probabilities, Definition, probability of
Random events, Joint and conditional probability, probability Mass function statistical averages.
Probability density functions and statistical averages. Examples of P.D. function, transformation
of random variables random processes, stationary, True averages and Ergodic.
Suggested Readings / Books:
Signals and Systems by Allan V.Oppenheim, S.Wilsky and S.H.Nawab, Pearson Education.
Fundamentals of Signals and Systems by Edward W Kamen& Bonnies Heck, Pearson Education.
Communication Signals & System by Simon Haykins, John Wiley & Sons.
Signals and Systems by H P Hsu, RakeshRanjan, Schaums Outlines, Tata McGraw Hill.
Digital Signal Processing by S Salivahanan, A. Vallavaraj, C. Gnanapriya, McGraw Hill International.
Signals and Systems by Simon Haykins and Barry Van Veen, John Wiley & sons, Inc.
Signal, System & Transforms, Phillips, Pearson Education.
Roberts, Signals & Linear Systems, by Robert A. Gabel and Richard A., John Wiley.
Signals & systems, by Rodger E. Ziemer, William H. Tranter, D. Ronald Fannin.Pearson Education.

Electromagnetics & Antennas
BTEC403

Total Marks: 100
Unit I Electromagnetic Waves: Maxwell's equations in differential and integral forms Wave
equation and its solution in different media, polarization. Plane wave propagation in a dielectric
medium, Reflection and transmission of an EM waves. Surface impedance, Poynting theorem.
Unit II Waveguides and Transmission Lines: Waves between parallel planes. TE, TM and
TEM Waves, velocities of propagation, Attenuation in parallel plane guides, wave impedance.
Circuit representation of parallel plane transmission lines.Low loss transmission lines.Distortion
less condition. Smith charts. Rectangular and circular wave guides. Wave impedance and
characteristics impedances. Transmission line analogy for wave guides.
Unit III Antennas: introduction, concept of radiation in single wire, two wire, and dipole,
Antenna parameters, Retarded potential, infinitesimal dipole. Current distribution of short dipole
and half wave dipole, Far-field, Radiating near-field and reactive near-field region, Monopole
and Half wave dipole.
Unit IV Antenna Arrays: Array of two point sources, Array factor, Array configurations,
Hansen-woodyard end fire array, n-element linear array with uniform amplitude and spacing, n-
element linear array with nonuniform spacing, Analysis of Binomial and Dolph-Tschebysceff
array, Scanning Array, Super directive array.
Unit V Aperture Antennas: Field Equivalence principle, Rectangular and circular aperture
antennas, Horn antenna, Babinets Principle, Slot Antenna, Reflector antenna.
Unit VI Wave Propagation: Free space equation, Reflection from earths surface, Surface and
Space wave propagation, Range of space wave propagation, Effective earths radius, Duct
propagation, Troposphere propagation. Structure of ionosphere, propagation of radio waves
through ionosphere, Critical frequency, Maximum usable frequency, Optimum working
frequency, lowest usable high frequency, virtual height, Skip Distance, Effect of earths magnetic
field.
Electromagnetics and radiating systems, Jordan E.C., PHI.
Antenna Theory, Balanis C.A, John Wiley & sons.
Antenna and wave propagation, R.L.Yadava, PHI
Problem and solutions in electromagneics, W H Hayt and J A buck, Tata McGraw Hill
Antenna Theory, Krauss J.D., McGraw Hill.
Shen/Kong/Patnaik, Engineering Electromagnetics, Cengage Learning.

Electronics Measurements and Instrumentation
BTEC-404

Total Marks: 100
Unit I Fundamentals: Generalized instrumentation system Units and Standards, Calibration

Methods,Standards of measurements, Classification of errors, error analysis. Static
Characteristics- Accuracy, Precision,sensitivity, linearity, resolution, hysteresis, threshold, input
impedance, loading effects etc.DynamicCharacteristics.
Unit II Electronic Meters: Electronic Analog voltmeter: DC voltmeters-Choppers type-DC
amplifier, solidstate voltmeter, Differential voltmeter, peak responding voltmeter, True RMS
voltmeter, calibration of DCvoltmeters. Digital Voltmeter:- Introduction, Ramp Techniques, dual
slope, integrating type DVM, Successiveapproximation type DVM, Resolution and sensitivity of
digital meters, general specification of a DVM. CROsstudy of various stages in brief,
measurement of voltage, current phase and frequency, special purposeoscilloscope.
Unit III Measuring Instruments: Principle of operation of galvanometer, PMMC, Moving Iron
instruments,Resistance measurements using Wheatstone bridge, Kelvin Double Bridge, Ohm
meter, AC bridges: Maxwellbridge, Maxwell wein bridge, Heys Bridge, Schering Bridge,
Anderson Bridge, Campbell Bridge.
Unit IV Instrumentation for Generation and Analysis of Waveforms: Signal generators:
Fixed and variableAF oscillators, AF sine and square wave generator, Function generator: Square
and pulse generator, Sweepgenerator, wave analyzer, harmonic distortion analyzer, spectrum
analyzer, spectrum analysis.
Unit V Storage and Display Devices: Necessity of recorders, recording requirements, graphic
recorders, stripchart recorders, magnetic tape recorders, digital tape recorders. Electronic
indicating instruments, sevensegment display, fourteen segmental display Nixie tube.
Unit VI Transducers and DATA Acquisition Systems: Strain gauge, LVDT, thermocouple,
piezoelectric,crystal and photoelectric transducers and their applications. Data acquisition
systems.
Unit VII Telemetry: Introduction, method of data transmission, types of telemetry systems and
applications.
Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation, by K. SAWHNEY.
Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques, by D Cooper.
Electronic Instrumentation, by H.S. Kalsi, Tata McGraw Hill
Applied Electronics Instrumentation and measurement, David Buchla, Wayne Melachlan:
Electronics Measurement and Instrumentation,Oliver by B.H and Cag J.M. McGrawHill.
Element of Electronic Instrumentation &Measurment, by Carr, Pearson Education.
Electronic Measurments& Instrumentation, by Kishore, Pearson Education.
Process Control Systems and Instrumentation, Bartelt, Cengage Learning

Pulse Wave Shaping and Switching
BTEC405

Total Marks: 100
Unit I Introduction to Basic Elements and Waveforms: Passive and Active circuit elements,
AC throughinductor and capacitor, AC through Resistor-inductor and resistor-capacitor in series,
Series and parallelresonance circuit, Different input signals, Average and RMS value.
Unit II BistableMultivibrators: Role of feedback in electronic circuits, Fixed bias and self-bias
bistablemultivibrator, Speed-up Capacitors, unsymmetrical and symmetrical triggering,
Application of Trigger input atthe base of OFF Transistor, Application of Trigger input at the
base of ON Transistor, Bisatblemultivibrator asT Flip-Flop, Schmitt trigger circuit, Calculation
of Upper Tripping Point and Lower Tripping Point.
Unit III Monostable and AstableMultivibrators: Collector Couple and Emitter Coupled
Monostablemultivibrator, Expression for Gate width, Astable Collector coupled and emitter
coupled multivibrator,complementary Transistor Astablemultivibrator.
Unit IV Switching Characteristics of Devices: Diode and transistor as electronic switch,
Breakdownmechanism in diode, Effect of temperature on diode, Charge storage phenomena,
Switching times in diode andtransistor, Delay time, Rise time, Storage time and fall time, Use of
Schotkey diode for reducing storage time.
Unit V Linear Wave Shaping: Low pass RC Network, Response to standard waveforms
circuits, IntegratorHigh Pass RC circuits, Response to standard waveforms, Differentiator,
Double differentiation, Attenuator.
Unit VI NON- Linear Wave Shaping: Clipping circuits (diode & transistor), Diode
comparators, Transistordifferential comparator, Operational amplifier comparator, clamping
circuits, Practical clamping circuit,clamping circuit theorem.
Pulse and Digital Switching Circuits by Milliman, Taub; Tata Mcgraw Hill
Pulse and Digital Circuits by Mothiki S. PrakashRao; Tata Mcgraw Hill
Pulse & Digital Circuits, by Rao K, Pearson Education.
Switching Theory & Logic Design, by Rao , Pearson Education.
Wave Generation and Shaping by Strauss McGraw Hill.
Pulse and Switching Circuits by Sanjeev Kumar; DhanpatRai& Company

LAB Analog Communication Systems
BTEC406

Total Marks: 50
Generation of DSB & DSB-SC AM signal using balanced modulator & determine modulation
Index &detection of DSB using Diode detector.
Generation of SSB AM signal & detection of SSB signal using product detector.
To generate a FM Signal using Varactor& reactance modulation.
Detection of FM Signal using PLL & foster seelay& resonant detector.
To Study Super heterodyne AM receiver and measurement of receiver parameters viz.
sensitivity, selectivity& fidelity.
To study the circuit of PWM & PPM modulator & Demodulator
Study of Frequency Division Multiplexing / Demultiplexing with sinusoidal & audio inputs
Using DSBSC.
Generation & study of Analog TDM at least 4 channels.
Sampling Theorem & Reconstruction of Signal from its samples using Natural Sampling, Flat
Top Sampling& Sample & Hold Circuits & effect of duty cycle.
To draw & study Polar plots & polarization of Helical, Ground plane, Yagiuda& dipole
Antenna & calculateAntenna gain, Antenna beam width, Element current & Front-back ratio of
antenna.
To study Antenna matching using stubline.
To study a transmission line attenuation & frequency characteristics.

Electronic Measurement & Instrumentation
BTEC407

Total Marks: 50
Measurement of Inductance by Maxwells Bridge.

Measurement of small resistance by Kelvins Bridge.
Measurement of Capacitance by Schering Bridge.
Measurement of Frequency by Wein Bridge.
Measurement of medium resistance by Wheat Stones Bridge.
__________Determination of frequency & phase angle using C.R.O.
To find the Q of a coil using LCR-Q meter.
To determine output characteristic of a LVDT and determine its sensitivity.
Study characteristics of temperature transducer like Thermocouple, Thermistor and RTD with
implementationof small project using signal conditioning circuit.
Study characteristics of Light transducer like Photovoltaic cell, Phototransistor and Pin
Photodiode withimplementation of small project using signal conditioning circuit.
To study input- output characteristics of a potentiometer and to use two potentiometers as an
error detector.
To study transmitter- receiver characteristics of a synchro set to use the set as control
component.
To study the operation of a d-c positional servo system and to investigate the effect of damping
and supplyvoltage on its response.
To study the operation of an a.c. position servo-system and to obtain effects of supply voltage
and systemparameter on its transient response.
To study a stepper motor and control its direction speed and number of steps with the help of a
microprocessor.

Lab Signal & Systems Using MATLAB / MENTOR DSP
BTEC408

Total Marks: 50
Generation of continuous and Discrete Unit step signal.

Generation of exponential and Ramp Signal in Continuous and Discrete Domain.
Continuous and Discrete time Convolution.
Adding and subtracting two Given Signals (Continues as well as Discrete Signals)
To generate a random binary wave.
To Generate a Random Sequences with arbitrary distribution, means and Variances for
following:
Rayleigh Distribution
Uniform distribution
Gaussian distribution.
To Plot Probability density functions. Find Mean and Variance for the above distribution
To study Power Spectrum Density
To study Difference Equation to develop elementary signal function modules (m-files) for unit
sample, unitstep, exponential and unit ramp sequences.
To develop program modules based on operation on sequences like signal shifting, signal
folding, signaladdition and signal multiplication.
To develop program for discrete convolution and correlation .
To develop program for finding response of the LTI system described by the difference
equation.
To develop program for computing inverse Z-transform.

Subject: Linear Control Systems BTEE-402
Assignment No.-1
1) Define the linear and non linear system.

2) State Masons Gain formula.
3) Write limitations of transfer function approach.
4) What are open and closed loop systems? Differentiate them.
5) Show with the help of diagram the Target aiming system of a gun.
6) Give the requirements of good control system.
7) Give the examples of open and closed loop control systems.
Assignment No.-2
1) What is D-Alemberts Principle? Explain with help of equations.

2) Differentiate the Block diagram and SFG.
3) Find out the expression for the transfer function of a closed loop system?
4) What is the need of standard test signals?
5) What do you mean by critically damped system?
6) Define Damping Ratio and explain how it affects the response of the system?
Assignment No.-3
1) What is steady state error and how it can be reduced?
2) Explain the time response of control system.
3) Explain how the system stability affect with the addition of pole and zero in a control system.
4) Explain the transient time response specifications
5) Give the derivation of steady state error.
6) Give the time response of second order system subjected to unit impulse applied as an input.
Assignment No.-4
1) What do you mean by critically damped system?

2) Define Damping Ratio and explain how it affects the response of the system?
3) What are break away points?

4) Give the time response of second order system subjected to unit impulse applied as an input.
5) What are advantages of frequency domain approach over time domain approach?
6) What is the Correlation between the frequency response and time response?
Assignment No.-5
1) What is principle of argument?

2) What is resonant frequency?
3) What is mapping?
4) Define phase margin and gain margin in Bode plot.
5) What are compensators? Explain about Lag compensators, Lead compensators and Lead-
Lag compensators
Assignment No.-6
1) What is basic principle operation of DC Servomotor?

2) write a note on Magnetic amplifiers.
3) What is Zero Crossing Detector?
4) How is servomotor different from common motor?
5) What are error detectors? How can you use potentiometer as an error detector?

Subject: Linear Control Systems BTEE-402
Tutorials
Tutorial sheet no.-1
1Q: Find the mechanical system equations and convet it into force-current and force-voltage analogy.
2Q-Reduce the cascaded blocks given in the diagram and find its transfer function .
3Q-Reduce the cascaded blocks given in the diagram and find out its transfer function.

4Q-Reduce the cascaded blocks given in the diagram and find the transfer function.
5Q-Reduce the cascaded blocks given in the diagram and find the transfer function.
6Q-Reduce the cascaded blocks given in the diagram.


1Q-Reduce the cascaded blocks given in the diagram and find its transfer function?
2Q-Reduce the cascaded blocks given in the diagramand find its transfer function?

3Q-Reduce the cascaded blocks given in the diagram and convert it into SFG.
4Q Find transfer function using Masons gain formula.
5Q: Find out the transfer function of the given signal flow graph?


1Q Apply Masons Rule to calculate the transfer function of the system represented by following
Signal Flow Graph
Signal Flow Graph

Signal Flow Graph
4Q: For the system shown, find peak time, percent overshot, and settling time.

5Q Design the value of gain K, so that the system will respond with a 10% overshot.
1) A unity feedback system having unit step input open loop transfer function
36
G(s) =
s ( s+8 )
Determine 1)n 2) 3) d4) Tp5) Mp6) Settling time Ts.
2) By Hurwitz, find stability of the below given system
4 3 2
s +8 s +18 s + 16 s+ 5=0
3) Determine the stability of the system whose characteristic equation is given by

5 4 3 2
s +11 s +4 s +2 s + 17 s+ 33=0

4) Find error coefficient for given system

s 4 +3 s3 +10
G(s)H((s) = 2
s + ( s+5 )( s+10 )
1) The loop transfer function of a feedback control system is given by

K
G(s) H((s) =
s ( s+2 ) ( s 2+2 s+2)
Calculate the no. of Asymptotes of its root loci.
2) Sketch the root locus plot for the system when open loop transfer function
Is given by
K
G(s) H(s) =
s ( s+6 ) (s 2 +4 s+13)

4) Give the centroid and directions of asymptotes for root locus of a system whose open loop
transfer function is

s + ( s +1 ) ( s+5)

K

5) Find the phase angle of the transfer function
1
G(s) =
(1+sT )3
At corner frequency.
1
6) Draw the polar plot forG(s) =
(1+sT )
7) Draw the Bode Plot for the following
100 ( 0.02 s+1 )

G(s)H((s) =
( s+1 ) (1+ 0.1 s)(1+0.01 s )2
Mark the following on Bode plot, recording the numerical values
(i) Gain crossover frequency

(ii) Phase margin
(iii) Phase crossover frequency
(iv) Gain margin.
Subject: - Analog Comm. System

(BTEC-401)
ASSIGNMENT 1
1.Explain construction & working of Elements of communication system.
2. Describe the Modulation & Demodulation, Mixing
3.What is Linear & Nonlinear Modulation Explain in detail. and
4. Explain in detail transmission signals
5. Explain Frequency multiplexing technique

ASSIGNMENT 2
1.What is theory of amplitude modulation Explain AM power calculations
2.Describe the theory of frequency modulation and mathematical analysis of FM
3.comparison of AM & FM
4. Comparison of PM & FM.
5. Write a note on
(a). Amplitude Modulation
(b).Low level and high level modulation
ASSIGNMENT 3
1. Explain square law modulation in detail.
2. Describe suppressed carrier AM generation.
3. Explain Selectivity and Sensitivity of a receiver.
4. Write a note on
Ring Modulator
Product Modulator
Balanced Modulator
ASSIGNMENT 4
1.What is TRF? Explain Tuned Ratio Frequency Receiver.
2.What is Super heterodyne Receiver? Describe Basic elements of AM super heterodyne
Receiver.
3.Explain in detail RF Amplifier also define Neutralization of RF Amplifiers.
4.Describe the working of an AM receiver using a phase locked loop.
5.Write a note on
AM detector
Square law detector
ASSIGNMENT 5
1.varactor diode Modulator
2.Discuss steps for Indirect generation of FM
3.Describe Phase-Locked-Loop Direct FM Transmitter.
4. Explain Armstrong method and RC phase shift method.
5.Write a note on
Tuned circuit frequency discriminators
Slope Detector

Subject: - Analog Comm. System

Tutorials
TUTORIAL SHEET-1
1. Draw the waveforms for amplitude modulation.
2. Draw the waveforms for phase & frequency modulation.
3. Compare analog modulation & digital modulation.
4. Draw & explain basic block diagram of communication system.
5. State the need of modulation.

6. Differentiate between simplex & duplex with sketch.

7. Draw and explain electromagnetic spectrum
8.
TUTORIAL SHEET-2
1. State advantages of AM
2. State disadvantages and applications of AM.
3. State any two advantages & disadvantages and application of FM
4. Explain detection process of FM signals using balanced frequency discriminator.
5. Obtain fourier series representation of the single tone FM signal for an arbitrary value
of .
6. With the help of block diagram explain the working of PLL.
7. Give the description of FM in time and frequency domain.
Differentiate between FM and AM.
8.
TUTORIAL SHEET-3
1. Obtain the expression for an FM wave. Also write the different waveforms.
2. Explain the following terms: a) Direct generation of FM b) Indirect generation of FM
3. Write a short note on Armstrong method of generating FM
4. Explain clearly how a balanced slope detector is used for FM demodulation.
5. Explain with relevant mathematical expression , the demodulation of an FM signal using
PLL.
6. Define angle modulation.. Describe with the help of block diagrams, schemes for
generating FM wave using PM
7. Define PM wave using FM
TUTORIAL SHEET-4
1. Define PM wave using FM.
2. Explain the demodulation of FM wave using zero crossing detector.
3. Derive the equation for FM waves. Define modulation index, maximum deviation and
bandwidth of a FM signal.
4. Explain nonlinearity and its effects in FM system.
5. Define percentage modulation and deviation sensitivity in FM.
6. Describe with necessary equations and block diagram, the generation of narrow band FM.
7. Define angle modulation. Describe with the help of block diagrams, schemes for
generating
a).FM wave using PM b) PM wave using FM
c) Find the average power in FM

TUTORIAL SHEET-5
1. With block diagram explain FM stereo multiplexing.:
2. Explain briefly different types of television recievers
3. What is vestigial sideband correction and how is it achieved
4. Write the block diagram of a super heterodyne receiver and specify the importance of
IF value in the receiver.
5. Explain frequency division multiplexing used in radio receiver.
6. Explain the characteristics of radio receiver with necessary waveforms.
7. Draw block diagram of an RF tuner and explain how incoming signals from different
stations are translated to common
8. picture IF and sound IF frequencies. Illustrate your answer by choosing carrier frequencies of
any channel in the VHF band.
TUTORIAL SHEET-6
1. What do you understand by image rejection ratio? What are the merits of using an RF
amplifier before the frequency converter?
2. What are the essential functions of IF section
3. What is the principle of RF section. Explain with necessary block diagram
4. Explain different types of noise.
5. Define Noise figure, Noise temperature and Noise equivalent BW.
6. Define shot noise.
7. Discuss thermal noise in detail.
8. Explain noise figure.
TUTORIAL SHEET-7
1. Derive the relation between noise figure and equivalent noise temperature.
2. Derive an expression for overall noise figure and equivalent noise temperature of n
numbers of noisy networks in cascade.
3. Derive an expression for overall equivalent noise temperature of the cascade connection
of two port network.
4. What is noise equivalent bandwidth? Derive an expression for noise equivalent
bandwidth.
5. Write note on noise equivalent temperature.
6. Define the following along with related equations;
a) Noise equivalent bandwidth b) Narrow band noise
7. Find an expression for the figure of merit of an SSB receiver using a coherent detector.

Sub: Signal & Systems
(BTEC-402)
ASSIGNMENT 1
Q1. Define Signal. What are the major classifications of signals?

Q2.What do you mean by a memoryless system?
Q3.Differentiate between even and odd signals.
Q4. What do you mean by signal energy and signal power?
Q5. Differentiate between continuous time and discrete time systems.
ASSIGNMENT 2
Q1.Why signal is represented using Fourier series? Explain.

Q2. List various properties of Fourier transforms and explain any four of them in detail.
Q3.Why spectral density is required? Explain energy spectral density in detail.

Q4.Define power spectral density?

ASSIGNMENT 3
Q1 Discuss the properties of LTI systems.

Q2 Distinguish between autocorrelation and convolution.
Q3. Explain Convolution Theorem and its graphical interpretation.
Q4. Explain the time-shifting and frequency shifting properties of Fourier transform.
ASSIGNMENT 4
Q1.State and prove the sampling theorem.

Q2. Explain Nyquist criterion.
Q3. State and prove the convolution property of z-transform.
Q4 Explain the differentiation property of z-transform.
ASSIGNMENT 5
Q1. What is a random process? Explain various types of random processes.
Q2. Define probability. Explain conditional and joint probabilities.
Q3. State and prove time-shifting property of DTFT.
Q4. Differentiate between Stationary and Ergodicity?
Q5. Under what conditions a process is called an ergodic process?
Sub: Signal & Systems

TUTORIAL 1
Q1 Sketch the following continuous-time signals.
a. x(t ) = u(t + 2)+ u(t - 3)
b. x(t ) = 5u(- 2t + 6)
c. x(t ) = (3t +1)(u(t - 2)- u(t - 4))
d. x(t ) = et(u(t -1)- u(t - 2))
Q2 Determine whether or not the following continuous-time signals are periodic. If the
signal is periodic, determine what the fundamental frequency is.
a. x(t ) = 5 sin (4t-/6)
b. x(t ) = ecos(t )
c. x(t ) = tecos(t )
Q3 Determine whether the signal x (t) described by
x (t) = exp [- at] u (t), a > 0 is a power signal or energy signal or neither.

Q4Determine if the following system properties are valid.

a. y(t ) = x(- t ) Causal?
b. y(t) = (t + 5)x(t ) Memoryless?
c. y(t ) = x(5) Memoryless?
d. y(t ) = 2x(t ) Stable (BIBO)?
Q5 Prove that (n)= u(n)-u(n-1)
TUTORIAL 2
Q1Show that if the FT of x (t) is X(j), then the FT ofx (t/a) is IaI X (ja).
Q2 Verify Parsvels theorem for the energy signal x(t)= e-at u(t) (a>0).
Q3 An LTI system is given by the difference equation y(n) + 2y(n 1) + y(n 2) = x(n).
i. Determine the unit impulse response.
ii. Determine the response of the system to the input (3, -1, 3).
n=0
Q4Show that if the Fourier Transform (FT) of x (t) is X(), then
FT[dx(t)/dt] = jX()
Q5 Explain any two properties of Fourier transform.
TUTORIAL 3
Q1 State and prove the Sampling theorem.
Q2 Find the Nyquist rate and the Nyquist interval for the signal
x(t)= 1/2 cos (4000t) cos (1000t)
Q3 Find the Discrete Fourier transform of the following sequences.
(i) x(n) = an,0 <a<1(Find N point DFT)
(ii) x(n )= cos n/4 (Find 4 point DFT)
Obtain the z transforms and hence the regions of convergence of the following sequences.
Q4 x(n) = [u(n)-u(n-10)]2-n
Q5 x(n) =cos(n) u(n)
TUTORIAL 4
Find the z Transform of the following signals.
Q1x[n] =d [n]+ 7d [n - 2]- 9d [n - 3]
Q2x[n] = (1/4)n-2u[n-2]

Q3x[n] =(1/4)n(u[n-2]-u[n-5])
Find the inverse z Transform of the following signals.

Q4 X z51z-11z-1110z-1
Q5 X zz-1z-1
TUTORIAL 5
Q1Determine the inverse Z transform of the following X(z) by the partial fraction expansion
method X(z)= z+2/2z2-7z+3
if the ROCs are (i)IzI> 3 (ii) z<1/2
Q2 A continuous random variable has a pdf f(x)= Kx2e-x ; x>0. Find K, and mean and variance
of the random variable.
Q3Explain the meaning of the following terms with respect to random variables/processes:
(i) Wide-sense stationary process.
(ii) Ergodic process.
(iii) White noise.
(iv) Cross power spectral density.
Subject - Electromagnetics & Antennas

(BTEC-403)
ASSIGNMENT 1
1.ExplainField Equivalence principle
2. Describe Rectangular and circular aperture antenna
3.Describe the construction and operation of Parabolic Reflector Antenna.
4.Explain in detail Horn antenna also give its application.
5.Write a note on Babinets Principle (b) Slot Antenna
ASSIGNMENT 2
1.Describe working of Attenuation in parallel plane guides.
2.Describe the Circuit representation of parallel plane transmission lines
3.Explain Low loss transmission lines

4. Drive Distortion less condition show result in steps.

5.Write a note on (a). Wave impedance (b).characteristics impedance
ASSIGNMENT 3
1. Explain concept of radiation in single wire, two wire

2. Discuss Antenna parameters with suitable result.
3. Write briefly Current distribution of short dipole and half wave dipole with diagram.
4. Explain Monopole and Half wave dipole.
5. Write a note on
Retarded potential
Far-field region
ASSIGNMENT 4
1.What is Array? Describe Array of two point sources.
2.Explain Hansen-woodyard end fire array in detail.
3.Explain n-element linear array with uniform amplitude.
4.Analysis of Binomial and Dolph-Tschebysceff array
5.Write a note on
Array factor
Scanning Array
ASSIGNMENT 5
1.Explain n-element linear array with uniform amplitude and spacing.
2.Describe Rectangular and circular aperture antennas with diagram
3.What is Horn antenna explain in detail and give its advantages and disadvantages.
4. Explain Surface and Space wave propagation.
5.Write a note on
Maximum usable frequency
Optimum working frequency
lowest usable high frequency

Subject - Electromagnetics & Antennas

Tutorials
TUTORIAL SHEET-I
1. A short vertical grounded antenna is design to,radiate at 10MHz. Calculate,

a. the radiation resistance, if the effective height of antenna is 60 meters.
2. Explainbriefly linearly wire antennas.
3. Discuss the rectangular and Circular aperture antennas.
4. Discuss the range of space wave propagation.
5. Explain the structure of atmosphere.
6. What is an antenna array? Whatare the reasons using antenna arrays?
7. Explain in detail the behaviour of Broad-side and End-Fire antenna arrays.

TUTORIAL SHEET-2
1. Explain the terms MUF and Skip distance. Also derive the relationship between them.
2. Write a short note.on the followings.
a. Near and far Field. .
b. Duct propagation.
3. Explain the concept of polarisation in antennas. What are the conditions for
different type of polarisations? Also show that circular polarization is a condition of
elliptical polarization.
4. The maximum radiation intensity ofa 90% efficiency antenna is 200 m W /unit
solid angle. Find the directivity and gain ( dimensionless and in dB) when the
a. Input power is 125.66 mW.
b. Output power is 125.66 mW.
5. How does E and H field components vary in near, intermediate and far field,
for an infinitesimal CUlTent carrying dipole.
6. If the antenna enters the ionosphere, what changes will occur in the performance of
antenna. Does earth's magnetic field affect it? If yes, how.
7.Explain self and mutual impedance. What is the importance of impedance in this.
TUTORIAL SHEET-3
1. What are different types of arrays? Derive the expression for the directivity of an n
element ordinary end fire linear array.
2. For an antenna having an effective temperature of 20oK, calculate available noise power
per unit bandwidth.
3. Define radiation field and induction field. At what distance from the dipole is
the induction field equal to the radiation field
4. Discuss the techniques used for array tapering. ...
5. Describe the construction and operation of paraboloid reflector antenna.
6. Describe the space wave propagation
7. Write a note on the antenna impedances.
TUTORIAL SHEET-4
1. What is critical frequency with reference to ionospheric layer? Derive the expression for
critical frequency in terms of the ionization density.
2. DefIne Polarization. Explain the different types of polarization in detail.

3. .Explain the basic principle of communication by troposcatter

4. Describe the working of Slot and reflector antenna. Derive the expressions for the
radiation resistance of these antennas.
5. Discuss the antenna as an impedance matching device.
6. What is the radiatioll resistance of antenna which radiates 5kW whell it draws 15A
Current?
7. Define the term Directivity?
TUTORIAL SHEET-5
1. What do you mean by Infinitesimal Dipole?
2. Define antenna Beamwidth?
3. Distinguish between ordinary end fire array & Hansen-woodyard end fire array?
4. Discuss field equivalence Principle,
5. Why modified refractive index is so called?
6. What is the effect of earth's magnetic field?
7. Give the significance of skip distance?
Subject: EMI
Assignment No. 1
1. Explain the different calibration methods.
2. What do you mean by error analysis? Explain.
3. Explain the CROsstudy of various stages in brief, measurement of voltage, current phase
and frequency.
4. What do you mean by special purposeoscilloscope? Explain.
5. Explain the dynamic characteristics in detail
Assignment No. 2
1. What is the Principle of operation of galvanometer?
2. Explain the Schering Bridge in detail.
3. What do you mean by PMMC? Explain.
4. Explain the Campbell Bridge.
5. What do you mean by Moving Iron instruments? Explain.
Assignment No. 3
1. Explain the Spectrum analyzer in detail.

2. What do you mean byAF oscillators? Explain.

3. What do you mean by wave analyzer? Explain.
4. What is the difference b/w AF sine and square wave generator?
5. What do you mean by spectrum analysis?
Assignment No. 4
1. Explain the Fourteen segmental displays.
2. What do you mean bydigital tape recorders?
3. What is the function of Nixie tube?
4. What do you mean byElectronic indicating instruments?
Assignment No. 5
1. Explain the types of telemetry systems.
2. What do you mean byData acquisition systems?
3. Explain the photoelectric transducers and their applications.
4. Give the applications of telemetry systems.
5. What do you mean by strain gauges? Give its classification.
6.
Subject: EMI
Tutorials
TUTORIAL SHEET-1
1. What are the basic performance characteristics of a system?
2. What are the different types of static errors in a system?
3. What is the method used to calculate the errors in an instrument?
4. Describe the function of the DC-Voltmeter and multi range voltmeter
and explain their operation?
5. Explain the working of solid state voltmeter.
TUTORIAL SHEET-2
1. Draw the block diagram of the measuring system and explain the function of each stage of
this system?
2. Explain the types of test signals used in determining dynamic characteristics of
measurements applied toa system.
3. Explain with a neat block diagram of a dual slope digital voltmeter?
4. Explain the constructional details and differentiate between Ohmmeter series type and
shunt type?
5. Explain Square and Pulse Generator?
TUTORIAL SHEET-3

1. Describe the functioning of standard signal generator.

2. How can a sine and square wave be generated using signal generator?
3. Explain how a Function Generator works?
4. What is a Sweep Generator, explain its functioning?
5. What is the basic difference between a signal generator and an oscillator?
TUTORIAL SHEET-4
1. What do you mean by Data acquisition systems?
2. What do you mean by Electronic indicating instruments?
3. Discuss fixed and variable AF oscillator?
4. What are the precautionary measures to bee taken in a signal generator application?
5. Explain the Spectrum analyzer in detail.
TUTORIAL SHEET-5
1. What do you mean by strain gauges? Give its classification.
2. Explain the types of telemetry systems.
3. What is the function of Nixie tube?
4. Explain the Schering Bridge in detail.
5. What do you mean by PMMC? Explain.
Subject: PWSS
BTEC-405
ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
1) What do you mean by a linear network?
2) What do you mean by Linear Wave Shaping?
3) What is an Attenuator? Explain the applications.
4) For a long time constant RC high pass circuit with a symmetrical square wave input, find the
tilt.
5) Integrators are preferred over the differentiators. Why?
6) Draw the circuit of Double Differentiator.
7) Why RC circuits are commonly used as compared to RL circuits?
ASSIGNMENT NO. 2
Q1 Explain the Clipping above and below the reference voltage in a basic parallel Clipper.
Q2 What do you mean by: One Way Clamp, Two Wave Clamp.
Q3 Draw the circuit which transmits that part of sine wave which is below +6V.
Q4 Draw the circuit of a positive clamper which clamped 50V peak square input wave at
15V.sketch the output waveform.

Q5 Under what conditions binary is said to be in stable state.
ASSIGNMENT NO. 3
Q1 A +-25V square wave is to be negatively clamped at 10V.Draw the circuit and output
waveform.
Q2 What do you mean by Triggering circuits?
Q3 What are the applications of MonostableMultivibrator? Why a Monostablemultivibrator
called a "Delay Circuit".
Q4 Define the term Recovery Time for AstableMultivibrator.
Q5 What are the other names of AstableMultivibrator?
ASSIGNMENT NO. 4
Q1. Derive and draw the response of high pass RC circuit to square wave input voltage?
Q2. Sketch double ended clipper circuit using ideal diodes whos clipping limits are -4V and
+7V.
Q3. Discuss double differentiator circuit.
Q4. Derive and draw output response of RC LPF for square wave input voltage.
Q5. What is effect of diode characteristics on Clamping voltage?
Q6. How transistor can be used as clipper circuit?
Q7. What is diode double clipper circuit?
Q8. Distinguish between Avalanche and Zener break down mechanisms in PN junction diodes.
ASSIGNMENT NO. 5
Q1 Define the terms Slope error, displacement error and transmission error. How are they related
for an exponential sweep circuit? Derive the relation between them.
Q2 What do you mean by Clipping? What are other names of clipping circuits?
Q3What are Clampers? List two uses of Clampers.
Q4 Distinguish between Clipping Circuits and Comparators?
Q5 What are Comparator circuits? List its applications.
Q6 State and prove Clamping Circuit Theorem.
Q7 Why the time base generators are called Sweep circuits?
Q8 What do you mean by Sweep time Restoration time.

Subject: PWSS
Tutorials
TUTORIAL SHEET NO. 1
1) What do you mean by a linear network?

2) What do you mean by Linear Wave Shaping?
3) What is a Attenuator? Explain the applications.
4) For a long time constant RC high pass circuit with a symmetrical square wave input, find the
tilt.
5) Integrators are preferred over the differentiators. Why?
6) Draw the circuit of Double Differentiator.
7) Why RC circuits are commonly used as compared to RL circuits?
1)How does a diode act as a Switch?

2) What is an ideal diode? How does an actual diode differ from an ideal diode?
3) What do you mean by Storage time in a transistor? How storage time can be reduced?
4) What is charge Storage phenomenon? How does a Schottky Diode can be used for
reducing Storage time? Also draw its characteristics.
5) Explain Rise Time, Delay time, storage time, fall time.

6) Write a short note on Transistor Switching times.

7) Find the approximate value of maximum switching frequency for a transistor having
time intervals td=10 nsec, tr=35 nsec, ts=90 nsec and tf= 35 nsec. Assume transistor is
alternatively saturated and cutoff.
1) The fig shows two ways Clipper. Determine its output waveform. Assume diode drop
of 0.7 V with sinusoidal input with +_18 V
Vi
Q2 Define the terms Slope error, displacement error and transmission error. How are they
related for an exponential sweep circuit? Derive the relation between them.
Q3 what do you mean by Clipping? What are other names of clipping circuits?
Q4What are Clampers? List two uses of Clampers.
Q5 Distinguish between Clipping Circuits and Comparators?
Q6 State and prove Clamping Circuit Theorem.
Q7 Why the time base generators are called Sweep circuits?
Q8 What do you mean bySweep time Restoration time.
TUTORIAL SHEET NO: 4
Q1 Explain the Clipping above and below the reference voltage in a basic parallel Clipper.
Q2 Draw the circuit which transmits that part of sine wave which is below +6V.
Q3 Draw the circuit of a positive clamper which clamped 50V peak square input wave at
15V.sketch the output waveform
Q4 A +-25V square wave is to be negatively clamped at 10V.Draw the circuit and output
waveform.
Q5 What do you mean by Triggering circuits?
Q6 Under what conditions binary is said to be in stable state.
Q7 Design a diode Clamper circuit to clamp the positive peaks of the input signal at zero level.
The freq of the input signal is 500 Hz.

TUTORIAL SHEET NO.5
Q1 What is a Multivibrator? How multivibrators are classified?

Q2What do you mean by Blocked conditions in AstableMultivibrators.
Q3 Discuss the Self Starting feature in Stable multivibrator?
Q4 If fT=500 MHZ and hfe=100 for a BJT, What is its fB.
Q5 If hic=1000,re=9.5 ohm, hfe=99,what is rb of BJT?
Q6 A BJT is found to have fT=500 MHZ, hfe=100, rbb=100ohm, rbe=900ohm and Cbc = 5 pF. It is
used as a CE amplifier with Rs=1 Kohm and RL=500 ohm. Determine the amplifier gain and
upper 3-db cut=off frequency.
Q7 Why response of amplifier does not remain flat at all frequencies.
Q8 A CE connected amplifier has Ccb=5pF,Cbc=12pF,hfe=100,hie=1.5 kohm Determine input
capacitance to the circuit for the circuit collector resistance of 12 Kohm.

ASRA College Student Handbook: Electronics 4th Semester

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ASRA College Student Handbook: Electronics 4th Semester

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ASRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

STUDENT HAND BOOK

DEPARMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 2

Internal Marks: 40 LTP

Unit I Introductory Concepts: Plant, Systems, Servomechanism, regulating systems,

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 3

Analog Communication Systems

Internal Marks: 40 LTP

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 4

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 5

Signals & Systems

Internal Marks: 40 LTP

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 6

Electromagnetics & Antennas

Internal Marks: 40 LTP

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 7

Electronics Measurements and Instrumentation

Internal Marks: 40 LTP

Unit I Fundamentals: Generalized instrumentation system Units and Standards, Calibration

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 8

Pulse Wave Shaping and Switching

Internal Marks: 40 LTP

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 9

LAB Analog Communication Systems

Internal Marks: 30 LTP

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 10

Electronic Measurement & Instrumentation

Internal Marks: 30 LTP

Measurement of Inductance by Maxwells Bridge.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 11

Lab Signal & Systems Using MATLAB / MENTOR DSP

Internal Marks: 30 LTP

Generation of continuous and Discrete Unit step signal.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 12

Subject: Linear Control Systems BTEE-402

1) Define the linear and non linear system.

1) What is D-Alemberts Principle? Explain with help of equations.

1) What do you mean by critically damped system?

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 13

1) What is principle of argument?

1) What is basic principle operation of DC Servomotor?

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 14

Subject: Linear Control Systems BTEE-402

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 15

6Q-Reduce the cascaded blocks given in the diagram.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 16

7Q-Reduce the cascaded blocks given in the diagram.

8Q-Reduce the cascaded blocks given in the diagram.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 17

Tutorial sheet no.-2

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 18

4Q Find transfer function using Masons gain formula.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 19

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 20

Tutorial sheet no.-3

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 21

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 22

Tutorial sheet no.-4

3) Determine the stability of the system whose characteristic equation is given by

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 23

4) Find error coefficient for given system

Tutorial sheet no.-5