DJM2032

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 4-2
AMPLIFIER AND SINUSOIDAL WAVE
OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS

LECTUERER : EN. TAN POH CHUAR

JKM/PUO

1
 Oscillators
Oscillation: an effect that repeatedly and regularly
fluctuates about the mean value

Oscillator: circuit that produces oscillation

Characteristics: wave-shape, frequency, amplitude,

distortion, stability

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Application of Oscillators
Oscillators are used to generate signals, e.g.
o Used as a local oscillator to transform the RF signals to IF signals in a
receiver;
o Used to generate RF carrier in a transmitter
o Used to generate clocks in digital systems;
o Used as sweep circuits in TV sets and CRO.

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 Linear Oscillators
1. Wien Bridge Oscillators
2. RC Phase-Shift Oscillators
3. LC Oscillators
4. Stability

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 Integrant of Linear Oscillators

+ V
Vs Amplifier (A) Vo
+
Positive Vf Frequency-Selective
Feedback Network ()
Feedback

For sinusoidal input is connected

Linear because the output is approximately sinusoidal

A linear oscillator contains:

- a frequency selection feedback network
- an amplifier to maintain the loop gain at unity

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 Basic Linear Oscillator
+ V
Vs A(f) Vo
+

Vf SelectiveNetwork
(f)

Vo AV A(Vs V f ) and V f Vo
Vo A

Vs 1 A
If Vs = 0, the only way that Vo can be nonzero
is that loop gain A=1 which implies that
| A | 1 (Barkhausen Criterion)
A 0
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 Wien
1
Bridge
1
Oscillator
Let X C1 and X C 2 Frequency Selection Network
C1 C2
Z1
Z1 R1 jX C1
R1 C1 Z2
1
1 1 jR2 X C 2
Z2
2
R jX C2 R2 jX C 2 Vi C2 R2 Vo

Therefore, the feedback factor,

Vo Z2 ( jR2 X C 2 / R2 jX C 2 )

Vi Z1 Z 2 ( R1 jX C1 ) ( jR2 X C 2 / R2 jX C 2 )

jR2 X C 2

( R1 jX C1 )( R2 jX C 2 ) jR2 X C 2

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 can be rewritten as:
R2 X C 2

R1 X C 2 R2 X C1 R2 X C 2 j ( R1R2 X C1 X C 2 )
For Barkhausen Criterion, imaginary part = 0, i.e.,
0.34
R1R2 X C1 X C 2 0 0.32

Feedback factor
0.3
1 1 =1/3
or R1 R2 0.28

C1 C2 0.26
0.24
1 / R1 R2C1C2 0.22
0.2
f(R=Xc)
Supposing, 1

R1=R2=R and XC1= XC2=XC, Phase 0.5 Phase=0

RX C 0

3RX C j ( R 2 X C2 ) -0.5

-1
Frequency
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 1
Example
By setting RC , we get
1 Rf
Imaginary part = 0 and
3 R1
Due to Barkhausen Criterion,

Loop gain Av=1 +

where C R
Vo
Av : Gain of the amplifier
Rf R Z1
Av 1 Av 3 1 C Z2
R1
Rf
Therefore, 2 Wien Bridge Oscillator
R1

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 RC Phase-Shift Oscillator
Rf

R1
C C C

+
R R R

Using an inverting amplifier

The additional 180o phase shift is provided by an RC
phase-shift network

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 Applying KVL to the phase-shift network, we have
V1 I1 ( R jX C ) I 2 R
0 I1 R I 2 (2 R jX C ) I 3 R C C C
V1 Vo
0 I2R I 3 (2 R jX C )
Solve for I3, we get R R R
I1 I2 I3
R jX C R V1
R 2 R jX C 0
R
I3 0 0
R jX C R 0
R 2 R jX C R
0 R 2 R jX C

V1R 2
Or I3
( R jX C )[(2 R jX C ) 2 R 2 ] R 2 (2 R jX C )

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The output voltage,
V1R 3
Vo I 3 R
( R jX C )[(2 R jX C ) 2 R 2 ] R 2 (2 R jX C )

Hence the transfer function of the phase-shift network is given by,

Vo R3
3
V1 ( R 5RX C2 ) j ( X C3 6 R 2 X C )
For 180o phase shift, the imaginary part = 0, i.e.,
X C3 6 R 2 X C 0 or X C 0 (Rejected)
X C2 6 R 2
1

6 RC Note: The ve sign mean the
and, phase inversion from the
1
voltage
29
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 LC Oscillators
The frequency selection
network (Z1, Z2 and Z3)
provides a phase shift of Av Ro
180o ~
The amplifier provides an +
addition shift of 180o
2 Z1 Z2 1
Two well-known Oscillators:
Colpitts Oscillator Z3
Zp
Harley Oscillator

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 Av Ro Z1
~ V f Vo Vo
Z1 Z 3
+
Vf Z1 Z2 Vo Z p Z 2 //( Z1 Z 3 )
Z 2 ( Z1 Z 3 )
Z3
Zp Z1 Z 2 Z 3
For the equivalent circuit from the output
Ro Io
+ AvVi Vo Vo Av Z p
or
+ Zp Vo Ro Z p Z p Vi Ro Z p
AvVi

Therefore, the amplifier gain is obtained,

Vo Av Z 2 ( Z1 Z 3 )
A
Vi Ro ( Z1 Z 2 Z 3 ) Z 2 ( Z1 Z 3 )

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The loop gain,
Av Z1Z 2
A
Ro ( Z1 Z 2 Z 3 ) Z 2 ( Z1 Z 3 )
If the impedance are all pure reactances, i.e.,
Z1 jX 1 , Z 2 jX 2 and Z3 jX 3
Av X 1 X 2
The loop gain becomes, A
jRo ( X 1 X 2 X 3 ) X 2 ( X 1 X 3 )
The imaginary part = 0 only when X1+ X2+ X3=0
It indicates that at least one reactance must be ve (capacitor)
X1 and X2 must be of same type and X3 must be of opposite type
Av X 1 AX
With imaginary part = 0, A v 1
X1 X 3 X2
X2
For Unit Gain & 180o Phase-shift, A 1 Av
X1
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Hartley Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator

C1
R L1 R
C L
C2
L2

1 1
o o CT
C1C2
( L1 L2 )C LCT C1 C2
L1 C
gm gm 2
RL2 RC1
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 Colpitts Oscillator
Equivalent circuit
C1 L
R
L +
C2 C2 V R C1
gmV

In the equivalent circuit, it is assumed that:

Linear small signal model of transistor is used
The transistor capacitances are neglected
Input resistance of the transistor is large enough

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At node 1, L I1
V1 V i1 ( jL) node 1
I2 V
where, + I3
i1 jC2V C2 V R C1
gmV I4
V1 V (1 LC2 )2

Apply KCL at node 1, we have

V1
jC2V g mV jC1V1 0
R
1
jC2V g mV V (1 2 LC2 ) jC1 0
R
For Oscillator V must not be zero, therefore it enforces,
1 2 LC2
g m
j (C1 C2 ) 3 LC1C2 0
R R

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 1 2 LC2
g m
j (C1 C2 ) 3 LC1C2 0
R R

Imaginary part = 0, we have

1 C1C2
o CT
LCT C1 C2

Real part = 0, yields

C2
gm
RC1

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 +VCC
Crystal oscillator circuit
RFC
RB1
vout

C1
Xtal
C2
RB2
RE CE
Replaces the
tank circuit
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 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:
Crystal oscillator is most commonly used oscillator with high-frequency
stability. They are used for laboratory experiments, communication
circuits and biomedical instruments. They are usually, fixed frequency
oscillators where stability and accuracy are the primary considerations.
In order to design a stable and accurate LC oscillator for the upper HF
and higher frequencies it is absolutely necessary to have a crystal
control; hence, the reason for crystal oscillators.
Crystal oscillators are oscillators where the primary frequency
determining element is a quartz crystal. Because of the inherent
characteristics of the quartz crystal the crystal oscillator may be held to
extreme accuracy of frequency stability. Temperature
compensation may be applied to crystal oscillators to improve thermal
stability of the crystal oscillator.
The crystal size and cut determine the values of L, C, R and C'. The
resistance R is the friction of the vibrating crystal, capacitance C is the
compliance, and inductance L is the equivalent mass. The capacitance
C' is the electrostatic capacitance between the mounted pair of
electrodes with the crystal as the dielectric.

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 Frequency Stability
The frequency stability of an oscillator is defined
as
1 d
ppm/ o C
o dT o

Use high stability capacitors, e.g. silver mica,

polystyrene, or teflon capacitors and low
temperature coefficient inductors for high stable
oscillators.

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 Amplitude Stability
In order to start the oscillation, the loop gain is
usually slightly greater than unity.
LC oscillators in general do not require amplitude
stabilization circuits because of the selectivity of
the LC circuits.
In RC oscillators, some non-linear devices, e.g.
NTC/PTC resistors, FET or zener diodes can be
used to stabilized the amplitude

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 Wien-bridge oscillator with bulb
stabilization

R C

+
irms
R C
R2
Operating
Blub point

Vrms

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 Wien-bridge oscillator with diode
stabilization

Rf

R1

Vo
+
C R

R
C

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 Twin-T Oscillator
low pass filter
Filter output

low pass region high pass region

high pass filter

fr f

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 Bistable Circuit
vo
+Vcc
v+ +
Vth
vo v1
v1
-Vcc

vo vo
+Vcc +Vcc

-Vth -Vth Vth

v1 v1

-Vcc -Vcc

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 A Square-wave Oscillator

vc

vo
vf +
v
+ f

vc v
f

+vmax
vo
v
max

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