Coherent Systems: 112 Gb/s Dual-Polarization QPSK

QPSK signals with orthogonal states-of-polarization (X and Y) are combined.

This dual polarization configuration is also referred to as polarization
multiplexing .

ELEC-486 Fiber-Optic Communications BPD: balanced photodiodes

PM-QPSK Coherent Systems

112 Gb/s DP-QPSK transmits two 56 Gb/s QPSK signals on orthogonal
states of polarization (denoted X and Y).

A coherent receiver is used to recover the in-phase (I) and quadrature

(Q) components of each QPSK signal.

After analog-to-digital conversion,

signal processing is used to estimate
the transmitted bit sequence.

ELEC-486 Fiber-Optic Communications

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 Signal Processing Flow Model

Sample Data Using ADC (~2 samples/symbol)

Compensation for Front-end Imperfections
Compensation for Quadrature Imbalance
Resampling to 56 GSa/s (2 samples/symbol)
Fixed Equalizer for Fiber Dispersion
Timing Recovery
Adaptive Equalizer
Frequency Offset Compensation
Laser Phase Noise Compensation
Symbol Decisions
FEC Decoding

ELEC-486 Fiber-Optic Communications

Compensation for Chromatic Dispersion

A large fixed equalizer is used to approximately compensate for the fiber
dispersion.
Equalizer tap weights are shown for 1600 km of fiber.
Constellation diagram for the X polarization is shown after chromatic
dispersion compensation.
CD Filter Impulse Response

real part
imaginary part

0.1

0.05
maginary
Real and Im

-0.05

-0.1

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Sample

ELEC-486 Fiber-Optic Communications

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 Timing Recovery
The signal is retimed using a timing error detector and interpolation.
The digital square and filter algorithm requires upsampling to four
samples per symbol (sample values for the square of the signal
magnitude must satisfy Nyquists sampling theorem).
IX Signals Before And After Retiming (4sps)
3
4 SPS Before
4 SPS After

1
e (a.u.)

0
Voltage

-1

-2

-3
600 600.5 601 601.5 602 602.5 603 603.5 604
Time (ns)

ELEC-486 Fiber-Optic Communications

Adaptive Compensation
An adaptive equalizer is used to compensate for residual dispersion,
polarization mode dispersion and polarization rotation.
Equalizer tap weights are shown for 13 tap equalizers.
Constellation diagram for the X polarization is shown after adaptive
compensation.
Hxx Adaptive Filter Impulse Response Hxy Adaptive Filter Impulse Response

real part 0.1 real part

0.8 imaginary part imaginary part
0.05
0.6
Real and Imaginary

Real and Imaginary

0.4 -0.05

-0.1
0.2
-0.15
0
-0.2

-0.2 -0.25

2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
Sample Sample

Hyx Adaptive Filter Impulse Response Hyy Adaptive Filter Impulse Response

real part real part

0.2 imaginary part 0.8 imaginary part

0.6
Real and Imaginary

Real and Imaginary

0.1

0.4
0

0.2
-0.1
0
-0.2
-0.2

2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
Sample Sample

ELEC-486 Fiber-Optic Communications

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 Compensation for Frequency Offset
After compensation for transmission impairments, the data must be
recovered from the intradyne signal (coherent detection).
IX (t ) = A(t )exp j (d (t ) + 2 fO t + pn (t ) ) + N (t )
A(t ) is the amplitude
d (t ) is the data modulation
fO is the frequency offset
pn (t ) is the laser phase noise
N (t ) is the additive noise (optical and electrical)

The objective of carrier recovery is to estimate the frequency offset and

laser phase noise

( )
IX (t ) = A(t )exp j d (t ) + 2 fO t 2 fO t + pn (t ) pn (t ) + N (t )

ELEC-486 Fiber-Optic Communications

Compensation for Frequency Offset

Constellation diagram for the X and Y polarization signals is shown after
frequency offset compensation.

ELEC-486 Fiber-Optic Communications

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 Compensation for Laser Phase Noise
A phase noise estimation algorithm is used to estimeate the residual
frequency offset and the laser phase noise which varies relatively slowly
compared to the modulation rate.

The algorithms generally involve removing the modulation from the total
phase of the signal and filtering to reduce the impact of ASE noise on
the estimation of the relatively slowly varying phase noise.

( )
IX (t ) = A(t )exp j d (t ) + 2 fO t 2 fO t + pn (t ) pn (t ) + N (t )

ELEC-486 Fiber-Optic Communications

Constellation Diagrams at Output of Receiver

Constellation diagrams are shown for the signals at the output of the
receiver after phase noise compensation.
Bit error ratio = 8.5110-5 (pre-FEC decoding), which is essentially error
free after decoding.

ELEC-486 Fiber-Optic Communications