Chapter 32:

Expressing Solution Concentrations

Chapter Index

1. Find the percent by weight of the solute in each of the following

solutions:

(a) % NaCl = 5g NaCl x 100 =10%

50g soln.

(b) % K2SO4 = 10g K2SO4 x 100 = 10%

10g + 90g H2O

(c) % H2SO4 = 2g H2SO4 x100 = 7.4%

2g+25gH2O

(d) % MgF2 = 25g MgF2 x 100 = 25%

100g soln.

2. Find the percent by volume in each of the following solutions:

(a) % ethyl alcohol = 10ml x 100 = 10%

10ml + 90ml

(b) % acetone = 25ml x 100 = 20%

25ml + 100ml

(c) % methyl alcohol = 15ml CH3OH x 100 = 30%

50ml soln.

3. How many grams of solute must be used to prepare the following

solutions:

(a) 5% NaCl means 5g NaCl in 100g soln. - 5g NaCl = 95g H2O (5g NaCl is
in 95g H2O). The problem solution is a DP:

5g NaCl = x
95gH2O 25gH2O

x = 1.3g NaCl
(b) 25% KF means 25g KF in 100g soln. - 25g KF = 75g H2O (25g KF is in
75g H2O).

25g KF = x
75g H2O 100gH2O

x = 33.3g KF

(c) 10% H2SO4 means 10g H2SO4 is in 100g soln. - 10g H2SO4 or 90g H2O.

10g H2SO4 = x
90gH2O 40gH2O

x = 4.4g H2SO4

4. How many grams of solute must be used in preparing the following

solutions:

(a) These problems all give you the weight of solution, so there is no need to
find the weight of water as in the last problem.

5% NaCl means:

5gNaCl = x
100g soln. 25g soln.

x = 1.25g NaCl

(b) 12g K2SO4 means:

12g K2SO4 = x
100g soln. 80g soln.

x = 9.6g K2SO4

(c) 20% H3PO4 means:

20g H3PO4 = x
100g soln. 60g soln.

x = 12g H3PO4

5. How many grams of H2O should be used in preparing the following

solutions:
(a) This problem asks for the weight of water, so, we must have a
denominator in the DP which has grams of water.

10% NaCl means 100g soln. 10g NaCl or 90g H2O.

10g NaCl = 15g NaCl

90g H2O x

x = 135g H2O

(b) 25% K2SO4 means 25g K2SO4 in 100g soln. 25g = 75g H2O.

25g K2SO4 = 75g K2SO4

75g H2O x

x = 225g H2O

(c) 2% HNO3 means 2g HNO3 in 100g soln. 2g HNO3 = 98g H20

2g HNO3 = 15g HNO3

98g H2O x

x = 735g H2O

(d) 5% MgF2 means 5g MgF2 in 100g soln. 5g MgF2 = 95g H20

5g MgF2 = 10g MgF2

95g H2O x

x = 190g H2O

6. Find the molarity (M) of the following solutions:

Molarity = moles of solute/liters of soln. = #g/MW

Liters

(a) 100 ml = 0.100 liter M = 5.85g NaCl / 58.5 g/mole = 1.0

M
0.100 liter

(b) 250 ml = 0.250 liter M = 49g H2SO4 / 98 g/mole = 2.0 M

0.25 liters

(c) 750.ml = 0.750 liters, M = 25g CaCO3 / 100 g/ mole =

0.33M
 0.750 liters

(d) 500.ml = 0.500 liters, M = 32.7g H3PO4 / 98 g/mole =

0.67M
0.500 liters

7. Find the number of grams of solute needed in preparing the following

solutions:

Solve the Molarity formula in question 6 for the grams of solute:

#g solute = (M)(liters)(MW)

(a) #g NaCl = (2M)(0.250 liters)(58.5 g/mole) = 29.25g

(b) #g H2SO4 = (1M)(0.500 liters)(98 g/mole) = 49g

(c) #g CaCO3 = (0.5M)(0.750 liters)(100 g/mole) = 37.5g

8. How many liters of solution must be used in preparing the following

solutions:

Solve the Molarity equation in question 6 for liters of solution:

Liters of soln. = #g solute / MW

M

(a) liters = 75g CaCO3 / 100 g/mole = 1.5 liters (1.5 liters = 1,500 ml)
0.5M

(b) liters = 49g H2SO4 / 98 g/mole = 0.5 liters (0.5 liters = 500 ml)
1.0M

(c) liters = 14.63g NaCl / 58.5 g/mole = 0.125 liters (0.125 liters = 125 ml)
2.0M

9. Find the normality of the solution composed of:

Normality = N = # equivalents solute / liters soln. = #g solute /

MW/n
liters soln.

(a) N = 98g H2SO4 / 98 g/mole/2 = 4.0N

0.500 liters
(b) N = 32.7g H3PO4 / 98 g/mole/3 = 1.3N
0.750 liters

(c) N = 112g KOH / 56.g/mole/1 = 1.3N

1.5 liters

(d) N = 31.5g HNO3 / 63 g/mole/1 = 1N

0.500 liters

(e) N = 24.7g Ca(OH)2 / 74 g/mole/2 = 0.89N

0.750 liters

(f) N = 7g B(OH)3 / 62g/mole/3 = 0.68N

0.500 liters

10. How many grams of solute are needed to prepare the following
solutions:

Solve the Normality equation in question 9 for the #grams of solute:

#g solute = (N)(liters soln.)(MW/n)

(a) #g H3PO4 = (2.0N)(0.250 liters)(98/3) = 16.2g

(b) #g H2SO4 = (0.5N)(0.500 liters)(98/2) = 12.25g

(c) #g Al(OH)3 = (1N)(1 liter)(78/3) = 26g

(d) #g Ca(OH)2 = (5N)(0.25 liters)(74/2) = 27.8g

(e) #g HCl = (2N)(0.500 liters)(36.5/1) = 36.5g

(f) #g LiOH = (0.5N)(0.250 liters)(24/1) = 3.g

11. How many milliliters of solution are needed to prepare the

following:

Solve the N eqn. in question 9 for liters:

liters = #g / MW/n
N

(a) liters = 15g H2SO4 / 98/2 = 0.153 liters 153 ml

2N
(b) liters = 56g B(OH)3 / 62/3 = 5.41 liters 5,410 ml
0.5N

(c) liters = 49g H3PO4 / 98/3 = 0.499 liters 499 ml

3N

12. A solution of the following molarity is what normality?

N = (n)(M), where n = the # of moles of H+ (or OH-) per mole of acid (or
base) that enter the reaction. In these problems, you can simply use the
number of H+ or OH- in the formula.

(a) H2SO4 N = (2)(2M) = 4N

(b) H3PO4 N = (3)(1M) = 3N

(c) Al(OH)3 N = (3)(2M) = 6N

(d) NaOH N = (1)(2M) = 2N

13. A solution of the following normality is what molarity?

M = N/n

(a) H2SO3 M = 3N / 2 = 1.5M

(b) H3PO4 M = 3N / 3 = 1M

(c) B(OH)3 M = 6N / 3 = 2M

(d) KOH M = 3N / 1 = 3M

14. What is the molality of each of the following solutions:

molality = m = moles solute / kg solvent = #g / MW

kg solvent

(a) m = 10g NaCl / 58.5 g/mole = 3.4m 50gH2O = 0.05kg

0.05kg H2O

(b) m = 25g CaCO3 / 100 g/mole = 0.5m 500g H2O = 0.500kg

0.500kg H2O
(c) m = 20g H2SO4 / 98 g/mole = 0.82m 250g H2O = 0.250kg
0.250kg

(d) m = 39g Al(OH)3 / 78 g/mole = 0.5m 1,000g H2O = 1.0kg

1.0kg

15. How many grams of solute are needed to make the following:

Solve the equation in question 14 for #g solute:

#g solute = (m)(kg solvent)(MW)

(a) #g HNO3 = (2m)(0.05kg H2O)(63 g/mole) = 6.3g

(b) #g H2SO4 = (1.5m)(0.25kg H2O)(98 g/mole) = 36.8g

(c) #g H3PO4 = (0.5m)(0.5kg H2O)(98 g/mole) = 24.3g

(d) #g CaF2 = (3m)(1.5kg.H2O)(78 g/mole) = 351g

16. How many kilograms of water are needed to prepare the following:

Solve the equation in question 14 for kg solvent:

kg solvent = #g solute / MW
m

(a) kg solvent = 5g CaCO3 / 100 g/mole = 0.1kg

0.5m

(b) kg solvent = 20g H3PO4 / 98 g/mole = 0.1kg

2m

(c) kg solvent = 10.g Mg(OH)2 / 58 g/mole = 0.06kg

3m

17. 10g of hydrogen sulfate (H2SO4) was dissolved in 100g of H2O. The
volume of the resulting sulfuric acid solution was 103ml. Calculate the
solution for its

solute = 10.g H2SO4

solvent = 100.g H2O

volume of soln. = 103ml

(a) D = M/V = 10g H2SO4 + 100g H2O = 1.07g/ml

103ml

(b) M = #g solute/MW = 10.g H2SO4 / 98 g/ mole = 0.99M

liters soln. 0.103liters

(c) m = #g solute/MW = 10 g H2SO4 / 98 g/mole = 1.02m

kg solvent 0.100kg H2O

(d) N = (n)(M) = (2)(0.99M) = 1.98N

18. How many grams of solute are needed to make each of the following
solutions

These problems cannot be done by simply plugging into the molality

equation because the equation requires the kg of H2O and the problems give
the weight of solution, not solvent. Use the DP approach.

(a) 3.0m means 3 moles of K2SO4 per kg of H2O:

(i) MW of K2SO4 = 2(39) + 32 + 4(16) = 174 g/mole

(ii) So, 3.0m also means 3(174 g/mole) = 522g K2SO4 per 1,000g
H2O

(iii) The total grams of soln. = 522g K2SO4 + 1,000g H2O = 1,522g

(iv) So, the DP looks like this:

522g K2SO4 = x
1,522g soln. 600g soln.

x = 205.8g K2SO4

(b) 1.5m means 1.5 moles of NaOH per 1.0kg H2O:

(i) MW of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g/mole

(ii) 1.5 moles of NaOH = 1.5(40 g/mole) = 60g

(iii) So, 1.5 molal also means 60g NaOH per 1,000g water

(iv) The total weight of soln. = 60g NaOH + 1,000g H2O = 1,060g
 (v) The DP is:

60g NaOH = x
1,060g soln. 900g soln.

x = 50.9g NaOH

(c) 2.0m means 2.0 moles of Ca(NO3)2 per kg of H2O or 1,000g H2O:

(i) MW of Ca(NO3)2 = 40 + 2(14) + 6(16) = 164g/mole

(ii) 2.0m also means there are 2(164g/mole) = 328g Ca(NO3)2 per
1,000.g H2O.

(iii) Total weight of soln. = 328g Ca(NO3)2 + 1,000.g H2O = 1,328g

(iv) The DP is:

328g Ca(NO3)2 = x
1,328g soln. 1,500g soln.

x = 370.5g Ca(NO3)2