RANGANTHAN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Viraliyur (Po) , Thondamuthur (Via) , Coimbatore 641109

DEPARTMENT OF
Electrical&electronics ENGINEERING

Iii semester

SUB CODE: 23032-ELECTRICAL MACHINES-1

ONE MARK QUESTION BANK

Prepared by : B. Deepa, Lect./EEE

 Electrical machines-I

Unit-I

ELECTROMAGNETISM
1. Define Magnetic Flux.
The amount of magnetic lines of force in a magnetic field known as magnetic
Flux.
Unit of magnetic flux is Weber.
2. What is meant by Reluctance?
Reluctance is the property of a material whi9ch opposes the establishment of
magnetic flux in it.
It is defined as the number of ampere turns required per magnetic flux in the
circuit.
Unit of Reluctance is AT/Wb.
3. What is meant by Permanent magnet?
The Magnet which retains the magnetic properties for a long period is known
as Permanent magnet.
4. What is meant by Electromagnet?
A coil of insulated wire is wound on a soft iron is known as electromagnet.
5. Define Magnetic Flux Density.
The flux density is the magnetic flux per unit area taken perpendicular to the
direction of the magnetic flux.
Unit (B)=/A Web/sqm
6. Define Intensity of magnetization (I).
It is defined as the induced pole strength developed per unit area of the bar
Unit(I)=m/A=web/2
7. Define Eddy current loss.
Eddy currents develop 2 R loss due to the electrical; resistance of the
material. This power loss is called Eddy current loss.
Eddy current loss( )= 2 2 2 V Watts.
8. Define Hysteresis loss.
Energy loss takes place due to molecular friction in the material.
This energy loss in the form of heat, it is called as Hysteresis loss.
Hysteresis loss(h )=f 1.6V Watts
9. Define Lenzs Law.
It states that an induced current will flow in such a direction so as to oppose
the cause that produces it.
It gives the direction of induced current set up due to electromagnetic
induction.
10. State the types of induced emf.
Statically induced emf
Dynamically induced emf.
11. Define self induced emf.
The emf induced in a coil due to the change of its own flux linked with it is
called self induced emf.

self induced emf(e)=N .
12. Define mutually induced emf.
The emf induced in a coil due to the change ng current in the neighboring coil
is called mutually induced emf.
13. Define mutual inductance(M).
It is defined as the ability of one coil to produce an emf in a nearby coil by
induction. Unit (M)=Hentry
14. State the types of magnetic materials.
Ferro magnetic materials
Para magnetic materials
Dia magnetic materials
15. Define Magnetomotive force(MMF).
The force which establishes the magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit is called
Magnetomotive force.
It is corresponds to electro motive force (e.m.f) in electric circuit.
Unit=N.I(ampere turns)
16. Define Permeance.
It is the reciprocal of reluctance,it corresponds to in electric circuit.
1
Permeance Unit(M)= web/AT
17. Define magnetic force.
The force exerted on one magnet by another one either of attraction or of
repulsion is called Magnetic force.
18. State Flemings Right hand rule.

The direction of current induced in a conductor can be obtained by holding

the thumb, the index finger, and the middle finger of your right hand mutually
perpendicular to each other.
In this situation, the thumb indicates the direction of the motion of the
conductor, the index finger points along the magnetic field, and the middle
finger points along the current induced in the conductor.

19. State Flemings Left hand rule.

Hold out your left hand with forefinger, second finger and thumb at right angle
to one another. If the fore finger represents the direction of the field and the
second finger that of the current, then thumb gives the direction of the force.

20. What is the use of Flemings Right hand rule ?

The direction of the dynamically induced emf (or) current can be determined
by using Flemings Right hand rule.
Fleming Right Hand rule is mainly applicable for electric generator.
21. What is the use of Flemings Left hand rule?
The direction of rotation of any motor can be found by applying
Flemings Left hand rule.
Fleming Left Hand rule is mainly applicable for electric motor.
22. Compare any two factors between magnetic and Electric circuit.

SL.NO Magnetic Circuit Electric Circuit

1 Magneto motive Force (MMF) Electromotive Force(EMF)

in Ampere Turns in volts
2 Reluictance Resistance

23. State the Laws of magnetic Magnetic Force.

First Law:
Unlike Poles attract each other and like polews repel each other.
Second Law:
The force between two magnetic poles is directionally proportional to the
product of their pole strengths and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
24. How to minimise the Hystetesis loss?
Hystetesis loss is reduced by using silicon steel lamination.
Hystetesis loss is calculated by using the steinmetzs formula.
25. How to minimise the Eddy current loss?
Eddy current loss can be minimised by high tesistivity material such as
silicon steel.
26. Write the Expression for lifting power of an electromagnet.
2
P=20 Newton
Whare P is the lifting power of an electromagnet.
27. Write the Expression for energy stored in a magnetic field.
1
Energy stored in a magnetic field = 2L 2 Joules.
L=Inductance of the coil in Hentry, I-Current in Amps
 Unit-2

D.C GENERATORS

1. State the principle of D.C Generator.

Whenever a conductor cuts the magnetic flux, dynamically emf is
induced in it, according to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction
2. State the parts of D.C Generator.
Yoke
Pole shoe
Field coil
3. What is the function of commutator?
The emf induced in the armature is AC in nature.
Commutator converts this AC to DC.
4. What is pole pitch?
It is the distance between the central lines of two adjacent poles interms of
number of slots.
5. What is Coil pitch?
It is the distance between two sides of a coil expressed in terms of slots.
6. What is commutator pitch?
It is the distance between the commutator segments to which two ends of a coil
are connected.
It is usually expressed in commutator segments.
7. What is front pitch?
It is the distance between the two sides of the coil on the commutator side.
It is expressed in number of slots.
8. What is back pitch?
It is the distance between two sides of the coil connected on the non commutator
side.
It is expressed in number of slots.
9. What is single layer winding?
In single layer winding there will be one side of a coil in each slot.
10. What is double layer winding?
In double layer winding there will be two coil sides belonging to two different coils
in each slot.
11. State the types of armature winding.
Lap Winding
Wave winding
12. What are the types of D.C generator?
Separately Exited D.C generators.
Self Excited D.C generators.
13. State the classifications of Self Excited D.C generator.
D.C shunt generator
D.C series generator
D.C compound generator.
14. State the classifications of D.C compound generator.
Long Shunt generator
Short shunt generator
15. State the condition for self excitation of D.C generator.
There must be some residual magnetism in the poles.
The field resistance should be less than the critical field resistance.
16. What are the losses occur in D.C generator.
Copper losses
Iron loss(or)core losses
Mechanical losses
17. State the types of core losses.
Hysteresis loss
Eddy current loss.
18. State the condition to obtain the maximum efficiency in D.C generator.
Constant loss should be equal to variable loss.
19. What are no load characteristics?
It is also known as magnetic or open circuit characteristics.
This curve shows the relation between the generated emf and the field current at
constant speed with no load.
20. What is critical speed resistance?
The value of resistance represented by the tangent to the occ curve is known as
critical resistance for a given speed.
21. What is critical speed ( ) ?
Critical speed of a shunt generator is that speed for which the given shunt field
resistance represents critical resistance.
22. What is armature reaction?
The effect of armature flux on the main field flux is called armature reaction.
23. What is geometrical neutral axis (G.N.A)?
It is the line which bi-sects the angle between the two centres of adjacent poles.
24. What is magnetic neutral axis (M.N.A)?
MNA is the axis which is perpendicular to the magnetic flux lines.
This is the axis at which the brushes are placed.
25. What is leading pole tip?
It is the end of the pole which first comes in contact with the armature in the
direction of rotation when it rotates.
26. What is trailing pole tip?
It is the end of the pole, which comes in contact later with the armature when it
rotates.
27. What are the methods of compensating the armature reaction?
Increasing the air gap length
By providing inter poles
Compensating winding method
28. State the applications of D.C generators.
D.C shunt generator-Electroplating, Battery charging
D.C series generator-Used as boosters
Compound generator-Used to supply DC welding machine.
29. What is function of Brushes?
Brushes are made up of carbon and rest on the commutator.
The brushes carry current from the commutator to the external stationary load.
30. What are the important components of a generator?
A magnetic field
Conductor
Motion of conductor with respect of magnetic field.
 UNIT-3
D.C MOTORS
1. What is the principle of D.C motor?
Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a
mechanical force is produced on the conductor.
The direction of force is given by F=BIL Newton.
2. What is Back emf (or) counter emf?
The armature rotates and cuts the static magnetic flux produced by the field
magnets. Therefore emf is induced in the armature conductors.
As per Lenzs law this induced emf opposes the supply voltage .
Hence the emf induced in the armature is called back emf.
3. Write the expression for back emf of a D.C motor.

= 60
-flux per pole in webers
no of conductors in armature
Number of poles
-Number of parallel paths.
4. What are the types of D.C motors?
D.C shunt motor
D.C series motor
D.C compound motor
5. Write the expression for torque in D.C motor.

= 0.0162
Armature current
A No of parallel path
6. Mention the losses occur in D.C motors.
Copper losses
Iron loss(or)core losses
Mechanical losses
7. State the comparison between DC shunt and series motor.
Sl.no D.C Shunt motor D.C Series motor
1. Speed of shunt motor is Low speed at high load
constant High speed at low loads
2. Starting torque is not high Have high starting torque

8. Mention the methods of speed control of D.C motors.

By varying the flux per pole called as field control method.
By varying the resistance in the armature circuit called as armature control
method.
By varying the applied voltage.
9. What is meant by commutation?
The process by which current in the short circuited armature coil is reversed;
when it crosses the M.N.A is called commutation.
10. What is meant by commutation period?
The period during which the coil remains short circuited is known as commutation
period.
11. Mention the methods of improving the commutation.
Resistance commutation
By Interlopes (or) commutating poles
12. Name the types of starters used in D.C motors.
Three point starter
Four point starter
13. State the purpose of starters in D.C motor.
Starters are used in D.C motor to limit the starting current to a safe value.
14. Give three applications of D.C shunt motor.
Paper mills
Drilling machines
Wood working machines
15. Give three applications of D.C series motor.
Electric trains
Cranes
Lifts
16. Give three applications of compound motor.
Rolling mills
Printing machines
Conveyors
17. Name the Three points used in four point starter.
L-Line
F-Field
A-Armature
18. Name the four points used in four point starter.
L+ Line Plus L- Line minus
A-Armature F-Field
19. Name the protective devices used in three point starter.
No Volt release coil
Overload release coil
20. State the demerits of three point starter.
The reduced field current may not produce enough magnetic force to hold the
handle in ON position.
So the handle returns to the OFF position.
This is the disadvantage of three point starter.
21. Write the expression of Shaft torque ( ).
60
Shaft torque ( ) =
2
-Output power of the motor
N- Motor Speed in rpm
22. Write the voltage equation of D.C shunt motor.
V= + +Brush Drop
-Back emf of motor
VApplied voltage
Armature current
-Armature resistance
23. Write the voltage equation of D.C series motor.
V= + + +Brush Drop
-Series field current
-Series field resistance
-Back emf induced
24. Write the voltage equation of D.C compound motor.
V= + + +Brush Drop
-Series field current
-Series field resistance
-Back emf induced
25. What is cumulative compound motor?
In D.C compound motor, if the shunt field winding and series field windings are
connected such that their fluxes add with each other, they are called cumulative
compound motor.
 UNIT-IV

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

1. What is a transformer?
The device which is used to stepping up or stepping down of voltages is
known as transformer
They can step up or step down the alternating voltage only.
2. State the working principle of transformer.
A transformer is a static electric machine which transfers electrical energy
from one circuit to another circuit without changing the frequency.
Due to electromagnetic induction principle the transfer of energy takes place.
3. State the essential parts of transformer.
Primary Winding
Secondary Winding
Laminated Iron Core
4. State the types of transformer according to construction.
Core type transformer
Shell type transformer
5. What are the advantages of shell type transformer?
Better cooling facility
Less leakage reactance
Less magnetic loss
6. Define voltage ratio of a transformer.
2 2
= =K
1 1
voltage transformation ratio (or) Turns ratio.
7. Why transformer rating is in KVA?
The copper loss of a transformer depends on current and iron loss depends
on voltage.
Hence total losses depend on volt ampere (VA) only and it is independent of
load power factor.
8. What are the two types of test conducted to find the losses in a transformer?
Open circuit test (no load test)
Short circuit test
9. What is meant by voltage regulation?
Voltage regulation is the difference between the no load secondary voltage
and secondary voltage at load. Generally regulation is expressed as
percentage.
10. What are the losses in transformer?
Core losses (or) iron losses
Copper losses
11. What is efficiency of a transformer?
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to input
power.

% Efficiency= *100

12. What is All day efficiency (or) energy (or) operational efficiency?
The commercial efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to input power.

All day efficiency =
13. What are the uses of two winding transformer?
It is used in night lamps
Used as auto transformer starters for starting the induction motors.
14. What is Auto transformer?
Auto transformer is a transformer which has one winding only.
Part of the winding is common to both primary and secondary
15. What are the advantages of Auto transformer?
Saving in conductor materials and less cost
Power loss reduced. So efficiency will be high.
16. State the applications of Auto transformer.
It is used in Electrical furnace
It is used as starters for 3 phase induction motors.
17. What are the conditions for satisfactory operation of single phase
transformers in parallel?
The turns ratio and the voltage ratings should be same.
Ratios of resistance to reactance should be same.
18. What are the advantages of parallel operation of transformers?
The total load of the circuit can be increased.
Maintenance of each transformer is carried without interruption of supply.
19. Mention the different connections of three phase distribution transformer.
Star-Star connection Delta-Delta connection
Star-Delta connection Delta-Star connection
20. What are the types of tap changers used in distribution transformer?
Off load tap changer
On load tap changers
21. Mention the use of Breather
Breather is a small vessel connected between the conservator and air outlet
and it is filled with silica gel.
It removes the moisture from the incoming air.
22. What is Explosion vent?
Due to the heat generated in the transformer pressure will be increased which
may lead to the explosion of the tr tank.
To avoid such accident an explosion vent is covered by diaphragm of glass or
aluminium.
23. Mention the uses Bucholz Relay.
When there is severe fault like short circuit the phases there is a quick
generation of large volume of gas.
And relay operates then it isolates the transformer from the supply.
24. Name the types of cooling used in transformer.
Air Natural Cooling
Air Blast Cooling
Oil immersed Natural Cooling
25. Why cooling is necessary in transformer?
In transformers, the loss of energy due to core losses and copper losses are
converted into heat energy.
This results in the temperature rise of the winding and other parts.
So it is necessary to provide cooling arrangements in transformers.
26. Mention the use of conservator.
When the temperature rises the volume of oil in tank increases and when the
temperature decreases, the volume of oil decreases.
To accommodate the changes in the volume of the oil, the auxiliary device
called conservator is provided above the transformer tank.
27. Name the three protective devices used in a transformer.
Conservator
Breather
Explosion vent
Bucholz relay
28. What are the disadvantages of Shell type transformer?
More difficult for manufacturing
Greater difficulty in carrying out repairs.
 UNIT-5

MAINTENANCE OF DC MACHINE

1. Name three causes of sparking occur in commutator.

The machine may be overloaded.
Spring pressure may not be sufficient
The commutator surface may be dirty and oily.
2. What are the defects of commutator?
High Bar
Low Bar
Loose segments
3. What are the methods of resurfacing of commutator?
Sand papering
Hand stoning
Grinding and turning
4. What is the function of brush?
Brush is to collect current from the commutator and supply it to the external load
circuit.
Brushes limit the short current produced in the coil due to commutation.
5. Name the various types of brushes.
Natural graphite brushes
Electro graphite brushes
Metal graphite brushes
6. What are the function of brush holder?
The function of brush holder is to hold the brush at correct angle.
To maintain the correct brush pressure on the commutator.
7. Name the types of Brush holder.
Radial type
Trailing type
Reaction type
8. What are the requirements of brushes?
The brushes should have good electrical conductivity
The brushes should have good self lubricating properties
9. What is meant by Staggering of brushes?
In the method of staggering of brushes,each track on the commutator is covered
by equal number of positive and negative brushes.
10. What are the defects in D.C armature winding?
Short circuit fault
Open circuit fault
Earth fault
11. State Faradays Laws of Electrolysis.
The mass of ions liberated at an electrode is directly proportional to the quantity
of electricity.
MQ
Where, m-Mass of ions liberated, Q-Quantity of elecricity
12. What is primary cell?
A cell which cannot be recharged is called Primary cell.
The primary converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
Example-Dry cell, Voltaic cell, Daniel cell
13. What is secondary cell?
The cell which can be recharged and brought back to the original state is called
a Secondary cell
Example-Led acid cell and alkaline cells
14. State the classification of batteries based on their uses.
Automotive Batteries
Vehicle traction Batteries
Stationary Batteries
15. State two applications of Lead Acid batteries.
It is used as emergency lights in hospitals and substations
Used in automobiles for starting and lighting purpose
Used as a power source in industries mines etc.
16. State the electrical characteristics of lead acid cell.
Voltage
Capacity & Efficiency
17. What are the indications of fully charged cell?
Voltage
Gassimg
Colour of plates
18. What is meant by trickle charge?
Trickle charge is a countinuous charge at a low rate,sufficient to maintain the
battery in a fully charged condition.
19. What are the active materials used in lead acid battery.
Lead peroxide-positive plate
Spongy Lead (pb)-Negative plate
Dilute Sulphuric acid (2 So4 )
20. Define ampere hour efficiency.
It is the ratio of ampere hour output to the ampere hour input.

Ah Efficiency= *100
21. State the different methods of charging of a battery.
Constant current method
Constant voltage method
22. Define Watt hour efficiency.
It is the ratio of watt hour output to the watt hour input

Wh efficiency = *100

23. What are the active materials in nickel cadmium cell?
Electrolyte
Positive plate
Negative plate
24. State the types of alkaline batteries.
Nickel iron cell
Nickel cadmium cell
25. State teh applications of Alkaline batteries.
Used for mine locomotives
Mine lamps
Ships
Wireless stations
26. State the electrical characteristics of Edison cell.
The average discharge voltage for a 5 hour discharge rate is 1.2V.
The average charging voltage for an alkaline cell is about 1.7 volt.