Formato Ferrocarriles

- -FERROCARRILES PROYECTO FERROCARRILES---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------
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NDICE
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1) Captulo 1: introduccin
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i) Objetivos
ii) Ubicacin
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iii) Condiciones topogrficas
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iv) Condiciones o factor econmico-social
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2) Captulo 2: marco terico
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i) Definicin de vas frreas
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ii) Diseo geomtrico
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iii) Diseo estructural
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iv) Diseo hidrolgico
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3) Captulo 3: planos
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i) Diseo de alternativas
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ii) Plano en planta
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iii) Perfil longitudinal
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iv) Perfiles transversales
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v) Curva masa
vi) Conclusiones y recomendaciones
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CAP.1
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INTRODUCCIN
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1) Introduccin:
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EL sistema frreo o ferrocarril es aquel sistema de transporte en el cual los vehculos se
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desplazan sobre un camino de rodadura definido por rieles metlicos, el cual proporciona
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un guiado unidireccional al vehculo.
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El ferrocarril convencional de la actualidad es un sistema de transporte terrestre en el que
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los vehculos se apoyan sobre un camino de rodadura, conformado por rieles y traviesas.
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El origen del ferrocarril se podra remontar a la civilizacin egipcia y poca grecorromana,
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pero ser en el siglo XVI cuando los mineros alemanes por medio del transporte
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subterrneo realizado con vagones que se apoyaban sobre dos series de maderas planas
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los que empiecen a dar forma al nacimiento del ferrocarril como tal.
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En el siglo XVIII ser cuando se sustituyan los maderos por lingotes largos de hierro, al
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mismo tiempo que se introdujo la rueda con llanta o cerco metlico.
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Despus del descubrimiento de la mquina de vapor por parte de Watt en 1770 se
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construye la primera locomotora de vapor por medio de Richard Trevithick el 13 de Abril
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de 1771 en Inglaterra, cuyo cometido fue el del transporte de viajeros (por primera vez en
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el mundo) a una velocidad superior al paso del hombre.
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El 21 de Febrero de 1804 se consigue por primera vez el arrastre de cinco vagones por
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medio de una locomotora de vapor durante 15.5 Km y a una velocidad de
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8 Km/h.
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EL 25 de Septiembre de 1825 el ingls George Stephenson construye una potente
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locomotora de vapor que fue capaz de arrastrar seis vagones, cargados de hierro y carbn,
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junto con 35 diligencias y 20 carrozas ocupadas por 400 viajeros provistos de sus
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correspondientes billetes; es la primera vez en la historia del ferrocarril que una compaa
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establece tarifas comerciales, horarios y un trayecto convencional.
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i) OBJETIVOS:
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Objetivo general
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Elaborar el Diseo geomtrico y estructural de una va frrea
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Objetivos especficos
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1. Asegurar la cooperacin ferroviaria internacional a nivel mundial
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2. Reforzar la competitividad y el desarrollo global del transporte ferroviario
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3. Representar y promover los intereses del transporte ferroviario a nivel mundial
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4. Fomentar las sinergias entre las distintas entidades globales para el desarrollo del
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transporte ferroviario
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ii) UBICACIN
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iii) CONDICIONES TOPOGRFICAS
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SITUACION GEOGRAFICA
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El proyecto se abarcara toda la zona de Huacata a 10 km de la ciudad de Tarija, Provincia
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de Mendez del departamento de Tarija.
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VENTAJAS Y LIMITACIONES DE LA ZONA
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La zona de estudio presenta caractersticas de bajo relieve con una topografa plana en
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la zona donde se disea la va frrea, teniendo al sur oeste relieve montaoso que no
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permite la viabilidad tcnica del diseo en esa zona
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iv) CONDICIONES O FACTORES ECONMICO-SOCIAL
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JUSTIFICACION
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El transporte de mercancas est prcticamente monopolizado por el transporte
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Martimo y, adems del transporte ferroviario en el mbito terrestre,
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Mientras que la carretera y el avin son modos de transporte reservados para
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Mercancas de alto valor y trfico de viajeros.
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Los modos de transporte ms econmicos dentro del transporte universal son
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El transporte martimo y el ferroviario, (con la salvedad del transporte por
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Tubera utilizable nicamente para ciertas mercancas, con volmenes e
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Itinerarios dados), por lo que resulta de claro inters coordinar ambos tipos de
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Transportes.
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Las nuevas condiciones de la economa generadas, unidas a la caracterizacin geogrfica y
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topogrfica del territorio Boliviano, constituyeron factores determinantes para que el pas
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adoptara como estrategia la poltica pblica para la modernizacin de la red frrea.
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El diseo de una va frrea a nivel regional, nacional y segn el rango de la va es
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importante para el desarrollo general de los pases y mejorar el sector dentro del rea
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econmica.
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La importancia de contar con medios de transporte eficientes que permitan incrementar
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la competitividad de los productos en los mercados internacionales y la evolucin del
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transporte hacia un esquema multimodal, fueron otros de los elementos considerados
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para la estructuracin de la nueva poltica frrea.
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En el desarrollo de este trabajo se realizara un estudio de alternativas que cumpla con
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todos los parmetros necesarios, el cual estar emplazado en la zona de provincia
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Mndez - Huacata.
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CAP. 2
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MARCO TERICO
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2) MARCO TERICO
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VAS FRREAS - GENERALIDADES
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i) DEFINICIN :
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Un ferrocarril se define como el camino provisto de perfiles paralelos denominados rieles,
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sobre los que se deslizan una serie de vehculos movidos por traccin elctrica, motores
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elctricos o motores diesel - elctricos.
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CLASIFICACIN
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En la actualidad no se cuenta con una clasificacin unificada de las lneas del ferrocarril,
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debido a que las mismas presentan una gran variedad en sus caractersticas. Tomando en
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cuenta algunos puntos de vista, se pueden clasificar en:
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LNEAS PRINCIPALES Y SECUNDARIAS
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Las lneas principales son aquellas que forman las grandes lneas trncales, y las lneas
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secundarias las que complementan la red formada por las anteriores dando as un sistema
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completo de lneas frreas.
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LNEAS DE VA ANGOSTA Y VA ANCHA
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Esta clasificacin corresponde al nivel de servicio que prestan las lneas frreas, sin tener
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en cuenta si es una lnea principal o secundaria, es decir que una lnea principal no
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necesariamente debe ser de lnea ancha o que una secundaria sea de lnea angosta, ya
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que ello depender de los aspectos de servicio que son relacionados a la construccin. El
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ancho de la va, definida como trocha de va, es la separacin entre rieles.
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ii) DISEO GEOMTRICO
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Es el proceso de correlacionar sus elementos fsicos tales como los alineamientos,
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pendientes, distancias de visibilidad, peralte, ancho de trocha con las caractersticas de
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operacin, facilidades de frenado, aceleracin, condiciones de seguridad, etc.
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As definido, el diseo geomtrico abarca el diseo de todos los aspectos de una va
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frrea, excepto los elementos referentes a los elementos estructurales.
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Es a travs del diseo geomtrico que datos que son expresiones cuantitativas de la
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naturaleza, requerimientos e idiosincrasia de los hombres, caractersticas de los trenes y
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usos de la tierra, se combinan para dar configuracin a una va que, dentro de las
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limitaciones econmicas impuestas, satisfaga la demanda reflejada por estos datos.
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Los criterios para el diseo geomtrico de las vas frreas se basan en una extensin
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matemtica racional del diseo del vehculo y de sus caractersticas de operacin, as
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como en el uso de los principios de la geometra de la fsica. Incluyen no solamente
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clculos tericos, sino tambin los resultados empricos deducidos de numerosas
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observaciones y anlisis del comportamiento de los conductores, reacciones humanas y
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capacidad de las carreteras.
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A fin de establecer relaciones matemticas, en muchas ocasiones se hace necesario
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formular hiptesis arbitrarias referentes a la velocidad y otros parmetros. Estas hiptesis,
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a travs de un proceso de verificacin, han contribuido a la solucin de un gran nmero de
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problemas de diseo.
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El diseo de carretera est orientado a definir todos los aspectos geomtricos y
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estructurales de tal forma que una faja de terreno sea acondicionada para el trnsito
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vehicular.
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El diseo geomtrico o trazado comprender todos los elementos y factores que orienten
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a establecer un trazo definitivo entre dos o ms puntos.
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CURVAS HORIZONTALES:
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CURVAS CIRCULARES SIMPLES: En el diseo de enlace de tangentes las curvas circulares
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simples son las que se utilizan frecuentemente cuando los espacios son reducidos en un
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punto inicial y otro, no siendo lo ms recomendable desde el punto de vista geomtrico y
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operacional de los vehculos.
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Una curva circular simple estar diseada a partir de dos elementos fundamentales que
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son el ngulo de deflexin o el ngulo interno entre las tangentes y el radio de curvatura
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que vienen por la geometra del trazado definitivo y por especificaciones tcnicas
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respectivamente.
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Los elementos de una curva circular simple son:
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* Tangente:
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=
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2
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* Externa:
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= ( 1)
2
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* Flecha:

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= (1 )
2
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* Desarrollo de la curva:
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=
180
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* Longitud de la curva:
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= 2 ( )
2
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Es importante que en el diseo cada curva circular simple est determinada por todos sus
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elementos, los cuales proporcionarn informacin suficiente para el replanteo.
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El replanteo de este tipo de curvas consiste en trazar una curva horizontal en el terreno a
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partir del diseo que est en el plano, es decir, encontrar todos los puntos necesarios para
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conformar la curva circular simple.
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Existen diversos mtodos para el replanteo de curvas horizontales podemos mencionar:
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a) Mtodo de ngulos tangenciales o de deflexiones.
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b) Mtodo del noneo contino.
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c) Mtodo de cuerdas.
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d) Mtodo por coordenadas.
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Todos los anteriores mtodos tienen el mismo objetivo, la variacin est en la
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metodologa que se sigue en el campo.
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DISEO DE VA FRREA
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DISEO HORIZONTAL
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Las curvas horizontales que posee nuestro trazo son cuatro:
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Curva horizontal Simple #1
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Calculo de los elementos:
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39,25 38'
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= ngulo de deflexin = 24 45'' = 24,65
R = radio de curvatura = 320 m
220 m
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V=Velocidad de Proyecto= 320 kph
280 km/hr
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Progresivas:
06+582,02
+ 559,22 m m
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PC=
0 + 647,19 m
FC= 6+676,65 m
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Tangente: T R * Tg T = 48,06 114,164mm
2
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Externa: E= 5,19
19,735 m
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f R * 1 Cos

Flecha: 2 f= 5,07
18,59 mm
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Long de la cuerda Lc 2 * R * Sen
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Lc = 93,91 214,952mm
2
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2**R *
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Desarrollo de curva Dc Dc = 94,63 219,213mm
360
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= ngulo de deflexin = 35,20 38'
24 45'' = 24,65
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220 m
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Progresivas: 1 + 138,64 m 320 m
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PC= 6+582,02 m
1 + 258,78 m
FC= 6+676,65 m
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Tangente: T R * Tg T = 101,51
48,06 m
2
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Externa: E = 15,716
5,19 m
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f R * 1 Cos

Flecha: 2 f = 14,985,07 m
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Lc = 193,52
93,91 m
2
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2**R *
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Desarrollo de curva Dc Dc = 196,5994,63 m
360
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= ngulo de deflexin = 24
29,30 38' 45'' = 24,65
220 m
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Progresivas:
3 + 093,99 m 320 m
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PC= 6+582,02 m
3 + 199,20 m
FC= 6+676,65 m
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48,06 m
2
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Externa: E = 10,753
5,19 m
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f R * 1 Cos

Flecha: 2 f = 10,404
5,07 m
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Lc = 161,86
93,91 m
2 5
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2**R *
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360
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2
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= ngulo de deflexin = 24
36,80 38' 45'' = 24,65
R = radio de curvatura = 220
320 mm
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Progresivas:
PC= 3 + 936,77 mm 320 m
6+582,02
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FC= 6+676,65
4 + 020,13 mm
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48,06 m
2
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Externa: E = 17,241
5,19 m
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f R * 1 Cos

Flecha: 2 f = 16,365,07 m
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Lc = 202,01
93,91 m
2 5
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2**R *
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360
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iii) Diseo estructural:
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RIEL:
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Las rieles sern de Perfil Tipo Vignole ASCE-80-AS norma americana importados con una
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resistencia al esfuerzo de flexin de 1500 (Kg./cm2) y un coeficiente de elasticidad de
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2x106 (Kg./cm2) y una longitud de 12 m. cada una con caractersticas homogneas de
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resistencia y elasticidad para que puedan absorber las vibraciones y sern asegurados
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mediante los respectivos accesorios (pernos de riel, bridas y asientos en los durmientes)
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los cuales tendrn una resistencia suficiente para resistir los esfuerzos a los que van a
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estar sometidos teniendo en cuenta el ancho de trocha de 1 m.
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El montaje de los rieles sobre las durmientes deber ser de lo ms cuidadoso posible y con
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mucha precisin previa autorizacin y constante supervisin por parte del supervisor en
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cuanto a su ajuste tomando en cuenta las alineaciones y empalmes con una alineacin
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constante del topgrafo con la estacin total y teniendo en cuenta que de este elemento
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es que depende el buen funcionamiento de la va de ferrocarril.
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Partes del riel:
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Cabeza/Hongo: Parte superior, que se utiliza como elemento de rodadura.
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Patn: Base, de anchura mayor que la cabeza, cuya superficie inferior es plana para su
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apoyo en la traviesa.
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Alma: Parte de pequeo espesor que une la cabeza con el patn.
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1) Velocidad de Diseo:
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Es la velocidad de proyecto que est definida como una velocidad determinada para el
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diseo y la correlacin de los aspectos fsicos de una va que influye en la operacin de las
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locomotoras.
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La velocidad de proyecto es la velocidad mxima segura que puede ser sostenida a travs
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de una seccin especificada de la va, cuando las condiciones son tan favorables que los
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aspectos de diseo geomtrico son los que imperan.
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Para nuestro proyecto se tiene especificado una velocidad directriz o velocidad de
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proyecto de:
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Velocidad de diseo = 320 Km/h
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DURMIENTE:
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Las durmientes sern de madera de algarrobo colorado por ser muy resistente para este
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2
tipo de uso que tenga un esfuerzo admisible a flexin de 150(Kg./cm ) y al corte de
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2
30(Kg./cm ) y tendr una seccin de (23X12) cm. y una longitud de 2.00 m. cada una que
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ser verificado por el supervisor de la obra que adems debern ser necesariamente
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protegidas con un tratamiento a presin con creosota sea con el mtodo de
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impregnacin betel o clula llena el cual actuara contra agentes destructivos como
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microorganismos e inclemencias que puede ser sometida la madera.
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Se asentara sobre el balasto homogneo previa aprobacin de supervisor y por un
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especialista entendido en este tipo de trabajos para luego los rieles tengan un soporte
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adecuado.
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Durmientes de madera: utilizando maderas (conocidas popularmente por 'traviesas')
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como pino, haya, roble, y de quebracho en Sudamrica, dependiendo del uso, el costo y
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durabilidad necesaria. Este tipo de durmiente proporciona como ventaja, la fcil
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manipulacin por los obreros debido a su peso y su flexibilidad ante golpes o similares.
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Entre el riel y la durmiente se colocan unas pletinas o 'silletas' que se atornillan al
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durmiente y fijan el riel a sta.
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Durmientes de Hormign: Los durmientes de hormign pretensado o postensado tiene
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una mayor durabilidad que los durmientes de madera, su peso que ante la manipulacin
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es una desventaja, resulta tambin ventajoso al proporcionar una mayor estabilidad de la
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va. Tambin garantiza una provisin ilimitada, ya que el durmiente de madera escasea y
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se encarece cada vez ms. 1. De hormign monobloque, pesa aproximadamente 300 Kg. y
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est conformado por una armadura en su interior, recubierto por un solo bloque de
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hormign.
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2. De hormign bibloque, est conformado por dos bloques de hormign de unos 70 cm.
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aproximadamente, unidos por un perfil de hierro en forma de T.
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Durmientes de compuesto (plstico): Diseados para reemplazar a los durmientes de
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madera, proporcionando las ventajas de la madera y solucionando algunas desventajas
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como la humedad, evitando la pudricin. Pueden ser utilizados con durmientes de
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madera, por lo que su implementacin no necesita un cambio total de la va
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Tipos.
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Riel ligero: Es aquel cuyo peso no excede de los 40 kg por metro lineal. Se usa en lneas
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por las que circulan trenes sin excesivo peso o que transportan cargas ligeras, y cuya
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velocidad no es alta. Por ejemplo, en los ferrocarriles mineros o los tranvas.
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Riel pesado: Su peso oscila entre los 40 y los 60 kg por metro lineal. Se utilizan cuando
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aumentan los requerimientos de velocidad, seguridad y carga mxima a transportar.
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Principalmente se emplea en ferrocarriles de mercancas o pasajeros y metropolitanos, as
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como lneas de alta velocidad.
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BALASTO:
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El balasto deber ser colocado por un especialista en este tipo de trabajos y asentado
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sobre la infraestructura ya bien nivelada y con caractersticas de estabilidad que
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garanticen el buen asiento del balasto y adems previa aprobacin del supervisor de la
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obra.
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El material del balasto deber ser de piedra chancada de piedra de granito que tenga un
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coeficiente de reaccin de 5 (Kg/cm3) y que sea homogneo presentando dimetros entre
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(5-7) cm.
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DISEO DE LOS RIELES:
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Datos para el Tren tipo para el estudio:
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Carga mxima por rueda G =10000 kgr.
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Distancia entre durmientes (a = 40 cm)
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Vuelo de las durmientes (u = 40 cm)
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Coeficiente de reaccin del balasto (c = 5 kgr/cm3)
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Ancho de durmiente (b = 20 cm)
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Coeficiente de trabajo mximo a flexin ( t = 1500 kgr/cm2)
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Perfil RIEL ASCE - 80 TR40
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Mdulo de elasticidad del acero 6
(E = 2x10 kgr/cm ) 2
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De la tabla de escudara se obtiene en funcin al perfil los siguientes datos
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I = 1098,03 cm4
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x = 66,5 mm = 6.65cm.
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Peso = 39,68 kgr/m
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Area = 50,71 cm2
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=6
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3
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2x106 1098,03cm4
B=6
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403
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B = 205878, 8 kgr/cm
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D= 2
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D = 2 5 20 40
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D = 8000 kgr/cm
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Por Zimmernan para el clculo del Momento Flector:
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8+7
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=
4 + 10 4
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8 205878,8 + 7 8000 40
M= 10000
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4 205878,8 + 10 8000 4
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M = 188489,3997 kgr/cm
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Modulo resistente:
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=

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1098,03
W=
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6,65
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W = 164,9917355
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Esfuerzo a flexin:
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=
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188489,3997
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=
164,9917355
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max = 1142,417219 kgr/cm2
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max < t = 1500 kgr/cm 2 OK!!!!!!!!!
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Cumple con la condicin de que el esfuerzo de flexin es menor al admitido por lo tanto el
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perfil de proyecto ser el ASCE - 80 TR40
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Longitud y Cantidad de rieles
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Longitud de la va L va =22400 m=22.4 km
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Longitud de cada riel L riel = 12 m
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Juntas de dilatacin de Junta = 10 m 0,01 m
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= 2 [ ]
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( + )
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22400
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N = 2 [ ]
12 + 0.01
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N =3730.22
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DISEO DE DURMIENTES
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Usamos lo hiptesis de que el peso G se distribuye uniformemente entre las tres
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durmientes.
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DATOS PARA EL DISEO
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b = Ancho = 0,20 m = 20 cm.
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e = Alto = 0,10 m =12 cm
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a = 0,40 m = 40 cm
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c = 5 Kgr/cm2
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E = 2x106 Kgr/cm2
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I = 1098,03cm4
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Al principio del proyecto tomamos la siguiente hiptesis que R1 = R2 = R3
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6
3GEI 3 *10000 * 2 x10 *1098,03
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R1 R3
a C 9 EI 40 * 5 (9 * 2 x10 *1098,03)
3 3 6
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R1 = R3 = 3333,28kgr
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u Riel
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R1 R2 R3
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2a
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u
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Durmiente
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R1 R2 R3
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R2 = G - 2*R1
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R2 = 10000 (2 x 3333,28)
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R2 = 3333,44kgr.
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Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q4 = 1/2 * 0,50 + q = q / 4
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FV = 0
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2R2 - Q1 - Q2 - Q3 - Q4 = 0
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2R2 - 4(Q1) = 0
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Q1 = 2R2 / 4 = q / 4
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q = 2*R2
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q = 2*(3333,44)
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q = 6666,88 kgr/ml
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Aplicando la siguiente ecuacin:
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qa
Mmax =
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6
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6666,880,402
Mmax =
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6
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M max = 177, 7835343 kgr * m = 17778,35343kgr * cm
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La escuadra de la durmiente es 0.20m x 0.12m.
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12 cm
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20 cm
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La inercia de la seccin ser:
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b * h3
I
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12
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20 *123
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I
12
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I = 2880 cm4
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Modulo resistente:
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2 2
a *b 20 *12
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W
6 6
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W = 480cm3
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VERIFICACION A LA FLEXION:
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Esfuerzo mximo a flexin = 150 Kgr / cm2
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Esfuerzo a la flexin:
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M max 17778,35343

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W = 480 =37,03823632 kgr/cm2
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2
= 37,03823632 kgr / cm2 < t=150 kgr/cm OK!!!!!!!!!!
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VERIFICACION AL CORTE:
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Esfuerzo al corte mximo admisible = 30 kgr/cm2
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1 1
Q max . * R2 * 3333,44
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2 = 2 = 1666,720634 Kgr.
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3 Q max . 3 1666,720634
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* *
mx = 2 b*h = 2 20 * 12 = 10,417 kgr/cm 2
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mx = 10,417 kg/cm < t =30 kg/cm^2 OK!!!!!!!!!
2
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Por lo tanto la escuadra elegida es de 20cm*10cm
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Cantidad de Durmientes
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Longitud de va= 22400 m
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Longitud de durmiente=2 m
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Ancho de Durmiente= 0,2 m
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Espesor de Durmiente= 0,12 m
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Separacin entre centros de Durmientes= 0,4 m
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N de Durmientes
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=
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"
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22400
N de Durmientes =
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0.40
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N de Durmientes = 56000
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DISEO DE BALASTO
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1
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1
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h
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B
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B = 2h + b
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Dnde:
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h = altura del balasto (adoptamos h = 40c m.)
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b = durmiente (b = 200cm.)
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B = (2*40)+ 200
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B = 280 cm = 2.80 m
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La piedra chancada admite 8 Kg/cm2 provocando un asentamiento de 0,20 cm.
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P
C=
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h
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Dnde:
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c = Coeficiente de elasticidad del balasto
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P = Fuerza que est actuando en Kg. en un rea unitaria
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h = Hundimiento provocado por P
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8
C=
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0,2
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C = 40
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Calculo de Volumen del Balasto
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= [ ( + )]
2
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= 5256,44 m3
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iv) DISEO HIDROLGICO
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DISEO DE CUNETAS
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Q = 0.226 m3/seg
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n = 0.014 para hormign
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S = 3.6 % 2 1
1 3 2
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Q R S A
Frmula de Manning: n
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2 *Y *Y
A n n
Yn 2
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2
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P 2 * Yn * 2
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2
1 Yn2 3
1
0 , 226 0,036 2
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0,014 2 * Yn * 2
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Yn 0,28 m 0.3 m
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Dimensiones de la cuneta
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CAP.3
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PLANOS
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DISEO DE
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ALTERNATIVAS
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PLANO EN
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PLANTA
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PERFIL LONGITUDINAL
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Y TRANSVERSAL
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DETALLES
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CONSTRUCTIVOS
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Conclusiones y recomendaciones
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En este proyecto de diseo de una red ferroviaria con objetivo de vincular
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poblaciones y de acuerdo a las especificaciones asignadas se procedi al diseo
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determinando los clculos y resultados de acuerdo a las frmulas ya
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mencionadas, se eligi esta alternativa por ser la ms cercana a la lnea de trazo
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preliminar, adoptando radios de hasta 76,61 metros para darle continuidad a la
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va y proporcionarle una buena relacin con la topografa existente.
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De esta manera se puto logra todo lo propuesto en los radios
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mnimos como en pendiente y velocidad.
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De esta manera se logr un adecuado diagrama de masas que se
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compensa muy bien en la primera parte de la va.
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Con los tirantes calculados para cada tramo de cuneta se estim
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el promedio de estos tirantes; y por seguridad se adopt la altura
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de cuneta que se indica en los clculos respectivos.
Para el anlisis de costo se tomaron en cuenta todos los factores
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que intervienen en este.
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Analizando la cantidad y el costo del movimiento de tierras se
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tiene que es razonable, sobre todo teniendo en cuenta la
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topografa de la zona. Y se lleg en forma satisfactoria a las
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condiciones exigidas por los pasos obligados.
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En el anlisis de costo se tom en cuenta solo los tems ms
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importantes como son: el replanteo, instalacin de faenas, el
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movimiento de tierras (corte-relleno-conformacin de terrapln y
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taludes), durmientes, rieles, balasto y accesorios
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