Interperatation of pentacam

hossein jamali
Cornea & Anterior Segment Service

Shiraz university of Medical science

Khalili hospital
Quality of vision

Improving
quality of vision

Improving
quality of life

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 Methods of Image For mation:

Reflection technique: placido disk

(Indirect measerment of the corneal surface)

Projection technique:
Slit image of the cornea.
Two scanning vertical slits
Rotating slit (based on the Scheimpflug
imaging principle)
Best Fit (sphere)

Calculation Diameter = Fitting zone

Elevation Map & references bodies
There are three selectable reference bodies :
Toric Ellipsoid
matches perfect to astigmatic corneas

Ellipsoid
matches optimal to the true shape of the cornea

Best Fit Sphere

- Comparable to Orbscan
- Float representation: same as Orbscan
- Fixed: reference body is fixed at the apex
 Max Red
above
high
above the reference surface
(+)

reference

(-) low
below the reference surface

below
Min Blue
Astigmatism when displayed in elevations

Steep meridian

Flat meridian
 Types of Displays:
The Louisiana State Univer sity Color- Coded Map

Mostly used to display corneal superficial powers

1- Cool color s
(violets and blues):low power,
flat curvatures, low diopters
2- Greens and yellows: normal corneas
3- War m or hot color s
(oranges and reds):
higher powers, steep curvatures,
higher diopter
Intuitive Spectr al Directions
Although there are no universally standardized colors,
the spectral direction (from blue to red) is always
organized in a definite and intuitive way.
Blue = low, flat, deep, thick, or aberrated
Red = high, steep, sharp, shallow, thin, or focused.
Basic:

The Pentacam is a rotating Scheimpflug Camera

The Pentacam has two integrated Cameras

- one camera to detect size and orientation of the
pupil & control fixation
- second camera is mounted on the rotating wheel
to take pictures of cornea and anterior segment
 Scheimpflug Principle
Schematic picture of a Camera Schematic picture of the Scheimpflug
Picture / Focus Plane Principle

Film Plane
Objective Plane
Picture / Focus Plane

Point of Intersection

Film Plane

Advantage of the Scheimpflug Camera:

Objective Plane
higher depth of focus,

Problem of a normal Camera: sharp picture, but distorted

limited depth of focus

The Scheimpflug law says: To get a higher depth of focus, move the three
planes, provided that the picture plane, the objective plane and the film
plane has to cut each other in one line or one point of intersection.
Schematic course of a scan
 Pentacam, the comprehensive analyzer

Scheimpflug Image
+ 3D Anterior Chamber Analyzer
+ Pachymetry Map
+ Topography Maps (ant. & post.)
+ Elevation Maps (ant. & post.)
+ Anterior Chamber Depth Map
+ Cataract Analyzer
+ Holladay Report
+ Tomography
= Pentacam

With only 1 measurement in less than 2 seconds

Clinical Applications
The Pentacam is the optimum analyser for:
Corneal refractive surgeons
Cataract surgeons
Glaucoma screening
 R/O KCN
Phakic iol
Ker atoconus &
Ectatic Cor neal Disor der s

Keratoconus is still a
Contraindication for Refractive
Surgery
procedures
Keratoconus
Preoperative topographic screening prior to
keratorefractive surgery has largely focused on
keratoconus.
8% of myopes presenting for refractive surgery have
suggestive topographic pattern like KCN.

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classification Based on Clinical Examination
and Topogr aphic Indices
Azar and Lu reported an Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (MEEI)
keratoconus scoring system, which combines,

history,
examination,
topographic indices

to establish criteria for distinguishing

healthy control subjects,

keratoconus suspects,
early keratoconus,
advanced keratoconus,
classification Based on Clinical Examination
and Topogr aphic Indices
If corneal hydrops is present on examination or obtained from
history, 2 points are assigned; otherwise, 0 points are assigned.

If at least two findings on examination (Fleischer ring, Vogt's

striae, Munson's sign, scarring) or history (atopy, Down's
syndrome ,family history) are present, 2 points are assigned; if
fewer than two findings are present, 0 points are assigned .
classification Based on Clinical Examination
and Topogr aphic Indices
If asymmetric anterior central corneal power between right and left eyes is
1.9 0 or less, 0 points are assigned to both eyes; if asymmetry greater than
1.9 0 is present, the eye with the higher corneal power receives 1 point and
the other eye receives 0 points .

Anterior central corneal power K < 47.2 0, 47.2 to 48.7 D or >48.7 D is

assigned 0, 1, or 2 points, respectively.

Inferior-superior asymmetry (1-5 value) < 1.4 D, 1.4 to 1.9 D, or > 1.9 D is
assigned 0, 1, or 2 points, respectively.
classification Based on Clinical Examination
and Topogr aphic Indices
Total scores of;

0, normal cornea

1 to 3, keratoconus suspect

4 or 5, early keratoconus

6 to 9 advanced keratoconus,
KCN clinical classification
1. Clinical keratoconus
2. Subclinical keratoconus
3. Keratoconus suspect

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Clinical keratoconus

Clinical slit-lamp signs of keratoconus

Scissoring of retinoscopic reflex with dilated

pupil

(+) topographic pattern

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Clinical keratoconus

Clinical slit-lamp signs of keratoconus

Scissoring of retinoscopic reflex with dilated

pupil

(+) topographic pattern

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Subclinical keratoconus
No clinical slit-lamp findings

Scissoring of retinoscopic reflex with fully

dilated pupil

(+) topographic pattern

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Keratoconus suspect

1. No clinical slit-lamp findings

2. No scissoring of retinoscopic reflex with dilated pupil

3. (+) topographic pattern

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Screening before refractive surgery
Firstly :the anterior and posterior elevation

Secondly: look at the pachymetery and thickness

distribution ,and pay attention to the off center
distribution of corneal thickness

Finally :completely scan the curvature and the

symmetry of both eyes.
 b 2
Q = 2 -1
a
Aspheric b
Q = -0.5
a
prolate

b
Spherical Q = zero
a

Aspheric b
Q = +0.5
a
oblate
Q-value
b

spherical

aspheric
Aspher icity
Proposed Screening Parameters
Settings: BFS, fitted in float, 8 mm diameter

Anterior Elevation differences < +12 microns are considered normal

Anterior Elevation differences > +15 microns are indicative of

keratoconus

Anterior Elevation differences between + 12 15 microns are suspicious

Similar numbers (but about 5 micron higher) apply to Posterior

Elevation, but our experience is limited
Keratoconus screening theorie (Dr. M. Jankov)

Delta (local), posterior elevation to

anterior elevation +7 to +10 micron
might be suspicious

anterior steepening (thinning)

anterior steepening

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What should I check by looking at
the elevation maps?

Shape
Parameter
Elevation Map
 Parameters
Parameters
What should I check by looking at
the Pachymetry maps?
Shape
Parameter
Thinnestlocation coordinates
Thickness indices

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The standard thickness Map

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Shape

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Parameter

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Parameter

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Coordinates

_
X

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Pachymetric Map
CTSP: Corneal Thickness Spatial Profile

PTI: Percentage Thickness Increase

The progression index is calculated as the progression value at the

different rings. The best cut off point is 1.35

These parameters allow for the differentiation of a normal thin cornea

versus ectasia.
 Keratoconus
Application:
Keratoconus
detection and
quantification
based on ant.
corneal data
Corneal
thickness
progression
provides
information
about corneal
stability
Screening for
Lasik
candidates
Belin / Ambrsio Enhanced Ectasia Display:
BAD
During the ASCRS in Chicago, Oculus has presented unique
software feature of the Pentacam

The goal of BAD II is to combine elevation and pachymetric

corneal evaluation in one display.

This allows the physician to quickly and effectively screen

patients for ectatic disease.
Belin/Ambrosio Enhanced Ectasia Report

Best fit sphere

Enhanced Best 3,5 mm

fit sphere
Excluding
3.5mm circular
area around
thinnest pachy
location!
Location of thinnest pachy

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BFS vs Enhanced BFS in Normals
BFS vs Enhanced BFS in Abnormals
Exclusion map
Belin/Ambrosio Enhanced Ectasia Report

Standard BFS

Enhanced BFS

Difference
normal and
enhanced BFS

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Belin/Ambrosio Enhanced Ectasia Report

distance in vector
notation

progression index

traffic light
green = ok
yellow = suscep.
red = abnormal

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BAD II
It reports five new terms (D values for standard deviation from the
mean) representing the front surface (Df ), back surface (Db),
pachymetric progression (Dp), thinnest point (Dt), and thinnest point
displacement (Dy).

A sixth term (D) is the final overall map reading taking each of the five
parameters into account.
Belin/Ambrosio Enhanced Ectasia Report

Deviation Indices for detection

of keratoconus and ectasia
susceptibility:

D = Standard deviation 1=
average population.
1.6 SD = White
2.6 SD = Yellow
2.6 SD = red

D = Total deviation (over all

score of the values Df, Db, Dp, Dt
and Dy)

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Summary

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Summary

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Summary

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phakic-IOL fitting simulation software

based on the patients refraction, a pIOL (phakic IOL) is selected from the databas
its individual fit in the anterior chamber is simulated
Critical distances are calculated in 3D and shown in each single Scheimpflug ima
PIOL position years after surgery is simulated
Cataract Surgeon

Correct corneal power

Densitometry
Screening for Calculation of postrefractive surgery
IOL power
Corneal Power Maps
A- Sagittal power map(Axial power map)
B- True net power map
C- Equivalent K-Reading map
D- Total corneal power
True Net Power

1.376-1/R ant
+ 1.336-1.376/R post
Holladay Report

The Holladay Report is a software upgrade which

can be easily installed by every Pentacam user.
 Quantification of the densitometry
camera-/slit position and image

reflex at the
Bowman layer

objective quantification
of the Densitometry in
the chosen point
basis for quantification is
the grey scale of the
image, standardize from
0 to 100.
Lens density analysis along a certain line or in a certain area
 Anterior Chamber Depth
Application:
pre. op.
planning of
phakic lens
implantations
glaucoma
precaution
Anterior Chamber Analyzer
Screening for lasik PRK
GLAUCOMA SCREENING
Earth Pluto
Sun

Earth

Pluto
 Our
Sunl Sirius
Jupiter at 1 pixel at the point of the
arrow.
The Earth is not visible at this scale. Arturus
 Antares is the 15th most brilliant star in the night sky.
It is located at more then 1000 light years.

Beetlejuice
Sun 1 pixel
Sagittal power map (Axial power map)

The simple formula

"D=1.3375 1 /R" is used
to calculate corneal power.

Placido based topographers

calculate the refractive power of
the cornea with the
approximation that the ratio
between back/front power of
the cornea is 82% which leads to
an overall corneal refractive
index of 1.3375
 True Net Power
Goal is to determine the power of the cornea over the area of the pupil projected onto the cor
(Enterance pupil, 4.50 mm center cornea)
General: tearfilm
aqueous
Conventional topographer systems
use an approximate refractive index
of 1.3375 for anterior refractive 1.376
power calculation, assuming radii
air
ratio back/front is 82% 1 1.336
In virgin corneas, the difference is
negligible, but cornea after refractive
surgery, usually have a big
difference from the center to the
Cornea
periphery, so another significant
error is made Keratometric Deviation Map

Limitations:Post Lasik, high astigmatism = Difference between

and irregularities, keratoplastik etc
True Net Power Map and sagittal topo map

Used refractive values: