Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ABSTRAK
SABRINA THEVY ARUMUGAM. Produktivitas, Skor Kondisi Tubuh, dan
Urinalisis Glukosa Semi Kuantitatif pada Sapi Perah di Kawasan Usaha
Peternakan KUNAK Bogor, Indonesia. Dibimbing oleh RP. AGUS LELANA
Kata kunci: sapi perah, produktivitas, skor kondisi tubuh (BCS), semi kuantitatif
urinalisis strip tes
PRODUCTIVITY, BODY CONDITION SCORE AND
GLUCOSE SEMI QUANTITATIVE URINALYSIS STUDY ON
DAIRY COW AT KUNAK BOGOR INDONESIA
Undergraduate thesis
as partial fulfilment for the degree of
Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine
in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Bogor Agricultural University of Indonesia
LIST OF TABLE vi
LIST OF FIGURE vi
INTRODUCTION 1
Background 1
Objective 1
Benefit 2
LITERATURE 2
Friesien Holstein 2
Productivity 2
Body Condition Score 3
Urinalysis 3
Semi-quantitative strip test 4
Glucosuria 5
METHODOLOGY 6
Time and Place 6
Materials 6
Methode 6
Data Analysis 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7
Results 7
Discussion 7
Profile of Productivity 7
Body condition score 8
Urinalysis 9
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 10
Conclusion 10
Suggestion 10
REFERENCES 11
CURRICULUM VITAE 13
LIST OF TABLE
1
The profile of Productivity, body condition score, and urinalysis test of
glucose of dairy cattle at Kunak Bogor. 7
2
Data of the Body Condition Score between pregnant, post parturition,
and non pregnant. 9
LIST OF FIGURE
1
This figure gives the label of analysing the semi-quantitative strip test
Source:http://safecare.en.alibaba.com/product/1554917232220332839/
Reagent_strips_for_Urinalysis.html 4
2
The number of cows in comparison on the composition of productivity
on pregnant, post parturition, and non pregnant towards the calf
production. 8
INTRODUCTION
Background
Friesian Holstein cows is Indonesian adapted dairy cows with a low fat
content milk that is high demand because it fits with the market demand. The
factors of milk production and it influence has became a serious discussion in
Indonesia, mainly because of the existing milk production has not been sufficient
to meet domestic consumption and tend to experience negative growth (Apriyanto
2007). Therefore many people or farm organiser have rarely taken caution on
disease that is present in the animals, including asymptomatic and subclinic
disease.
Dairy cattle productivity is one of the answer to understand the existing in
state of productivity. Indirect method to understand this phenomena can be
applied by observing the composition of pregnant vs. post parturition vs. non
pregnant cows on concerning of calf productivity in their population. Other
method to understand this phenomena also can be done by measuring the body
condition score toward the pregnant vs. post parturition vs. non pregnant cows by
this approach we can arrive at a conclusion at the future of dairy cattle health
management.
In order to concern toward the dairy cattle health management, examining
the current state of the body (present status) can be done by measuring urinalysis.
Urinalysis can support the search of the causes of an illness or irregularities that
occur in animals through urine, so the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis can
be taken appropriately. Based on the above concept, the author tries to provide
health index and semi-qualtitative urinalysis studies of dairy cows at the dairy
cow farm at (KUNAK), Cibungbulang Bogor. Special concern on glucosuria has
been taken, to describe a deeper understanding of the role of semi-quantitative
urinalysis purposes.
The main objective of this study was to find out a quick assessment on the
productivity, body condition score, and the implementation of semi-quantitative
urinalysis focusing on glucosuria in dairy cows at Kawasan Usaha Peternakan
Sapi Perah, (KUNAK), Cibungbulang, Kabupaten Bogor, Indonesia. The main
purpose of this research is to give a clear field of understanding the way to profile
the productivity of dairy cattle population, the clinical approach to diagnose
energy requirement, and also the efficient and accurate way to detect internal
disease speedily and economically.
Objective
Benefit
The benefits that can be provided from this thesis are information about (1)
the way to profile the productivity of dairy cattle population by comparing the
status profile towards the pregnant, post parturition and non pregnant towards calf
productivity, (2) the clinical approach to diagnose energy requirement by looking
at the body condition score between pregnant, post parturition and non pregnant,
and (3) the efficient and accurate way to detect internal disease in a very cheap
and fast way which is analysing the urinalysis by the semi-quantitative reagent
strip test. In indonesia not every people are able to spare more money and time to
examine thousands of dairy cow just one day but to make it possible in a faster
accurate and economically cheap way is by using the semi quantitative strip test.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Frisien Holstein cows, known for high milk production ( 6350 kg / yr),
with milk fat percentage ranging between 3-7%. According Nurhayati (2007),
dairy cows is able to produce milk ranged from 20-30 liters / day. Cow milk
production in Indonesia is still less than 20 liters / day. Maximum production can
be achieved when cows are in a supportive environment. Application of good
management and appropriate feeding livestock needs will increase milk
production (Atabany et al, 2008). FH cows can be identified easily from its color
which is white streaks and black or red. Forehead cows are white triangular.It has
small horns, leading to the front by forming a 45 angle to the line of the face.
Newborn calf weight can reach 45 kg. Mature cow weight can reached up to 750
kg with a height of 58 inches. Distribution of cattle in Indonesian FH partially are
located in the highlands ( 700 m above sea level) with temperature ranged
between - C and humidity ranged between 65-75% (Nugroho 2008).
In dairy cattle farming, it includes both production and health data recording
as well as recording of feed intake and welfare indicators (Wendel, 1998). In the
12-month relation between the production and reproduction cycle, cows which
yield 2030 and more kg of milk daily can be dried off. The dry
(productiveless) period is necessary for the regeneration of the udder glandular
tissue (Capuco et al. 1997). Two months were accepted as a sufficient dry period
for high-productive cows (Gullay et al. 2003). This period is called the dry period,
and it includes the time between halting of milk removal (milk stasis) and the
subsequent calving.
Grummer (1995) said that three weeks before and after the birth of a calf the
cows undergo a period of transition. The transition period is the period during
which livestock conditions are most susceptible to metabolic problems and
infections. In the transition period, there are four conditions that must be achieved,
ie the ability of rumen adaptation to a diet high in energy due to the energy-rich
3
feed led to an increase in the size of rumen papillae, reduce the level of energy
balance (energy balance) is negative, maintain normocalcemia, and reduce the
level of immunosuppression during childbirth (Dirksen et al. 1985).
Urinalysis
Analysis of urine has been much progress over time. The history of
clinical pathology starts from urine and blood tests new then examine the links
that exist in the body. The development of clinical pathology enlarge the meaning
of an analysis. With proper analysis of unknown substances can be normal in the
number of aberrant or a change in shape of the substances contained in the urine
(Rotoro1992). Urinalysis is an examination of the urine that covered the
macroscopic examination, microscopic, and urine chemistry. In the chemical
examination of the urine is commonly done is the examination of protein,
glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, and blood.
Urinalysis is a group of tests performed most frequently on random
specimen. It is one of the most helpful indicators of health and disease, especially,
it is useful as a screening test for the detection of various endocrine or metabolic
abnormalities in which the kidneys function properly but they will excrete
abnormal amounts of metabolic end-products specific of a particular disease. It is
also used to detect intrinsic conditions that may adversely affect the kidneys or
urinary tract.
4
Figure 1. This figure gives the label of analysing the semi-quantitative strip test
Source:http://safecare.en.alibaba.com/product/1554917232220332839/Reagent_st
rips_for_Urinalysis.html
One of the reagent in this research is about glucose which has a reading time
of 30 seconds and composition of glucose oxidase, peroxidase, potassium iodide,
buffer, non-reactive ingredients.
5
Glucosuria
METHODOLOGY
Time and Place
The time period used in this research started from January untill May 2014
at the Peternakan Rakyat Kawasan Usaha Peternakan (KUNAK) Cibungbulang
Kabupaten Bogor, Indonesia.
The object which was focused in this research is 30 dairy cattle and
farmers. Appliances used in this research is urine collecter (collect urine), cloth,
stetoscope and (verify) urin strip test.
Methode used to measure the productivity of the dairy cow was by
analysing the composition of pregnant vs. post parturition vs. non pregnant
towards calf productivity. The composition of pregnant vs. post parturition vs.non
pregnant was measured by farm interview.
Body condition score was measured by using the scoring scale from 1.0 till
5.0 which were recommended for Friesien Holstein cows. Two score areas were
involved namely the loin area and the tailhead area subjectively, by feeling with
the hand the amount of fat cover over the transverse processes (horizontal
projections) of the lumbar vertebrae, and around the tailhead. You should stand
directly behind the cow to score both areas and always handle the animal quietly
and carefully using the same hand. The tailhead is scored by feeling for the
amount of fat around the tailhead and the prominence of the pelvic bones. The
loin is scored by feeling the horizontal and vertical projections of the vertebrae
and the amount of fat in-between.
Urinalysis was measured by using a semi-quantitative strip test to check
glucose present in the urine by collecting all the 30 fresh cow urine, the fresh
urine was collected using a urine collecter and directly inserting the reagent strip
test in the urine collecter to check the results. The strip test is consist of
parameters that show results on normal or abnormality on these stated parameters:
leucocyte, nitrogen, urobilinogen, protein, pH, blood rate, keton, bilirubin and
glucose.
Farmers interview were taken for collecting informations about the state of
productivity and present condition of the cow. Physical examination has been
taken as well in terms of body condition score (BCS).
Data Analysis
Result
Table 1. The profile of productivity, body condition score, and urinalysis test on
glucose of dairy cattle at Kunak Bogor.
A B C D A B C D
1 Post parturition 2 - 16 Non pregnant 2,5 -
2 Post parturition 2,2 - 17 Non pregnant 2,5 -
3 Post parturition 2,5 - 18 Non pregnant 2,5 -
4 Post parturition 2,5 - 19 Non pregnant 2,5 -
5 Post parturition 2,5 - 20 Non pregnant 2,5 +
6 Post parturition 2,5 - 21 Non pregnant 2 -
7 Pregnant 7-mths 3 - 22 Non pregnant 2 -
8 Pregnant 3-mths 2,5 - 23 Non pregnant 2 -
9 Non pregnant 3 - 24 Non pregnant 2 -
10 Non pregnant 3 - 25 Non pregnant 2 -
11 Non pregnant 2,5 - 26 Non pregnant 2 -
12 Non pregnant 2,5 - 27 Non pregnant 2 -
13 Non pregnant 2,5 - 28 Non pregnant 2 -
14 Non pregnant 2,5 - 29 Non pregnant 2 -
15 Non pregnant 2,5 - 30 Non pregnant 2 -
Explanation: A=cow no, B= status, C=Body condition score, D= Glucosuria
Discussion
Profile of Productivity
The profile of 30 dairy cattle as an object of research at the Kawasan
Peternakan Sapi Perah KUNAK Kabupaten Bogor consists of 6 post deliveries
animals (6/30 or 20 percent), 2 pregnant animals (2/30 or 6,7 percent), 22 non-
pregnant animals (22/30 or 73.3 percent) (see Table 1). Generally in a year a dairy
cow should give birth to atleast one calf but if there a delay in productivity the
farm profit tend to go through negative growth. The profitability of dairy farms
depends greatly on the reproductive efficiency of dairy cows (Britt, 1985).
Data collected shows 73.3% of cows were not pregnant and 20% of them
were in the stage of post delivery, this indicated that in this farm many cows were
not pregnant this may cause because it might be abnormality in BCS, nutrition
management, reproduction problem such as cystic ovary, corpus luteum
persistance and incorrect insemination methode (Oktaviani, 2010).
Regarding with the whole sample of cows that had been collected (22 cows)
shown in (figure 2) were not pregnant and possibility that can be shown here is
because of the above factors stated. However factors such as high incidence of
8
metabolic disease early post parturition, poor BCS at first insemination are prone
to infertility of dairy cattle. Early lactation dairy cow that is unable to consume
enough energy-yielding nutrients to meet the needs of production and
maintainance, will sustain high yield of milk at the expense of body tissue, this
posses a problem to reproduction as a delayed ovulation has been linked repeatly
with the energy status (Butler et al. 2003). Energy deprivation reduces the
frequency of pulses of luteinizing hormone (LH), thereby impairing follicle
maturation and ovulation.
Dairy cow evaluation of the body condition score can be a practice for fine-
tune feeding and management practices. Adequate body reserves are nessesary to
maintain health, production, reproductive efficiency. Underconditioned cows are
prone to reduce milk production and poor persistency of lactation. Over
conditioned cows are predisposed to calving difficulties, impared reproduction,
and metabolic disorder.
Table 2. Data of the body condition score between pregnant, post parturition and
non pregnant.
Status BCS 2 (cow) BCS 2.2 (cow) BCS 2.5 (cow) BCS 3 (cow)
Pregnant - - 1* 1
Post parturition 1* 1 4 -
Non pregnant 10 - 10 2
Explanation: * with a abnormal BCS for that status requirement. Pregnant cows
should be in the range of 2.75-3.5, post parturition should be in the
range of 3.00-3.25 and non pregnant cows should be in the range of
2.25-2.75.
Urinalysis
The present status carried out at KUNAK Bogor dairy farm with 30 fresh
dairy cow urine only 1 sample showed a positive glucose by using the semi
quantitative urine strip test. Using the semi quantitative strip test is more
economic, fast and efficient to use. Glucose are needed by the mammary gland for
lactose respectively (Herdt, 2000), when glucosuria is present it might be many
reasons behind it example proximal tubule failure, hyperglycemia, lower threshold
renal for glucose, emotional stress, hiperalimentation or maybe diabetes mellitus.
The presents and absents of glucose depends on the reabsorbtion strength of the
tubules.
Glucose should not be detected in normal urine. Small amounts of
glucose may be excreted by the kidney. The colour that appeared in the strip test
showed green colour on the strip test scale. If urine with no glucose presents
shows blue in colour, which were present in the other 29 sample of dairy cows
urine. According to Girindra (1988) The total glucose will be absorbed normally
and healthy by the animal. It is freely filtered at the glomerulus and will actively
absorbed by the proximal tubules. In normal urine glucose is not present and also
not every situation where glucose is present in the urine is pathologic. In addition
to heavy exercise, pain/emotional disorder shock, stimulate efinefrin and
glucocorticoid can cause hyperglycemia. So the research that have been carried
out indicates cow that suffer from glucosuria is approximately 1%. This way of
finding out asymptomatic disease very efficient.
The main purpose on me concerning on glucosuria because it is very
important to the dairy cow for the source of energy and metabolisme. Likewise
glucosuria is asymphtomatic that we cant see whats the changes happening in the
external physical abnormality, thus this cames in my method on using the semi-
10
quantitative reagent strip test for a very accurate and efficient way to determine
whats the internal abnormality occurance.
Conclusion
Suggestion
REFERENCES
Rotoro SR. 1992. Tinjauan Beberapa Manfaat Klinik Dari Analisa Urin Anjing
Melalui Pemahaman Proses Pembentukan Urin Dan Penetapan Nilai Urin
Sehat. [Skripsi]. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan IPB. Bogor.
Wendel G, 1998, Elektronikeinsatz in der Rinderhaltung von der Identifizierung
bis zur Automatisierung. Elektronik in der Landtechnik, FAT
Schriftenreihe, 59, 101-112.
Wright LA, Russel AJF, Whyte TK, McBean AJ, McMillen. 1987. Effects of
body condition, food intake and temporary calf separation on duration of the
post-partum anoestrus period and associated LH, FSH and prolaktin
concentration in beef cows. Anim. Prod. 45: 395-402.
13
CURRICULUM VITAE
The author, Sabrina Thevy Arumugam was born on the 30th of January
1992 at Klang Selangor, Malaysia to father, Arumugam and mother, Vasugi
Ponniah. Author is the youngest among 3 siblings. Author brother passed away
when author was 22 years old at University of Brawijaya as a medical Officer
Graduate.
The author graduated from primary school at sekolah kebangsaan Methodist
girls school at Klang Selangor Malaysia in the year 1998, and sekolah menengah
Methodist girls school in the year of 2004. Author continued premedical studies
at President college Kuala Lumpur Malaysia in the year of 2010, then author was
selected in Bogor Agricultural University of Indonesia in the year of 2010. Author
was in the Malaysian society association, International Veterinary Student
Association, International student forum as an active member. Author was in
charge of monitoring Pengelolaan kesehatan hewan dan lingkungan (PKHL) for
juniors in batch 48 and 49 in the year of 2014.