High-K Decays and Lifetime Measurements in 172Hf

NUCLEAR
PHYSICS A
ELSEVIER Nuclear Physics A 638 (1998) 662-700
High-K decays and lifetime measurements in 172Hf

D.M. Cullen a, A.T. Reed a, D.E. Appelbe a, A.N. Wilson a'l , E.S. Paul a,
R.M. Clark h, P. Fallon b, I.Y. Lee b, A.O. Macchiavelli b,
R.W. M a c L e o d b
a Oliver Lodge Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
b Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Received 19 March 1998; revised 28 May 1998; accepted 2 June 1998
Abstract
The known level scheme of ~72Hf has been extended with three new collective rotational bands.
Many new transitions have also been observed which link the known bands into the lower-spin
states, thereby permitting unambiguous spin and parity assignments to be made for the first time,
In particular seven low-intensity y-ray transitions have been established which link the K = 12
intrinsic state into a series of lower-K states. The half-life of the K = 12 state has been determined
to be less than 2 ns and reduced hindrance factors have been calculated for each of the new decay
transitions, In apparent conflict with the K-selection rule, most of these new decays have small
reduced hindrance factors. The reasons for this apparent breakdown in the K-selection rule are
discussed in terms of a mixing between states of both low- and high-K. In addition the mean
lifetimes of the states in four of the collective rotational bands have been determined using the
Doppler shift attenuation method. The deformations extracted from these measurements are in
good agreement with predictions from theoretical Total Routhian Surface calculations based on
the proposed configuration assignments. (~) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
PACS: 21.10.Re; 21.10.Tg; 23.20.Lv; 27.70.+q.

Keywords: NUCLEAR REACTIONS 12STe(48Ca,4n), E = 200 MeV; measured E~, 17, l~r(O). 172Hf
deduced high-spin levels, 1, lr, band structure, high-K isomers, IgK -- gRI/Qo values, Doppler Shift
Attenuation measurement of mean lifetimes of collective states, transition quadrupole moments, reduced
hindrance factors. Comparison with Woods-Saxon cranking calculations. Enriched targets,
GAMMASPHERE spectrometer
I Present address: Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, YOI 5DD, UK.
0375-9474/98/$19.00 (~ 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

PH S 0 3 7 5 - 9 4 7 4 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 3 2 9 - 7
D.M. Cullen et al./Nuclear Physics A 638 (1998) 662-700 663
1. Introduction
The mid-mass rare-earth region of the nuclear chart envelopes a series of well-
deformed axially symmetric nuclei which can be populated to high spin. For example,
the collective rotational bands in 172Hf have been established up to spin 44h [ 1-4]. Even
in this high-spin extreme there is no evidence to suggest that the states in these rotational
bands experience any reduction in collectivity. However, somewhat in competition, a
series of near-yrast multiquasiparticle isomeric states, whose half lives range from nano-
seconds (ns) to years [5], are found to coexist with these collective states. In this mass
region, such high-K multiquasiparticle states compete with the collective yrast states
because the majority of single-particle orbits around the Fermi surface have high-s2
quantum numbers ( K is defined to be the projection of the total angular momentum
onto the nuclear symmetry axis). As an extreme example, in ~78W eight quasiparticles
have been observed [6] to align their intrinsic single-particle spins along the nuclear
symmetry axis while the nucleus still manages to sustain collective rotations about a
perpendicular axis. A series of high-K mutiquasiparticle states have also been established
in the well-deformed axially symmetric nucleus, 172Hf [ 1,3-5].
The decay of an axially symmetric high-K configuration is governed by the K-
selection rule. This selection rule implies that y-ray transitions involving large changes
in K will be hindered. Indeed, the larger the difference in K between the initial and
final states implies the longer the corresponding half-life of the y-ray decay will be. On
the average, each transition of multipolarity, A, is expected to be hindered by a factor of
~100 per degree of K-forbiddenness, p = AK--.,I [7]. Therefore, high-K states generally
decay stepwise, with intervening decays always minimising the changes in K, until they
ultimately decay into the yrast ground-state (K ~ 0) configuration. However, there are
a few nuclei whose behaviour directly conflicts with this rule. Amongst these 182Os [8],
with its AK = 25; M1 decay, is probably the most dramatic example. More recently,
a K = 12 intrinsic state in 172Hf has been observed to decay directly to the K ~ = 0 +
ground-state band with a single y-ray transition [4]. This decay branch was observed
to carry 24 + 9% of the total state intensity; however, no other y-ray decay transitions
were established. This paper describes the identification of seven new low-intensity y-
ray transitions from this K = 12 intrinsic state. These new transitions unambiguously
define the parity of this state to be positive, K ~" = 12 +, and unexpectedly, most of
these transitions have small reduced hindrance factors. The reasons for this apparent
breakdown in the K-selection rule are discussed in terms of a mixing between both high-
and low-K states. This mixing mechanism is discussed within two approaches: The first
is based on the Coriolis force, which introduces high-K neutron i13/2 components into
the lower-K bands during the AB band crossing. The second is based on a mixing of
lower-K components into the high-K wavefunction as a consequence of the large density
of states which exist around this excited four-quasiparticle intrinsic state.
In addition, in order to better understand the coexistence of collective and single-
particle states in 172Hf, mean lifetime measurements of the collective rotational bands
have been performed with the Doppler Shift Attenuation Method (DSAM) [9]. In this
664 D.M. Cullen et aL/Nuclear Physics A 638 (1998) 662-700
mass region, the states in the collective rotational bands are expected to have lifetimes
which are in the picosecond region [ 10]. Measurements of these mean lifetimes permits
the nuclear deformation to be established and thereby a comparison to be drawn with
theoretical predictions from Total Routhian Surface calculations based on particular
configurations. In particular, determination of the deformation of the collective yrast
states in ~72Hf allows their collectivity to be established in the region where the K ~ =
12+ intrinsic states decays, thereby, giving information on the intrinsic K~r= 12 + decay
mechanism to the collective ground-state band.
2. Experiment
High-spin states were populated in 172Hf with the 128Te(48Ca,4n) reaction. The 200-
MeV beam was supplied by the 88-inch cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, U.S.A. A single thick target of 128Te with mass 1 mg/cm 2 was used on a
backing of 15 m g / c m 2 of 197Au in order to stop all of the nuclear recoils. To prevent
the loss of Te atoms when exposed to the beam, and to improve heat conduction
and mechanical support, a thin layer of 197Au (0. l mg/cm 2) was evaporated over the
front of the target. In the experiment, a total of 7 x 1 0 ~ unpacked triple-coincident
events were collected with the sixty-four escape-suppressed germanium detectors of the
GAMMASPHERE array [1 1]. Energy and efficiency calibrations were obtained with
133Ba, 152Eu and 182Ta, sources which were placed at the target position.
3. Data analysis and results
With the sixty-four escape-suppressed spectrometers employed in this work, the y-ray
multiplicity distribution consisted mostly of triply coincident events. In the subsequent
analysis, higher-fold coincident events were unpacked into their constituent combinations
of triple-coincident y rays. These unfolded events were then incremented into either
a two-dimensional gated matrix or into a three-dimensional cube with a non-linear
gain. Gates were placed in these histograms and the y-ray intensities and coincidence
relationships were used to determine the order of the y rays in the level scheme. These
data were analysed with both the "Radware" [12] and the "UPAK" [13] software
packages. However, when energy and intensity measurements were performed the linear-
gain gated matrices were used exclusively.
The multipolarities of the y rays were obtained from an angular correlation analysis
using the method of directional correlation from oriented states (DCO) [ 14]. A matrix
was constructed in which all events detected in coincidence with one of the six 90
detectors were incremented on one of the axes versus any other non-90 detector on the
other axis. Likewise another matrix was created which contained any event from a 31.7
(forward) or a 162.7 (backward) detector on one of the axes and any other detector
on the other axis. The directional correlation ratios extracted from these matrices,
I v (forward) + 17 (backward)
RDCO =
i~, (90 o )
(1)
were used to deduce the multipolarity of the y rays except for the weaker transitions.
The DCO ratios from these matrices were calibrated with a selection of known stretched
quadrupole transitions and known pure (8 = 0) dipole transitions whose ratios were
1.1 and ~ 0.5, respectively. Some of the high-spin band extensions are suggested to
be electric quadrupole transitions on the basis of the regular energy sequences which
are characteristic of quadrupole rotation.
Other non-symmetric matrices were also created, in a similar manner, in order to
perform a Doppler shift lineshape analysis and these are discussed separately in Sec-
tion 5.2.
4. Level scheme
4.1. Low-K bands
The new level scheme for J72Hf deduced from this work is shown in Fig. 1.
The y-ray energies, intensities and DCO ratios, which have been extracted from these
data, are given in Table 1. In the present study, the high-spin level scheme was not
extended over that established in Ref. [4] due to the use of a thick target. This was
a consequence of the Doppler-shifted lineshapes of the collective E2 transitions which
arose from the variation in the velocities of the recoiling nuclei as they slow in the
target and backing material. However, use was made of these Doppler shifted lineshapes
to deduce the lifetimes of some of the states in the collective rotational bands (see
Section 5.2). In order to observe the highest-spin transitions in these bands a matrix
consisting of only those y rays detected in the 90 detectors, where the Doppler shift is
zero, was used. In this experiment three new rotational bands, and many new transitions
which link the known bands into the lower spin level scheme, have been established.
From the DCO ratios for these new transitions, see Table 1, many of the spins, and in
some cases the parities, for these bands have been unambiguously defined for the first
time.
4.1.1. Band 1
A double-gated spectrum of the ground-state band 1 is shown in Fig. 2a. This spectrum
is a sum of forward- and backward-angle detectors and illustrates the effect of the
Doppler broadening of the y-ray transitions as a function of energy. Notice that the y-
ray peaks become progressively more broad as the y-ray energy increases (in the range
of 698.8 to 871.9 keV) until they ultimately become too broad to distinguish from the
background above ~ 871.9 keV, see insert to Fig. 2a.
666 D . M . Cullen et ( l l . / N u c l e a r Physics A 6 3 8 (1998) 6 6 2 - 7 0 0
]
i
<
0- !i ii
~t
0
<
A
I
0
C > - - ~ ~ o ~- ~ ~ ,o co . . . . :
=-=
. . . . = .= = = , i - ~ = i i ~ i
a
|
T s ~i N J - "
: : : I,-LD.E
C,,l r-- <o <o ~ ~n i

I'-- '<IZ "V C" "F" i" "V" C" C" "F" iTM i-" C'~i'-l"i-'~'~
~- + ~ + + i i i
, ~o ~0:<oi : :
L i : i
o ~- v- v- T" C"
/ ~ : i t--~ i :
o ~ ~ , , , ~',~ " ~ ,
en
o to ~- o ~:: :~ "
!o~ !~ ~o i~ ~ i i
m r- c~ ~ cq t-- c~ r- IN to {o ~ ~o <Nm.,,-~,~. : :
: : : i o~ ,-hi i
{:D
NI
Band 1
O->AB->ABApBp
44+
I
(11~.) (b) 172Hf
42+
1160
40*
1073
1033
Band 7
32+ Band 4 K~=14+
96O 29 ~
ApFp 2~. ]
t +867
27 + Band 8
28
838
-- 27- 26+ t 811 K~=6 - Band 10
872 7~38 786 ~' 25+ =/'r( ~-
-I- ] 752 23. AU, AI-1 Band 9

819 710 _ 732
f ~2. . . . -
. . . . . . -1- =" 7L ~3 =' ~L ~ - ~ ' ~. . . . - ~_ Kn=6 + EpCp, EpDp

759 22 21- 2 0 ~" ..S.'~4 6176 - 702
........................ ~ ~ Z ~2 t lg* 20 ~9- An ,8-
b~r~ 19- '18 314
~668_ ~ t"
D nr ' ~ A ni'" C n~" 355 17-
JL 20+ --I-- .-It ~..+ f ~- .68 ~7- ~8- _ _ L 69o E 6~2-~_"2T__
-.'!,- "~* / --I-- ..... ~4.'~'~-24e-__ ~ ' ~ 5 * ~- -..t-- 325 5~5 1~- 3~8.'-..--~... ~4- 672 3 ~ ~
785 613 ~_ ~+ U~ ) 3520 t ..... z z o 5.~51 2 7 0 . I, 15- .--~--~ .- o~ 13" -'-'~'-~. 641 .
......... 11rl- .......... / 549 . / / / / j~g \ ~, ...... ~ 2 6 9 ~ ~245 - ~ 15- 12 ~ . . . . _ 2 9 3 579 12- ~ = 3(36 = / . I
624 .-. 795 ....... ,~- S#2 / / / ~.I. 733 ......... ..~^ "':':!2-'"~..~ .L:237 4~-8 "" ~ : ~ ; : ' " 5 - ~ 2 8 8 - : : - ~ , ~ -~'11~" ............. ~"'~-2~291 ~ . _ tl-
~ 474 .._ ] 1253 / 1379 "~..)..~9~z...................................................................~ , 407 #]4 . . 96 ~-.~..g-- t [ . . t X . . . ~ - - - = = . ~ u 524 10- . . _ ~ t ~ 2 7 " 3 ~
2+ 836 / ~ /I / 1797 / ~.,(2157) '~ ~170 _ . ~ 9- 8* 491 z~.~ 2 3 6 ~ 9* _ ~3"-~53 ~i" 9-
......................... ~ .............. ~ ~,.,F=,..~z 9T. . . . . # ] (194-0)~(11") ~ (10-) 8- - - 130 !9~ + ---'L-216 - ~ - .,--,=1~231
......................................................... ~:: ................................................................. 702 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

............... ~ s t . . . . ................................................................................~ <16 ns ~7,3/, 5 ns 163 ns
6* ...................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /
.~_~2~,~:%2~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig. 1. (a) and (b) The new level scheme for n~Hf established from this work. Bands 1 to 10 are labelled with the convention employed in Ref. [41; bands
11, 12 and 13 are new. In this work many new transitions have been observed which link these bands into the known level scheme, thereby, establishing their
spins and parities for the first time. Transition energies are given in keV, while the widths of the arrows indicate their relative intensities, with the white parts
showing the calculated component from internal conversion.
668 D.M. Cullen et al./Nuclear Physics A 638 (1998) 662-700
Table 1
The energies, intensities and D C O ratios for all o f the y - r a y transitions observed in 172Hf. The D C O ratios
have been extracted f r o m a weighted average o f m a n y different spectra. If no D C O is given then the spin
a s s i g n m e n t is based on the previously established level scheme 11-4]
E~, ( k e V ) Band ly RDCO Assignment I~

1
- ~ I ~t
91.3(I) 3 --+2 0.8(1) (MI) 6- ~ 5-

95.7(1) 1 14.4(5) E2 2 + ---+ 0 +
108.8(1) 8 0.9(1) Mixed M 1 / E 2 7- ~ 6-
125.4(1) 3--+2 0.9(1) 0.70(14) MI 8- ~ 7-
126.0(2) 3 0.3(1) El 6 - ---+ (5 + )
127.7(1) 10 ~ 9 0.5(1) El 8- --+7 +
130.4(1) 8 1.2(1) Mixed M I / E 2 8- ~ 7-
142.7(1) 7 1.1(1) 0.61(4) MI/E2 14 + ~ 13 +
151.2(1) 8 1.4(1 MI 9----+8-
151.9(1) 2 ~ 3 0.4(1 0.57(46) a MI 11- ~ 10-
152.4(2) 3----~4 0.3(1 0 . 5 7 ( 4 6 ) :' MI 10- ~ 9-
153.3(1) 13 0.2(1 (El) ( 8 - ) ---+ (8 + )
170.1(1) 8 1.1(1 Mixed M I / E 2 10- ~ 9-
172.3(1) 8 ~ 9 1.4(1 El 6 - ----~6 +
176.0(1) 3 0.5(1 0.34(37) ( A I = 0) E l 8 - ---+ 8 +
179.7(1) 3 0.9(1) 0.72(9) E2 6- ~ 4-
180.1(2) 5 --+ I 0.3(1) ( A I = 0) MI 18 + ~ 18 +
180.2(3) 2 ---* 3 0.4( I ) (MI) 13- ~ 12-
189.9(3) 5 ~ I 0.6(1) ( A I = 0) MI 20 + ~ 20 +
193.7(1) 4 5.9(6) 0.91(12) E2 7 - ---* 5 -
193.8(1) 9 2.0(1) 0.74(9) Mixed M 1 / E 2 7 + --~ 6 +
195.6(1) 8 1.1(1) Mixed M I / E 2 11- ~ 10-
201.4(1) 7 2.4(1) 0.88(4) Mixed M I / E 2 13+ ---+ 12 +
211.7(1) 8 1.4(1) Mixed M 1 / E 2 1 2 - ---* l l -
213.1(5) 5 ~ 1 0.4(1) ( A l = 0) MI 22 + ~ 22 +
214.3(1) l 98.1(3) 1.10(4) E2 4 + --~ 2 +
215.9(1) 9 1.7(I) Mixed M I / E 2 8+ ~ 7+
218.0(3) 2---~3 O.l(l) MI 1 7 - --+ 1 6 -
218.5(1) 3 ~ 2 1.4(1) MI 10- ~ 9-
221.4(1) 11 2.3(1) 0.73(17) E2 8+ ~ 6 +
223.1(I) 7 1.4(1) 1.07(4) Mixed M I / E 2 15 + --~ /4 +
223.7(2) 12 0.2(1) 0.90(6) (E2) (9-) ~ (7-)
224.5(3) 5 ~ 1 0.2(1) ( A I = 0) MI 24 + ---+ 24 +
230.4(2) 2----~3 0.3(1) M1 1 9 - --~ 1 8 -
230.9(I) I0 0.5(I) Mixed M I / E 2 9- ~ 8-
236.5(I) 9 1.2(1) Mixed M I / E 2 9 + --+ 8 +
237.5(2) 8 1.0(1) Mixed M 1 / E 2 13- ~ 12-
245.3(1) 8 0.8(1) MI 14- ~ 13-
248.2(1) 7 1.2(1) Mixed M I / E 2 16 + --~ 15+
252.8(1) 10 0.4(1) Mixed M 1 / E 2 10- ~ 9-
253.7(1) 5 ---, I 1.6(1) 1.07(6) ( A l = 0) MI 16 + ~ 16 +
255.1(I) 3 5.2(2) 1.03(3) E2 8- ~ 6-
255.1(I) 9 1.1(1) Mixed M I / E 2 10 + ~ 9 +
260.2(1) 3 ---~2 1.0(1) MI 12- ~ 11-
268.6(I) 7 ~ 10 0.1(1) 1.17(11) (AI =0) El 12 + ~ 1 2 -
270.0(1) 8 0.4(1) MI 16- ~ 15-
D.M. Ctdlen et al./Nuclear Physics A 638 (1998) 662-700 669
Table 1 - - continued
E r (keV) Band 17 RDCO Assignment lff --~ 1~

.f
270.2(3) 2 ~ 1 0.5(1) El 11- ~ 12+

270.4( I ) 9 1.3( 1 ) Mixed M I / E 2 11 + ~ 10+
272.6( I ) 10 0.5( I ) Mixed M I / E 2 11 - ---* 10-
272.7(1) 7 0.7(I) Mixed M1/E2 17+ --* 16+
273.7(3) 2 ~ 3 0.2(1) MI 15- ~ 14-
278.8(2) 13 0.1(1) E2 ( 8 - ) ~ (6 + )
281.0(1) 8 1.0(1) MI 15- ---+ 14-
287.9(2) 9 0.7(1) MI 12+ ---+ 11 +
288.3(1) 6 0.1(1) 0.58(24) E2 7- --~5-
290.8(1) 10 0.5(1) Mixed M I / E 2 12- ---+ 11-
292.3(4) 2 0.3(1) El 9 - ---~8+
292.6(2) 9 0.6(1) MI 13+ ---, 12+
294.5(1) 7 0.8(1) Mixed M I / E 2 18+ ---, 17+
296.3(I) 4 0.7(l) 1.01(19) E2 9- --+7-
305.7(3) 9 0.2(l) M1 14+ ~ 13+
305.9(1) 10 0.5(l) Mixed M I / E 2 13- ~ 12-
308.2(2) 3 ~ 2 0.6(1) MI 14- ---, 13-
314.3(1) 7 0.8(1) Mixed M I / E 2 19+ ~ 18+
315.2(2) 10 0.1(1) MI 14- ~ 13-
317.7(4) 9 0.3(1) MI 15+ ---+ 14+
319.0(1) 11 2.5(4) E2 10+ ---+8+
319.4(I) 1 100.0(31) 1.11(3) MI 6 + ---+4+
324.6(3) 10 0.3(1) MI 15- ~ 14-
324.8(I) 12 0.8(1) 1.03(8) (E2) (11-) ~ (9-)
324.8(5) 8 0.3(1) MI 17- ---+ 16-
331.7(1) 7 0.7(1) Mixed M1/E2 20 + --* 19+
334.0(1) 3 9.8(3) 1.04(2) E2 10- ---~8-
337.7(5) 10 0.1(1) MI 17- ~ 16-
343.2(2) 10 0.1(1) MI 16- ---* 15-
344.1(1) 7 0.6(1) MI 21 + ---*20 +
350.6(I) 13 0.3(1) 1.03(13) E2 ( 1 0 - ) ---+ ( 8 - )
353.8(1) 8--+2 2.8(1) El 6 - ---+5-
354.1(3) 7 0.6(I) MI 23+4--*22 +
355.3(2) 10 0.1(1) MI 18- ---* 17-
353.0(1) 6 0.1(1) 0.80(16) E2 9 - ---+7-
355.3(2) 3----~2 1.0(1) M1 16- ~ 15-
355.7(7) 7 0.2(1) MI 22 + 4--,21 +
365.7(I) 8 1.5(1) E2 11- ---+9-
365.7(I) 8 1.6(1) E2 11- - - + 9 -
369.2(I) 2 6.0(2) 0.93(6) E2 11- ----~9-
382.5(3) 7 0.2(1) MI 24 + ---+23 +
390.5(1) 6 0.8(1) 0.91(7) E2 11- ---*9-
391.4(1) 5 3.5(2) 0.83(15) (AI = 0) MI 14+ ~ 14+
390.5(I) 4 1.3(1) 1.06(9) E2 11- 4--+9-
400.7(I) 11 1.1(2) 0.94(5) E2 12+ ---* 10+
406.6(I) 8 1.3(1) E2 12- ---* 10-
406.6(3) 3 ~ 2 0.3(1) MI 18- ~ 17-
409.3(1) 1 96.8(30) 1.07(2) E2 8 + ---+6+
412.3(1) 3 11.5(4) 1.01(3) E2 12- ---+ 10-
4 15.4 (I) 12 1.2(1) 0.96(4) E2 ( 1 3 - ) ---+ ( 1 1 - )
E~, ( k e V ) Band 17 RDCO Assignment lff ---+ 17]
417.0(2) 7 0.8(1) 0.99(15) b El ( 1 0 - ) ~ (9 + )

418.4(1) 7 0.5(2) 0.99(15) b Mixed M I / E 2 (11 + ) ---+ 10 +
422.6(1) 13 0.6(1) 0.97(8) E2 (12-) ~ (10-
435.4(I) 6 0.7(1) 0.94(9) E2 9 - ---~ 7 -
440.9( 1 ) 2 14.7(5) 1.05(5) E2 13- ---, 1 1 -
447.3( I ) 2 --* I 1.6(I) 0.61(7) El 9 - --~ 10+
447.4( I ) 6 3.3(I) 1.06(6) E2 13----~ 1 1 -
448.3(1) 8 2.1(I) MI 13----~ 11-
459.0(1) 6 1.4( 1 ) 1.02(5) E2 1 1 - ----~9 -
462.3(2) 7 ~ 9 0.2(1) 1.45(39) Mixed M I / E 2 12+ ---* 11 +
466.0(1) 11 2.2(2) 1.14(1l) E2 14+ ~ 12 +
471.2(5) 7 0.1(1) (E2) 16 + --~ 14 +
474.3(1) 4 3.7(2) 0.96(7) E2 13----.11-
478.0(3) 10 0.1(1) E2 10- ---*8-
482.0(1) 8 1.9( I ) E2 1 4 - --~ 1 2 -
482.1(1) 6 4.6(2) E2 1 5 - --~ 1 3 -
484.1(1) 1 85.9(26) E2 10+ --~ 8 +
486.1(3) 5 2.5(1) E2 16+ --~ 14+
487.4(I) 3 11.5(4) 1.03(3) E2 14- ~ 12-
491.3(2) 9 0.7( 1 ) E2 10+ ---+ 8 +
492.0(I) 13 0.7( 1 ) (E2) 14-) ~ (12-
500.2(I) 12 1.5(1) 1.01(3) E2 15-) ~ (13-
508.8(1) 2 18.1(6) 1.04(4) E2 15- ~ 13-
521.3(8) 7 0.2( 1 ) (E2) 17+ ~ 15 +
522.4(1) 6 4.6(2) 0.95(8) E2 17- ~ 15-
526.9(1) 8 2.4( I ) E2 15- ~ 13-
529.6(I) 11 2.2( 1 ) 1.03(4) E2 16 + ~ 14+
530.0(2) 6 --* 3 0.4(1) MI 1 7 - --, 1 6 -
535.8(1 6 ---+ 3 0.1(I) 0.47(18) MI I1----* 1 0 -
543.8(1 1 64.7(20) E2 12 + ~ 10 +
548.5(1 4 7.4(2) E2 15- ---* 1 3 -
550.9(1 8 2.5( 1 ) E2 16- ~ 1 4 -
557.6(1 3 9.7(3) 0.99(2) E2 16- ---* 1 4 -
558.1(1 13 0.6(1) 0.97(9) E2 16-) ~ (14-)
558.4(3) 9 0.4( 1 ) E2 12+ --~ 10+
560.5(2) 12 0.3(1) 0.54(13) El ( 7 - ) ~ (6 + )
562.6(1) 10 0.1(1) E2 12- ~ 10-
565.4(2) 7 0.4(1) 1.16(14) E2 18 + ---+ 16+
566.O(3 ) 6 0.6(1) 0.65(12) MI 15- ~ 14-
568.9(1) 5 3.8(2) 0.82(6) E2 18 + ~ 16 +
571.3(3) 6 ---+ 3 0.6(I) (M1) 1 3 - --~ 1 2 -
573.1(1) 2 15.7(5) 1.07(3) E2 17- ~ 15-
577.3(1) 12 1.4( 1 ) 1.04(3) E2 17-) ~ (15-)
579.4(5) 9 0.5 ( 1 ) E2 13+ ~ I1 +
584.5(I) 6 3.8 ( 1 ) E2 1 9 - ~ 17-
589.7(1) 1 49.5(15) E2 14 + ---, 12 +
594.1(4) 10 0.1(1) E2 13----,11-
594.8(1) 8 1.8( 1 ) 0.88(10) E2 17- ~ 15-
595.0(I) II 2.5( 1 ) 0.95(9) E2 18 + ---, 16+
598.0(1) 9 0.1(l) E2 14+ ---, 12 +
E~ (keV) Band 17 Roco Assignment lff --* 17
607.7(2) 7 1.0(1) E2 19+ ----, 17+

612.7(1) 8 2.6(1) E2 18- ---* 16-
613.4(1) 4 7.4(3) 1.00(8) E2 17- ---* 15-
618.8(9) 9 0.3(1) E2 15+ ~ 13+
621.6(1) 3 8.2(3) 1.00(3) E2 18- ~ 16-
622.1(1) 10 0.1(1) E2 14- ---* 12-
623.2(19) 13 0.1(1) 1.55(14) E2 ( 1 8 - ) ---* ( 1 6 - )
623.6(1) 1 35.9(11) E2 16+----~ 14+
634.3(1) 2 11.6(4) 1.02(3) E2 19- ~ 17-
635.8(2) 7 3.8(3) (El) ( 1 0 - ) ---* I0 +
636.6(1) 6 2.8(1) E2 21- ---,19-
639.9(6) 2----~ 1 0.6(1) (El) 15- ~ 14+
640.8(9) 10 0.2(1) E2 15- ---~13-
642.5(1) 1 24.0(8) E2 18+ ~ 16+
643.4(2) 12 1.1(1) 1.02(4) E2 ( 1 9 - ) ---~(17- )
645.5(3) 7 0.5(1) E2 20+----~ 18+
656.6(1) I 13.4(4) E2 20 + ~ 18+
657.6(2) 11 1.1(1) 1.12(8) E2 20 + ~ 18+
665.4(1) 5 3.8(2) 0.87(5) E2 20+---~ 18+
665.5(13) 10 0.1(1) E2 17- ~ 15-
667.7(2) 8 1.6(1) E2 2 0 - ---* 18-
671.0(1) 4 4.7(2) 1.06(11) E2 19- ~ 17-
671.9(13) 10 0.1(1) E2 16- ~ 14-
675.9(2) 7 0.5(1) 1.11(9) E2 21 + ---* 19+
678.5(I) 3 5.0(2) E2 20- ---* 18-
684.8(4) 13 0.1(1) (E2) (20-) ~ (18-)
686.9(I) 6 1.8(1) E2 23- 4--,21-
689.8(3) 8 0.4(1) E2 19- --* 17-
689.9(2) 12 0.7(1) (E2) (21-) ~ (19-
690.3(1) 24--* 1 1.5(2) E1 7 - ---~8+
692.1(3) 10 0.1(1) E2 18- ---* 16-
692.6(1) 2 7.5(2) 1.83(4) E2 2 1 - ----, 19-
697.8(3) 12 0.5(1) (E2) (23-) ~ (21-
697.9(3) 7 0.4(1) E2 22 + --,20 +
698.8(I) 1 8.9(3) E2 22 + ---~20+
701.9(I) 7 3.8(4) MI (9 + ) ---*8+
702.1(2) 8 1.1(1) E2 22- ----~20-
707.8(3) 7 0.3(1) E2 23 + ---~21+
710.4(t) 4 0.8(1) E2 25- ---*23-
713.1(I) 2----~ 1 4.3(2) 0.46(27) El 13- ~ 12+
713.5(5) 12 0.2(1) E2 (25-) ~ (23-
714.8(1) 4 1.2(1) E2 23- ---~21-
721.7(2) 11 0.5(1) 1.16(17) E2 22 + --*20 +
723.9(1) 4 3.1(1) E2 21- ~ 19-
729.1(I) 3 2.8(1) E2 22- 4--*20-
730.6(I) 5 3.3(2) 1.25(6) E2 22 + -.-~20 +
731.5(3) 7 0.2(1) E2 24 + ----~22+
732.6(1) 7 4-*9 0.3(1) 0.82(18) E2 12+ --~ 10+
738.4(2) 4 0.3(1) E2 27- ----*25-
741.2(4) 13 0.1(I) (E2) ( 2 2 - ) ---* ( 2 0 -
E z, (keV) Band 1~, RDco Assignment IN

1
--~ I /"~"
742.6(1) 6 1.4(1) E2 2 5 - ---~23-

748.0(I) 2 4.1(2) E2 2 3 - ---,21-
752.4(7) 7 0.3(1) E2 25 + ---~23 +
758.7(1) 1 4.0(2) E2 24 + ---*22 +
760.1(3) 12 1.0(1) E2 ( 2 7 - ) ---, ( 2 5 - )
766.4(2) 2a 0.1(1) E2 (27-)---+(25-)
770.1(I) 5 1.8(1) E2 24 + ---+22 +
776.5(I) 3 1.5(1) E2 2 4 - ---+22-
780.1(3) 11 0.2(1) E2 24 + ---+22 +
785.2(I) 4 ~ 1 1.2(1) 0.53(9) El 17- ~ 16+
786.3(3) 7 0.1(1) E2 26 + ---*24 +
791.1(4) 13 0.1(I) (E2) ( 2 4 - ) ---~(22- )
793.6(1) 2 2.0(1) E2 2 5 - ----~23-
795.1(1) 4-1 2.5(2) 0.39(3) El 15- ~ 14+
796.7(I) 2a---~ 2 1.0(1) (E2) ( 2 7 - ) ----~25-
800.4(1) 6 0.5(1) E2 2 7 - ----~25-
805.0(1) 5 0.6(1) E2 26 + ---+24 +
806.9(5) 3a 0.1(1) (E2) ( 2 8 - ) --, ( 2 6 - )
810.8(2) 3a ~ 3 0.4(1) (E2) ( 2 6 - ) ---,24-
810.9(7) 7 0.1(1) E2 27 + --*25 +
813.1(3) 12 1.0(1) E2 (29-) ~ (27-)
816.0(1) 2---~ I 10.3(4) 0.54(9) El I 1 - ~ 10+
818.6(I) 1 1.5(1) E2 26 + ---~24+
822.7(1) 5 ~ 1 5.6(2) 1.19(5) E2 18+ ~ 16+
823.9(1) 2a 0.4(1) E2 ( 2 5 - ) ---~.23-
828.0(2) 3 0.2(1) E2 2 6 - ---~24-
836.2(I) 4---* I 5.4(2) 0.67(3) El 13- ~ 12+
838.0(8) 7 0.2(1) E2 28 + ----~26+
842.0(1) 3----~ 1 4.5(4) (M1) (5+)---~6 +
845.4(1) 5 ---+ I 4.2(2) 0.72(28) E2 20+----~ 18 +
849.0(1) 2a 0.7(1) E2 ( 2 9 - ) ---* ( 2 7 - )
851.7(1) 5 0.7(1) E2 28 + ---+26+
856.9(1) 2 0.7(1) E2 2 7 - ----~25-
860.0(1) 6 0.3(1) E2 29- --,27-
867.3(7) 7 0.1(1) E2 29 + ---*27 +
868.4(2) 3 0.3(1) E2 2 8 - 4-+26-
871.9(2) 1 0.6(1) E2 28 + ---~26+
875.7(1) 2 4.2(4) 1.02(5) El 5 - ---*6 +
877.3(I) 5 ~ 1 4.1(2) 1.20(4) E2 16+ ~ 14+
891.8(2) 7 ----~4 0.1(1) 0.48(13) El 12+ --~ 11-
903.6(I) 5 0.3(I) E2 30 + ----~28+
905.0(2) 2 0.1(1) E2 29- --~27-
905.6(I) 44--* 1 3.4(2) 0.44(1) El 11- ~ 10+
908.4(I) 2a 0.1(1) (E2) (31-) ~ (29-)
918.2(2) 1 0.3(1) E2 30 + ---*28 +
920.0(2) 6 0.1(1) E2 3 1 - 4--*29-
920.1(1) 5 ~ 1 1.0(1) E2 22 + ----*20+
922.2(5) 11 ~ I 0.2(I) E2 12+--~ 10+
924.9(3) 3 0.1(1) E2 3 0 - ----,28-
930.9(1) 2 ---, 1 6.1(3) 0.50(1) El 9 - ---~8+
D.M. Cullen et aL/Nuclear Physics A 638 (1998) 662-700 673
E~, (keV) Band Iv RDCO Assignment lff ~ I ~r

f
956.8(I) 5 0.2( 1) E2 32 + ~ 30 +
960.3(2) l 0.2( 1 ) E2 32 + ~ 30 +
966.1(1) 2a 0.1(1) (E2) (33-) ~ (31-)
970.1(2) 3 0.1(1) E2 3 2 - ---~ 3 0 -
980.4(I) 5 --* 1 2.1(2) E2 14+ ~ 12+
983.5(I) 5 ---, 1 0.4( 1) E2 24 + ~ 22--
988.4(4) 13--* 1 0.1(1) ( A I = 0 ) MI (8+)4--,8 +
995.0(2) 1 0.2( 1 ) E2 34 + ---, 32 +
997.5(1) 4 ~ 1 2.8(3) 0.53(6) El 9 - ~ 8+
1004.8(1) I1 ~ 1 1.7(3) 1.02(9) E2 10+ ~ 8 +
1005.2(1) 5 0.2(1) E2 34 + ~ 32 +
1021.2(1) 2a 0.1(1) (E2) ( 3 5 - ) ---+ ( 3 3 - )
1048.7(I) 2 6.8(5) 0.96(13) E2 8 + ---*6+
1056.7(1) 9 ~ I 2.3(3) 0.55(8) (AI = 0) MI 6 + ---, 6 +
1095.1(1) 11 ~ 1 0.1(1) 1.02(9) E2 8+4--+6 +
1099.8(1) 2 ~ I 2.2(2) 0.53(13) El 7- ~ 6+
109.9(1) 3 ~ 1 0.6(4) 0.86(10) (AI = 0) El 4- ~ 4+
153.5(2) 12 ~ 1 0.1(1) 0.80(13) E2 (6 + ) ----~4+
162.0(6) 7 0.1(1) 1.03(19) E2 12+ ~ 10-
163.5(I) 3 ----, 1 0.2(1) 1.38(10) (AI = I) E2 (5 + ) --*4 +
187.0(5) 11 ~ 1 2.0(4) E2 6+ ~ 4 +
194.9(1) 2 ~ 1 3.0(2) 0.49(9) El 5- ~ 4+
198.9(1) 6 ~ 1 0.4(1) El 11- ~ 10+
1201.8(1) 6-1 0.6(2) 0.34(58) El 7- ~ 6+
1209.3(1) 12 -~ I 0.2(1) (El) ( 9 - ) ~ 8+
1226.1(1) 6 ---, 1 0.9(1) 0.44(4) El 9 - ~ 8+
1253.4(1) 7 0.2(I) 1.01(6) (A I=0) MI 12+ ----, 12+
1271.8( 13 ~ 1 0.1(1) (MI) (6 + ) --+6 +
1295.0( 6 --+ I 0.1(I) 0.52(7) El 9 - ~ 8+
1350.6( 6 ~ I 0.2(1) 0.65(12) El 7 - ---~6 +
1375.5( 9 0.8( 1) E2 6 + ---, 4 +
1379.1( 7 0.1(1) Mixed M I / E 2 12+ ~ (11 + )
1382.0( 641 0.1(1) El 5---~4 +
1395.1( 12----* I 0.1(1) 0.66(20) (El) (7-)---*6 +
1397.0( 13-~ 1 0.1(1) (E2) ( 8 + ) ---~ 6 +
1796.8(5) 7 0.1(1) E2 12+ ---+ 10 +
a The DCO for the 151.9- and 152.4-keV transitions is given for 152-keV transition.
b The 418.4-keV y-ray transition is a doublet, see text.)
4.1.2. Bands 2 and 3

Double-gated s p e c t r a f o r b a n d s 2 a n d 3 a r e s h o w n in F i g s . 2 b a n d 2 c , r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n
this work many new transitions have been established which link bands 2 and 3 up to
spin 19 ( i n b o t h d i r e c t i o n s ) , s e e F i g . 1. A l t h o u g h DCO ratios could not be measured
for these weak y rays, they are most likely stretched magnetic d i p o l e t r a n s i t i o n s as t h e y
link two signature-partner rotational bands [ 1 ].
500(}00- ('d) Band 4 ' ' 6(100 1 '~ :

(a) Band I 100000 ~ 30(X10
400000- . ~ 4ooo-I ~
300000- 200(}0-
, oM.I
200000- l . ~ _ 800 900'10}30"
I i(if ,~ 7{10 800 900
10000-
100000 -
O- 0-
8000- (e) Band 5 1500~ ' '~' '
(b) Band 2 ~ 20000 ]
mOO00- 6000-
i
I I
u 50000
30000
20000
10000
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 200 400 600 8fX) 1000
ENERGY {kcV) ENERGY (keVl
30000.
, 2ooo T
20000" i 1ooo ~ !-
8000-
% o ~ 900 1000 1100
10000-
6000-
0"
(h) Band 12 1500- ~ 4000 -
]OOO - ' =
20000" soo- 2000 -
9~
E
~1200 ]3oo 14oo
10000- 0-
i i ioo 1000-
0, 800-
20000 0) Band 13 1000 i ] I
F, 5i 600 -
15001? i
4D0-
10000 ~ i ~ ,ooo
200-
5000
0 0-
200 400 600 800 100 200 300 400 500 6(/(I 700 800
ENERGY (keX,'l ENERGY (keV)
Fig. 2. A series of double-gated spectra for a selection of the bands observed in this work. In each figure the
insert shows the highest-energy part of the spectrum, expanded for clarity. (a) Band 1; the 657-keV transition
with a list of all transitions in band I. (b) Band 2; the 693-keV transition with a list containing the 369-,
44 I-, 509-, 573, and 634-keV transitions. (c) Band 3; the 487-keV transition with the 558-keV transition. (d)
Band 4; the 613-keV transition with a list containing the 738-, 710-, 715-, and 671-keV transitions. (e) Band
5; the 569-keV transition with a list containing the 731-, and 665-keV transitions. (f) Band 6; the 447-keV
transition with a list containing the 687-, 637-, 584-, 522-, and 482-keV transitions, (g) Band I 1; the 466-keV
transition with a list containing the 722-, 658-, 595-, and 530-keV transitions. (h) Band 12; the 325-keV
transition with a list containing the 714-, 698-, 690-, 577-, 500-, and 415-keV transitions, (i) Band 13; the
423-keV transition with a list of all transitions in band 13. (j) Band 7; all combinations of double gates from
the 143-, 201-, and 248-keV transitions. (k) Band 7; a triple-gated spectrum from all combinations of the
194-, 1057-, 1376-keV transitions with the 201-, 143-, and 248-keV transitions in a 214-keV gated cube.
4.1.3. Band 4
A double-gated y-ray spectrum for band 4 is shown in Fig. 2d. The large statistics of
the present experiment have allowed more accurate DCO ratios to be established for this
band. These DCO ratios have changed the previous spin assignment for band 4 given in
Ref. [4], see Table 1.
4.1.4. Band 5
A double-gated spectrum for band 5 is shown in Fig. 2e. Six new transitions (253.7,
180.1, 189.9, 213.5, 224.5 and 391.4 keV) were observed to link band 5 into the yrast
band. The DCO ratios for these transitions are consistent with non-stretched (A1 =
0) M1 assignments, see Table l. Three of the other transitions (822.7, 845.4 and
877.3 keV) which link the states in band 5, with spin I, to the states in the yrast band
with spin, I - 2, have DCO ratios which are consistent with stretched-E2 assignments.
With the observation of these new y-ray transitions, the positive parity of band 5 has
been established for the first time.
4.1.5. Band 6
In the present work many new transitions have been observed which link band 6
into the lower-spin states, see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2f. The DCO ratios for the new 1350.6-
and 1382.0-keV transitions define the negative parity of band 6 for the first time, see
Table 1. In addition, four new transitions, 530.0-, 535.8, 566.0- and 571.3-keV, have
been observed which connect band 6 to band 3. The DCO ratios could only be measured
for the 535.8- and 566.0-keV transitions and both of these were consistent with those
expected for stretched-M1 transitions. Band 6 was also observed to decay through
another new state with two new transitions, a 435.4 keV, E2 and a 1201.8 keV, E1 y
ray, see Fig. 1.
4.1.6. Bands 11, 12 and 13

In this work three new rotational bands, bands 11, 12 and 13, have been established,
all of which decay to the lower-spin 172Hf yrast states, see Fig. 1. Double-gated spectra
for these bands are shown in Fig. 2g, 2h and 2i, respectively. Band 11 decays directly
into the yrast states of band 1 with four y-ray transitions. The DCO ratios could only be
established for the 1004.8- and the 1095.1-keV transitions, both of which are consistent
with a stretched-E2 y-ray assignment, 1.02(9).
The decay of band 12 proceeds via two transitions (1209.3 and 1395.1 keV) directly
to the yrast states of band 1, see Fig. 2h. The DCO ratio, 0.66(20), could only be
established for the 1395.l-keV 3/ray and is consistent with a stretched-E1 assignment.
The DCO ratios for the l153.5-keV transition, 0.80(13), and that of the 560.5-keV
transition, 0.54(13) are consistent with these assignments.
Band 13 has a fragmented decay pattern through intermediate states in a similar
manner to the decay of bands 2, 3 and 6. No DCO ratios could be established for
these transitions. However, since the 988.4- and 1397.0-keV transitions arise from the
676 D.M. Cullen et aL/Nuclear Physics A 638 (1998) 662-700
same initial state and decay to two final states in the yrast band 1 differing in spin by
two units, then the most-likely combinations are a stretched-E2 (1397.0 keV) and a
non-stretched M1 (988.4 keV) assignment, respectively.
4.2. High-K bands
A series of four high-K bands have been established in 172Hf [ 1,3,4] as shown in
Fig. lb.
4.2.1. The two-quasiparticle bands; bands 8, 9 and 10

Three of the high-K bands in lVZHf are based on two-quasiparticle configurations.
Band 8 has been assigned a K ~" = 6 - isomeric configuration [1], band 9 a K ~" = 6 +
isomeric configuration [3] and band 10 a K ~r = 8 - isomeric configuration. The decay
properties of these two-quasiparticle states have been well established from an out-of-
beam, recoil shadow experiment [3] and are not discussed further in this work.
4.2.2. The four-quasiparticle band; band 7

The other high-K band in 172Hf, band 7, is of four-quasiparticle nature, K ~ = 14 +. It
has been established [4] that this band decays through a K ~ = 12 + intrinsic state. In
this work, the decay of the K ~ = 12 + intrinsic state has been analysed from a series
of matrices which were gated on those y-ray transitions which are directly above the
K ~" = 12 + state in excitation energy and also from the three-dimensional cube. In total
seven new 3,-ray decay paths have been observed which link the K ~ = 12 + state into the
known level scheme [ 1-4]. Five of these new decays are to previously observed states
(via 268.6-, 462.3-, 732.6-, 891.8- and 1796.8-keV transitions). The remaining two new
y-ray transitions are links to two new states (via 1162.0- and 1379.1-keV transitions),
see Fig. 1. The double-gated spectra presented in Figs. 2j and 2k illustrate some of these
decay branches. Fig. 3 shows a partial level scheme which concentrates on the decay
of the K ~ = 12 + intrinsic state. The measured 3,-ray intensities, extracted from a matrix
which was gated directly above the K ~ = 12 + state, are given in Table 2.
The DCO ratios for these new linking transitions are also given in Table l. It should
be noted that the intraband M1 transitions from the states near the K ~ = 14 + bandhead
have some E 2 / M 1 mixing ( 8 > 0, using the sign convention of Ref. [ 1 5 ] ) which
increases the DCO ratio above that expected for pure (6 = 0) dipole transitions; for
example, the DCO ratio for the 223.1-keV transition is 1.07(4). The DCO analysis for
the transitions which link this K = 12 state into the states of known spin and parity [ 1-
4] unambiguously define its parity to be positive, K ~" = 12 +. This assignment disagrees
with the previous tentative negative parity assignment, K ~" = ( 1 2 - ) of Ref. [4]. (In
Ref. [4] the K ~" = ( 1 2 - ) intrinsic state was only connected to one state of known
spin and parity.) However, from this work, if the K ~ = 12 + state had negative parity
then the 732.6-keV 3' ray which links it to the K 'r = 6 + band would have to be an
M2 transition which is less likely than the corresponding E2 transition. (The possibility
that the 732.6-keV 3' ray is a stretched dipole is ruled out from the DCO analysis.)
D,M. Cullen et al./Nuclear Physics A 638 (1998) 662-700 677
K~=14 + Bond
29+
84O5 28__
+ 867 r
786 2)~5 + 7150
172Hf .......
6044
J ({7
732
752
7(]B
20+ 344 6176

+ 5014
4700 18" ' 1 .IL
31~ 606
I
5l 29~5 | 17+ 44{)6
~2o K ~ 2 1 2 + ~3-~"
1201
~ ~
~2+ fv<157
f~,<3 / / f
v<3 fv<17 89/ /I ~ 733. f II<1~462~ . -- 269...~
11+
.........,2- 291 11-
125.3 _ 1379 1162 f <4 ~ ]0+ 2 525 10- I 271 I
/ 179//77 24. . . . . . . . . . . . / / | . . . . .
12+ -- / / - - . - 3 9 2 ^_ / 2 ~ - ) V + 4191 22.~ | 9+ 48~2 553 5f3 9-
2066 ~ / zu~/ o ~ 11+ 1941 + ~ -
9. ~j:- !~,,~32,> K"=8-
. . . . . . + ~,8= //~9( t""
Bond ...702
/ / fv=l 4o,~ = 6 + 7 /
......... / . .4 ~([51419/2 X [404]7/2)
.....
.....
~
i
/ .
......................
. 1
New States .....................
/ 1/f = l O
3,9
31o
%6 02:+~-~ ............................................................. / . ( x [4021512)
Yrost
Fig. 3. Paltial level scheme illustrating the d e c a y of the K ~r = 12+ intrinsic state and the K = = 14 + band.
The seven new linking transitions are shown along with their associated reduced hindrance factors, f~, w h i c h
have been calculated using a 2 ns upper limit half life for the K TM= 12 + intrinsic state, see text for details.
Similarly the 1253.4-keV y ray would have to be either an El or M2 transition, either of

which are less likely than the corresponding non-stretched M 1/E2 transition assignment.
In agreement, its DCO ratio of 1.10(6) favours a non-stretched ( A I = 0) MI dipole
assignment with a mixing ratio which is close to zero. In addition, although no DCO
ratio was obtained for the 1796.8-keV y ray, it is most likely a stretched E2 transition.
This is because there are two transitions which decay from the K ~" = 12 + intrinsic state
to two states in the yrast band 1 which differ in spin by 2h. Since one of these, the
1253.4-keV transition, has a DCO ratio which is consistent with it being a non-stretched
M1 transition then the other, the 1796.8-keV transition, is most likely a stretched-E2
transition.
5. The lifetimes of the states
5.1. Half lives of the intrinsic high-K states
The half lives of the two-quasiparticle high-K states have been previously established
and range from 5 ns for the K ~" = 6 + band 9 [3], < 16 ns for the K ~ = 6 - band 8 [1],
to 163 ns for the K ~ = 8 - band 10 [ l ] . In contrast, the half life of the K ~" = 12 +
four quasiparticle intrinsic state is not so well established. In Ref. [4] the K ~ = 12 +
Table 2
Gamma-ray intensities as a fraction of the total y-ray intensity feeding the Krr = 12+ state. These y-ray
intensities are fiom a weighted average of Gaussian fits from a series of spectra which were gated above the
K~ = 12+ state. These data are normalised to the y-ray intensity of the 223. l-keV transition observed in
these same spectra. An upper limit lifetime of 2 ns was used for the K~"= 12+ state half life to calculate the
reduced hindrance factors
E~, (keV) ly (%) AK z, = AK -- A .fv
142.7 45.27-t-4.27
193.8 14.154-1.67
201.4 73.824-6.57
223.1 100.04-8.78
268.6 3.39i0.58 4 3 < 157 a
418.4 b 17.594-2.13 <11
462.3 4.50-t-0.83 6 5 <4
732.6 19.504- 1.84 6 4 <5
891.8 8.171.40 7 6 <17 c
891.8 8.17:t:1.40 8 7 <11 c
905.6 7.294-1.34
997.5 3.91il.40
1056.7 14.844- 1.97 6 5 14
1162.0 I 1.244-1.55
1253.4 29.874-1.64 12 I1 <3
1375.5 6.36-t-1.52 6 4 <10
1379.1 4.284-1.45
1796.8 1.514-0.36 12 10 <3
a In order to compare El transitions with other multipolarities, it is appropriate to multiply El transition rates
by a factor of 104 before the f~ is calculated, see text for details. For the 269-keV transition this gives,
f,, < 7.
h The 418.4-keV transition is a doublet.
c For the 891.8-keV transition the reduced hindrance is calculated for 2xK = 7 and for AK = 8 because of the
two possible K values for band 4
state h a l f life was a r g u e d to be less than ~ 2 0 ns. This was b e c a u s e the d e c a y transition
f r o m this state was o b s e r v e d in a thin-target e x p e r i m e n t w h e r e r e a c t i o n p r o d u c t s with
significantly l o n g e r h a l f lives w o u l d have d e c a y e d o n c e the recoil had p a s s e d out o f
the f o c u s o f the d e t e c t o r array and w o u l d not have b e e n o b s e r v e d . In the p r e s e n t work,
a thick target was e m p l o y e d to stop all o f the recoiling nuclei within the f o c u s o f
the d e t e c t o r array. A c e n t r o i d shift analysis [16] o f the t i m e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n two
g e r m a n i u m t i m e - t o - a m p l i t u d e c o n v e r s i o n ( T A C ) , one gated a b o v e and the o t h e r g a t e d
b e l o w the state o f interest, w a s p e r f o r m e d . H o w e v e r , the c o m p l e x e l e c t r o n i c t r i g g e r i n g
c o n d i t i o n s o f the p r e s e n t day large m u l t i - d e t e c t o r arrays are n o t o p t i m i s e d to m e a s u r e
such short h a l f lives and c o n s e q u e n t l y only u p p e r limit h a l f lives o f 2 ns c o u l d be
p l a c e d on the K ~ = 12 + and 1 ns on the K ~ = 14 + intrinsic state lifetimes. It s h o u l d be
p o i n t e d out that t h e s e h a l f lives are in a g r e e m e n t with the p r e d i c t i o n s f r o m a s y s t e m a t i c
study o f the h a l f lives o f the c o r r e s p o n d i n g f o u r - q u a s i p a r t i c l e states in the n e i g h b o u r i n g
nuclei, [ 17], w h e r e the K ~ = 14 + intrinsic state h a l f life in t72Hf was p r e d i c t e d to be
a b o u t 3 ns. This a g r e e m e n t is i n d e e d r e m a r k a b l e b e c a u s e it is a result o f an e x t r a p o l a t i o n
f r o m the n e i g h b o u r i n g K *r = 14 + f o u r - q u a s i p a r t i c l e i s o m e r in 174Hf w h i c h has a three
orders of magnitude longer half life of 4 / z s [ 18].
5.1.1. Delayed isomeric states in 17ZHf

In order to search for new isomeric transitions in 172Hf a series of "delayed" matrices
were created. These matrices were only incremented if all of the y-ray transitions within
the event occurred within a fixed time interval after the primary beam pulse. With a
fixed delay time interval of ~ 2 3 - 6 0 ns no new isomeric transitions could be observed in
I72Hf over those which were established in the analysis of the recoil-shadow experiment
discussed in Ref. [3].
5.2. Mean lifetime measurements of the low-K states
The mean lifetimes of the three least excited collective rotational bands in 172Hf,
(bands 1, 2 and 3) and band 6 have been established from an analysis of the Doppler
broadened transition line shapes. Those y-ray transitions which were emitted when the
recoiling nuclei were slowing in the target and backing material show a broadened line
shape due to the Doppler effect. The magnitude of the Doppler shift depends upon the
recoil velocity at the time when the y ray was emitted and also upon the angle of
detection. This recoil velocity, which is a function of time, is determined by the nuclear
slowing-down processes in the target and backing material. The y-ray emission time
depends upon the lifetimes of both the state itself and those states from which is has
been fed.
As discussed in Section 2, most of the y rays studied in this work were from triply
coincident events. In the analysis it was observed that the least contaminated spectra were
produced from those events which were double gated on a particular band of interest.
In the line-shape analysis this was achieved by using gated coincidence matrices. The
uncontaminated lower-spin transitions were selected as gates for these matrices. These
transitions were emitted from states whose lifetimes were long, compared with the
slowing down time of the recoils in the target and backing, which ensures that these
transitions were emitted when the nucleus was at rest and show no Doppler broadened
lineshapes. These are the so-called "stopped" transitions.
In order to fully analyse these lineshapes three gated y-y coincidence matrices were
created for each band of interest. The first matrix contained only those events which
were detected in the 31.7 (forward) detectors on one of the axes versus those which
were detected in any of the other detectors on the other axis. The second matrix had
any event from a 162.7 (backward) detector on one axis and any other detector on
the other axis. Finally the third gated matrix had any event from the 90 detectors
on one axis and any other detector on the other axis. The latter matrix was used to
ascertain the exact energy of the y-ray transitions. For each band a sum of the low-spin
uncontaminated gates was then produced from each of these matrices for the forward
and backward detector angles.
The transition line shapes were analysed by the program "LINESHAPE" [ 19] which
is based on a program written by Gascon, see Ref. [20]. The program calculates y-ray
line shapes and extracts the lifetimes of the nuclear states by fitting the experimental
data. Detailed descriptions of the method and its application are discussed in Refs. [20]
and [21]. In the analysis, both electronic and nuclear stopping powers were used to
calculate the slowing down process. For the electronic stopping power the tabulated
values of Northcliffe and Schilling [22], corrected for the atomic shell effect [23],
were used. For the nuclear stopping power a multiple Coulomb scattering formalism
was employed [24].
The recoiling ion velocity distribution in the target and backing material was calculated
in a Monte Carlo fashion [25]. The Monte Carlo simulation treats the electron stopping
power as a continuous slowing down process and assumes that the discrete nuclear
collisions occur at a rate given by the Lindhart cross section [24]. In this process
the distribution of the magnitude and direction of the velocity, the so-called "velocity
profile", was calculated at fixed time intervals during the slowing-down time and a set of
y-ray peak shapes were produced for each time step at each y-ray detector angle. These
shapes were stored in a "shape-versus-time" two-dimensional matrix. A time step of
0.01 ps was used and a total number of 5000 histories were calculated for each detector
angle which provided a complete set of line shapes ranging from the fully shifted (at
time zero) to the fully stopped peaks.
In order to reproduce the line shapes, the y-ray yield as a function of time was
calculated using the solution of Bateman's equation [26]. The final calculated line
shapes were then obtained by summing the independent lineshapes at each time interval
weighted by the y-ray yield. Since the spectra were gated below the states of interest,
the lifetimes of the states include a time delay contribution from the side feeding
which must be taken into account. The side feeding intensities were obtained from
the experimentally determined intensities given in Table 1. In the analysis the program
assumes that a rotational band, with known energies, and a set of rotational transitions
with the same moment of inertia precedes the highest-spin transition. The mean lifetime,
7-, of the E2 transition with energy E~, is given by
7- = 1.23 10J3E~B(E2), (2)
where the y-ray energies of the modeled side-feeding rotational sequence are given by
h2(41 - 1) (3)
E~,(SF) - 2-.~(SF)
and
B(E2; l --~ I - 2) = 5 (I 2 0 0 1 1 - 2 0)2Qo2, (4)
where 7- is in picoseconds, E z, is in MeV, Qo is in eb, and B ( E 2 ; I --~ I - 2 ) is in e2b 2.

A side-feeding cascade with a constant moment of inertia was assumed to be con-
nected to each level in the band. This side feeding for each level is obtained from the
experimental data and the side-feeding time was controlled by a parameter, Qo(SF),
which was included in the fit. The program can simulate up to five side-feeding levels,
D.M. Cullen et aL/Nuclear Physics A 638 (1998) 662-700 681
and in the analysis, the optimum X 2 was obtained when five side-feeding levels were
used. With this method it was possible to fit the lifetime of a state and the corresponding
side-feeding quadrupole moments, Qo (SF), for each "y-ray transition with an observable
line shape, starting from the highest level.
In the analysis the following parameters were simultaneously fitted using a X 2 min-
imisation technique: (1) the transition quadrupole moment of the state, Qo; (2) the
associated side-feeding quadrupole moment of the modeled state, Qo (SF) ; (3) the in-
tensities at each angle of the fitted peak and those of the contaminant stopped peaks near
the peak of interest, and (4) the intercept and gradient of a linear background beneath
the peaks. In the program the uncertainties in the lifetimes were determined by a sta-
tistical method using the MINOS subroutine [27]. This routine assumes that the lowest
value o f x 2, Xmin,
2 o c c u r s for the most likely or best fit parameters and the region over
which X 2 assumes values smaller than Xmin 2 + I corresponds to one standard deviation.
Before the fit the following parameters were selected; (1) the number of states in the
side-feeding cascade, N, (2) the moment of inertia of the side-feeding cascade, ~ ( S F ) ,
and (3) the intrinsic resolution of the detectors. The best X 2 was obtained when the
moment of inertia of the side-feeding cascade was set to be the same as that of the band
being fitted, ~ ( S F ) = 50h 2 MeV -Z. The data from the forward and backward detectors
were fitted independently and the final lifetime was an arithmetic average of the forward
and backward fits.
The extracted deformations of the bands, for which this analysis could be performed
(bands 1, 2, 3 and 6), were compared with those predicted from a series of Total
Routhian Surface calculations based upon the proposed configurations. This comparison
is discussed in Section 6.2. For the other bands in 172Hf(the high-K bands and bands 4,
5, 11, 12, and 13) this lineshape analysis was not performed. This was due to the fact
that either: (i) these bands were too weak in intensity; (ii) the transitions in the band
were involved in a band crossing in the same energy region where the lineshapes were
observed and therefore, the transition lineshapes overlapped with each other and could
not be fitted, or (iii) there was no possibility to make spectra which were sufficiently
free from contamination.
5.2.1. B a n d 1 l i n e s h a p e s
The lineshape matrix for band l was gated on the 484.1-, 543.8- and 589.7-keV
transitions which are just below the region of the first neutron AB band crossing. The
double-gated spectrum, in which the line-shapes were fitted, was produced from a sum
of the 483. I -, 543.8-, 589.7 and 642.5-keV gates in this matrix. The lowest-spin 3' ray to
show any Doppler broadened line shape was the 656.6-keV transition. Fig. 4 shows three
regions of this spectrum with the respective forward and backward line-shape fits for
(a) and (b) the 656.6-keV, (c) and (d) the 758.7-keV and (e) and (f) the 818.6-keV
transitions. The fitted parameters extracted from the results of this line-shape analysis,
for the forward and backward fits, for these and the other transitions in the band are
given in Table 3.
2500 .... i .... i ....

i(a) 6 5 7 k e V 110o t (c) '759 keV.
I ' I (e) 819 keV
700
2000
15o0 t 5~
500
3~
500
i . . . . . . .
2500 1oo I II I I 100 ::::l::llllrl

i(b)657keV 1100 (d) 7 5 9 k e V (D 819 keV
700
2000
90O
1500 500
1000 j
500
5oo? 300
100 , I: 1~ . . . . I , , , , l l , , ,
2150 2250 2350 2300 2400 2500 2600
Channel N u m b e r
Fig. 4. The Doppler b r o a d e n e d line shapes observed for band 1 from a double-gated spectrum, see text for
details; ( a ) and ( b ) show the 657-keV lineshape; (c) and ( d ) show the 759-keV lineshape; and (e) and
(f) show the 819-keV transition lineshape for the forward and b a c k w a r d detectors, respectively. The data
are shown by histograms, c o n t a m i n a n t peaks b y dashed lines and the total line shapes, with and without
c o n t a m i n a n t peaks, by solid lines. See text for the discussion o f the contaminant peaks.
Table 3
S u m m a r y o f the results for the transition quadrupole moments, Q o , and lifetimes, 7-, for the states in b a n d
1. A " ' ( * ) " denotes w h e r e a lifetime uncertainty of 8% was employed from the estimated lowest possible
uncertainty in the stopping powers, see text for details
Er Qo Qo Qo T Qo(SF) Qo(SF) Qo(SF)

(keY) (eb) (eb) (eb) (ps) (eb) (eb) (eb)
Forward Backward Average Average Forward Backward Average
656.4 5.38+_1~i~ 5 80 +o.60 5 ,~Q+o.77 +o.211 A SO+J20 3 77 +o.53 a l a +1-20

" " --0.60 ..... --(}.6{) 0.71 --{).15 ..... --1.75 " " --0,51 .... --1.75
698.7 5 54 + i 4 ~ f~9+9 5 28 + t 4 0 65 +0.05(*) 4 61 +11-24 4 47 + s 4 54 +11-24

" "- --0.14 ..... --().(kS " " --0.14 " --0.(}5(*) " --0,13 " --/I,115 " --(1.13
758.6 6 D9 +0-29 5 q2 +1t13 5 67 +o.29 0 "~R+0.04 4. O'~+O.22 zl. 10 +1/-23 A ,~(,+0.23

. . . . --I).35 " '~ --0.10 " " --0.35 . . . . . --(}.115 . . . . --0.26 . . . . --0.10 . . . . --0.26
818.3 5 77 +o.48 5 9 1+O.46 5 84 +0.48 (/ 99 +0"114 ~ 40+'06 4 47 +'7 4 98 +n'7
" " --I).32 " --11.42 " " --0.42 .... --11.113 ..... --0,25 ' --0J)6 " --11.25
872.6 c- ~+o.34 6 27 +n54 6 19 +o.54 0 13 +0.o2 4, tq'~ +0.(~) ,t i ~ + 0.12 A d l ) + O . 12

O. U 0.31 " --11.33 " --11.33 " --11.111 . . . . --0.10 .... --0.09 . . . . --0.10
919.7 ,~ + 1 1 . 1 2 3 qq+o.l)9 "~ f ~ l + 0 " 1 2 (I ~R +11041.) ~ 90 +0.25 ~ ~7 +0-23 ~i ".IO + 0 - 2 5

..... -11.12 ..... --I).lll .... --I).12 ..... --I).1151.) ..... --11,27 .... --I).18 ...... --11.27
958.7 3 93 +11"111 4 97 +0.58 4 i~ +-58 fl 99 +ltJ)6 5 61 +11"26 4 35 +11"15 A OR+0-26

" " " --0.10 .... --0.71 .... --I).71 .... --().08 " " --0,19 "" " --O.ll . . . . --11.19
994.1 a q9 +().67 4 26 +7r 4 29 +'71 0 12 +n4 A NO+0.16 A 77 +11-36 A /1"4+0.36

. . . . . -- 1.(15 " -11,52 " -- I.II5 " --11.t)6 . . . . --11,29 . . . . --I),32 . . . . --0.32
D.M. Cullen et al./N, tclear Physics A 638 (1998) 662-700 683
Table 4
S u m m a r y o f the results for the t r a n s i t i o n q u a d r u p o l e m o m e n t s , Q, and l i f e t i m e s , r, for the states in b a n d 2
Ey Qo Qo Qo T Qo(SF) Qo(SF) Qo(SF)

(keV) (eb) (eb) (eb) (ps) (eb) (eb) (eb)
634.2 5. ~+o.32 5 89 +0.44 '~ ~1 +44 1 28 +~)2 a IR +().21 4 96 +(~24 4 57 +0.24

"~-1).33 " -0.38 . . . . . -0.38 " -0.18 . . . . -0.27 -I.55 " -1.55
692.6 6, ,~.-)+0.28 6, oJ. +0.31 6, 9R +0"31 (] a 0 +(~(~5 3 84 +()8 +(~:7 A T~+0.17
. . . . . -().32 ~'~ '-o.13 . . . . . I).32 . . . . -0.05 -" -(I.15 4"82--/i.11o . . . . --0.16
747.7 6, d-2+1)-22 6 48 +(1"29 6, .,t(,+0.29 0 ~0 +~.~3 4 39 +c~5 s i n +o.09 4 6 6 +o.09
. . . . -i).211 -o.14 . . . . -i).21) . . . . -o.()2 " - - - (i.()6 . . . . . -0.27 -0.27
794.7 6, "~o+.25 7 78 +(1511 7 0 4 +1)5 o 16,+t)-1)2 A 69 +(as 4 7 6 +21 4 69 +n21
. . . . --0.22 " --0.42 " --0.42 . . . . --I).[)2 . . . . --0.05 " --11.11 ' --0.11
856.2 6.1R +1"13 6, 6,0+1.31 6, qo+l.31 0 13 +0.05 4 01 +0.20 5 97 +o.45 4 00+0"45
"--o.53 . . . . -0.81 . . . . . -o.81 ' -o.{)3 -O.lO -I).47 '-~-().47
It should be noted that for the 758.7-keV lineshape a contaminant peak was introduced
in the backward angle fit, Fig. 4d, which was absent in the forward angle fit, Fig. 4c.
In the fitting minimisation technique it was observed that the ratio of the calculated
lineshape component to the total fitted curve remained at the same level whether or
not this contaminant peak was included, i.e. the lineshape of the transition, and hence
the associated quadrupole moment, was unaffected by the presence of the contaminant
peak. The contaminant peak was, therefore, only introduced to permit the total fitted
lineshape to better represent the data. A similar contaminant peak was introduced for
the 776.5-keV transition in band 3, see Fig. 6e.
In Table 3, and the following Tables 4, 5, and 6, for the other bands the uncertainty
limit shown on the quadrupole moment, Qo, was from the results of the MINOS routine.
The uncertainty on the accepted value is the larger of the two MINOS values used in the
averaging. However, it was also noted that the uncertainty associated with the electronic
and nuclear stopping powers introduces a minimum possible uncertainty in the lifetime
values of ~8%. When the uncertainties from the fitting routine were below this value,
a lower limit of 8% was used. Such values are denoted in these tables with a "(*)". A
similar process was adopted for the side feeding quadrupole moments of the side-feeding
cascade, Qo (SF).
5.2.2. Band 2 lineshapes

The lineshape matrix for band 2 was gated on the 369.2, 440.9- and 573.l-keV tran-
sitions. The double-gated spectrum, in which the line-shapes were fitted, was produced
from a sum of the 440.9-, 369.2-, 508.8-, and 573.1-keV transitions. The lowest-spin
y ray to show any Doppler broadened line shape was the 634.3-keV transition. Fig. 5
shows three regions of this spectrum with the respective forward and backward line-
shape fits for the 692.6-keV (a) and (b), the 748.0-keV (c) and (d), and the 793.6-keV
(e) and (f) transitions. The fitted parameters extracted from the results of this line-shape
analysis are given in Table 4.
1200 . . . . t .... J .... ~ .... 700 , , , , i , , , , i , , , , I , , , , 000 .... i,,~,1 .... I ....
(a) 693 k e V (e) 795 keV
1000 600 .1~ 7 1 8 kll - 800
5O0
800
6OO
4OO
6OO
300 k 400
400 " ~ " r
"'"
200
200 k~
200 100 I I'''Jr
O
1200 l l l l l l l l l l t l l I J l ~ l l 000 , : ', : I ', ', ', ', I ', '. ', '. ', ', ', ',,
6oo (d) 748 keV (f) 795 keV
1000 700 i', ', ', ', I ', ', ', ', ', ', : ', ', I ', ', ',, 8O0
i I (b) 693 keY
500
8OO
400 ~.]1 6O0
600
300 ~ 1
400
2oo -
200
200 1oo~ .......... ,~ -i'v
0 t l ~ l l l l l , l , , , , [ , t , t 01111111tltl . . . . t,,, 0 i t i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i
2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500
Channel Number
Fig. 5. The Doppler broadened line shapes observed for band 2 from a double-gated spectrum; (a) and (b)
show the 693-keV lineshape; (c) and (d) show the 748-keV; and (e) and (f) show the 795-keV transition
lineshape for the forwardand backward detectors, respectively.The data are shown by histograms,contaminant
peaks by dashed lines and the total line shapes, with and without contaminant peaks, by solid lines.

The lineshape matrix for band 3 was gated on the 255.1-, 412.3- and 557.6-keV tran-
sitions. The double-gated spectrum, in which the line-shapes were fitted, was produced
from a sum of the 255.1.-, 334.0-, 412.3, 487.4-, 557.6- and 621.6-keV transitions.
Fig. 6 shows three regions of this spectrum with the respective forward and backward
line-shape lits for the 678.5-keV (a) and (b), the 729.l-keV (c) and (d), and the
776.5-keV (e) and (f) transitions. The fitted parameters extracted from the results of
this line-shape analysis are given in Table 5.

The lineshape matrix for band 6 was gated on the 447.4-keV transitions only. The
double-gated spectrum in which the line-shapes were fitted was produced from a sum of
the 390.5-, 447.4-, 522.4- 584.5- and 636.6-keV transitions. Fig. 7 shows two regions of
this spectrum with the respective tbrward and backward line-shape fits for the 686.9-keV
(a) and (b), and the 742.6-keV (c) and (d) transitions. The fitted parameters extracted
from the results of this line-shape analysis are given in Table 6.
1500 ,,,,1''',1,,''1 .... '''l''''l''''l''''l''

800 (e) 7 7 7 keV
(a) 679 keV (c) 729 keV
1200 700
400
60O
9O0
500
300
6O0 400
300 200
3o0
~ . . . . -~-~ ..~,~' 200
e,
15o0 ', ', ', ', I ', : ', : I ', ', ', ', I : ', ', ', 100
:',I:::I:W, J 100
80O
L) - ( b ) 6 7 9 keV (d) 7 2 9 keV
1200 - 7O0
4o0
300f
600
900 -
500
600 - 400
300
2OO Z
o t",m',,, , . . . . "," l 100
1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450
Channel Number
show the 679-keV lineshape; (c) and (d) show the 729-keV lineshape; and (e) and (f) show the 777-keV
transition for the tbrward and backward detectors, respectively. The data are shown by histograms, contaminant
peaks by dashed lines and the total line shapes, with and without contaminant peaks, by solid lines. See text
for the discussion of the contaminant peaks.
Table 5
Summary of the results for the transition quadrupole moments, Qo, and lifetimes, ~-, for the states in band
3. A "(*)" denotes where a lifetime uncertainty of 8% was employed from the estimated lowest possible
Ez Qo Qo Qo T Qo(SF) Qo(SF) Qo(SF)

678.8 5 5 3 +0"13 5 0 9 +eLl6 5 4 6 +1)'16 o ~q+o.04(.) ~i ~19+0.23 .4 6.f~+0.44 5 0 6 +0.44

. . . . . --I1.10 " "" --0.16 " " --0.16 ...... --0.04(*) . . . . . --0.1)6 . . . . --11.43 " " --I).43
729.4 5 . " + .35 s (~+c).~4 +o.35 f~ .4~+0.06 4 9 a +1)25 4 6 8 +o.24 4 4 6 +o.25
O--1k23 . . . . . . --0.O8 5. l I --11.23 . . . . --11.1)4 "----0.12 ' --0.31 ' --0.31
776.3 7. [ +11.35 6 98 +o.45 7 05 +o.45 f~ 15 +o.4 .4 6. i +o.3o 4 4 7 +t127 +o.3o
-- .27 " --11.44 ' " --I}.44 . . . . . . --11.1)4 .... --I).09 " --O.O5 4"54--1).119
828.7 8 M +q)'ss +o. s 3 7 q l +G)-s8 0 . 1 1 +0.02 5 2 8 +0.32 5 n~i+0.25 5 17 +o.32
. . . . . . --0.SS 7'47--{} S3 . . . . --I}.88 " --0.02 ' -I).23 ' v " --0.20 ' --11.23
870.4 ~ (]9+26'4 7 9 0 +1"63 7 06, +2.(.`'4 0 ocj + ' 6 q R0+36 4 0 8 +11"118 q QQ+(L36
.... -2.64 " - 1.63 .... -2.64 . . . . ~0.116 . . . . . -11.28 " -(L I 1 . . . . . -11.28
923.8 8 5 3 +0.24 6. O~ +O,43 "7 9Q +0-43 0 05 +m 4 9Q +0'79 4 46 +17 .4 RR+0.79
'- " -11.34 ...... -0.77 .... -0.77 ' -o.ln -~-o.47 - -o.21 .... -0.47
6. D i s c u s s i o n
T h e configurations for the bands in 172Hf have recently been d i s c u s s e d in Ref. [ 4 ] .

In this paper, theoretical Total Routhian Surface ( T R S ) and W o o d s - S a x o n cranked-
shell-model calculations [28] have been performed at the d e f o r m a t i o n extracted from
a 687keV 200t ...................

c 743 eV t
200
100
100
200 ~ ~ ', ', ] ', ', ', ', rt ', I ', ', [ I ', ', ',
(b) 687 keV (d) 743 keV
200
10G ~
100
1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 50 2200 2250 2300 2350
show the 687-keV lineshape and (c) and (d) show the 743-keV lineshape for the forward and backward
detectors, respectively. The data are shown by histograms, contaminant peaks by dashed lines and the total
line shapes, with and without contaminant peaks, by solid lines.
Table 6
Summary of the results for the transition quadrupole moments, Qo, and lifetimes, T, for the states in band
6. A "(*)" denotes where a lifetime uncertainty of 8% was employed from the estimated lowest possible
Er Qo Qo Qo r Qo(SF) Qo(SF) Qo(SF)

636.5 a AK +11"97 6 0 6 +(k61 '~ 9tq + 0 9 7 1. I R + 0 2 2 A / 1 7 + 1-49 ~ -~+0.52 /t Q I + I A 9

. . . . . -- 1.04 " --0.74 . . . . -- 1.04 "~--0.23 . . . . -- 1.49 . . . . . . --(I.52 . . . . -- 1.49
686.7 5 50 +0.44 5 13q+198 ~ 213 + 1 9 8 fi aa +-16 6 17+115 5 66 +0.27 5 o-~+1.15
- "" --0.58 .... --1t.3(I . . . . --0.58 .... --0.05 ' -- 1.49 " --11.18 .... -- 1.49
742.4 ~ q,)+o.2o 5 '7~+(137 ~ 'r'A+0"37 0 37 +o.o3(*) 7 RR + 0 6 9 5 37 +19 ~ t~2+0"69

.... -(I.23 . . . . . --0.32 . . . . . . --0.32 " --11.03(*) . . . . -I'I.52 " --0.16 . . . . --11.52
801.0 6 6 6 +o.68 5 9 5 +1162 ~ "~ I + 0 . 6 8 (~ 9 9 +11.02 ,t otq + 0 . 3 5 '~ "70 +11.27 ~ 2 R +11'35
-(I.68 - " --(I.43 . . . . --(I.68 . . . . -0.112 . . . . --0.27 . . . . . --11.29 . . . . --0.29
+ 1.411 7 79+ J.33 7 59+ 1.4(I I. 10+o.20 4 49 +o.89 5 qC1+029 zl Orb+ 0 . 8 9
861.4 7.39_ L03 ' --1.33 .L --1.33 --(I.19 " --0.16 .... --0.28 .... --I).28
the T R S calculation [4] (/32 = 0.288, /34 --- - 0 . 0 0 5 and y = 0 . 3 ) . A c c o r d i n g to these

c r a n k e d - s h e l l - m o d e l calculations and a systematic survey o f the n e i g h b o u r i n g nuclei,
the lowest-lying neutron orbits around the N = I 0 0 Fermi surface are the [ 6 3 3 ] 7 / 2 ,
[521] 1/2, [ 6 4 2 ] 5 / 2 and [ 5 1 2 1 5 / 2 orbitals, see Fig. 8a and Table 7. Similarly, the
lowest-lying proton orbitals around the Z = 7 2 Fermi level are the [ 5 1 4 1 9 / 2 , [660] 1 / 2
and [541] 1/2 orbitals, see Fig. 8b and Table 7. Rotational bands built upon these
individual, and c o m b i n a t i o n s o f these orbitals, have been established in the n e i g h b o u r i n g
(a)
~" 1.0
'~ 0.5
~ -O.5
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

(b) ~m ( M e V )
1.5
1.0
%
~ 0.5-
~ 0.0"
~ --0.5-
.r , n , ,iZ f~"*
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 014 ' 0.5
h(o ( M e V )
Fig. 8. Routhians from the CSM calculations based on a Woods-Saxon potential performed at the deformation
extracted from the TRS calculation (/32 = 0.29, /34 = -0.005, y = 0.3 ) for (a) quasi-neutrons and (b)
quasi-protons. The parity and signature (Tr,a) convention tor the lines in the plots ~ue: solid lines refer
to (Tr,ot)=(+,l/2), dotted lines refer to (~',cr)=(+,-l/2), dash-dotted lines refer to (~',~)=(-,1/2) and
dashed lines refer to (Tr,o0=(-,-1/2) quantum numbers.
nuclei. In the ensuing discussion both the neutron and proton orbitals will be referred
to by their standard TRS letter notation, see Table 7. In this adopted notation, orbit E
is explicitly defined as the first orbit with parity and signature (Tr, a ) = ( - , - 1 / 2 ) ,
rather than simply the first negative-parity orbit as was often used in the early literature.
Indeed the lowest negative-parity orbits now has (Tr, a ) = ( - , + 1 / 2 ) (i.e. here the F
orbital) for both neutrons and protons, see Fig. 8.
6.1. L o w - K band configurations
6. I. 1. Band 1
The experimental aligned angular momentum, i,, (or alignment) [29], for all of the
bands in 172Hf are shown in Figs. 9a-e. From Fig. 9a it is clear that the yrast band
1 undergoes the neutron AB band crossing, from the vacuum to occupation of both
signatures of the z'il3/2, [ 6 3 3 ] 7 / 2 configuration, at hw = 0.32 MeV with an alignment
gain of approximately 6. lb. At ho = 0.49 MeV the first proton band crossing, EpFp,
takes place. For comparison, in the neighbouring even-even nucleus IV4Hf the neutron
AB band crossing in the yrast band takes place at hw = 0.3l M e V with an alignment
gain o f 6.6/2 and the first proton band crossing E n F p is observed to occur at hw =
0.51 M e V [ 18]. The theoretical predictions are also in reasonable agreement with these
observations. Fig. 8 shows that the AB neutron crossing is expected to take place at
/-wJ ~ 0.25 MeV and the EpFp proton crossing at hoJ ~ 0.44 MeV.
Table 7
The labels for lhe lowest neutron orbitals around the neutron N = 100 Fermi surl-hceand the lowest proton
orbitals around the Z = 72 proton Fermi surface. The parameter n, refers to the nth orbit of a particular parity
and signature
Label Neutron orbit (Tr, a),,
A 163317/2 (+,+1/2)~
B 163317/2 (+,-1/2)~
C 164215/2 (+, + 1/2)2
D 164215/2 ( + , - 1/2)2
E 152111/2 (-,-l/2)t
F 152111/2 (-,+1/2)1
G 151215/2 (-,-1/2)2
H 151215/2 ( - , +1/2)2
Label Proton orbit (rr, ce)
Ap (hw <~0.25 MeV) 140215/2 (+,+1/2)1

Ap (ha) > 0.25 MeV) 166011/2 (+,+1/2)1
Bp (hw ~ 0.45 MeV) 140215/2 (+,-1/2)1
Bp (ha) > 0.45 MeV ) [660 ] 1/2 ( +, - 1/2) t
6"/, 140417/2 (+, +1/2)2
Dp 140417/2 (+, -1/2)2
El, 151419/2 ( --, -- 1/2)~
Fp 151419/2 ( - , +1/2)~
Gp 154111/2 ( - , -1/2)2
///, 154111/2 (--,+1/2)2
6.1.2. Bands 2 and 3

The negative-parity bands 2 and 3 have previously been assigned as signature-partner
bands which are built upon octupole-vibrational states at low spin [ 1 ]. The alignment of
these bands at low-spin is about 3h which exceeds that of the yrast band below the AB
band crossing, see Fig. 9b. With increasing rotational frequency these bands gradually
change fi'om an octupole-vibrational structure to a two quasi-particle configuration.
Band 2 does not show any evidence for an AB band crossing near hw = 0.32 MeV.
This observation, as well as the negative parity of the band, are all consistent with the
characteristics of a neutron A F ( [ 6 3 3 1 7 / 2 0 [ 5 2 1 ] 1/2) configuration. At a rotational
frequency of l~w = 0.40 M e V band 2 is crossed by another band, band 2a, which
undergoes an alignment gain of ha) ~ 3h. This crossing is most likely caused by
the alignment of the BC pair of neutrons resulting in the four-quasineutron ( A F B C )
configuration, band 2a. In reasonable agreement the theoretical calculations, Fig. 8a,
show that the BC neutron crossing is expected to take place at ha) ~ 0.35 MeV.
The Routhian for the even-spin, negative-parity band 3 suggests that it is the signature
partner to band 2 with a small signature splitting, see Fig. 9b. Of the two candidate
configurations for this band, namely A E and BF, the latter [ 6 3 3 1 7 / 2 [ 5 2 1 ] 1/2 config-
uration seems to be more probable. (The theoretical signature splitting between the E
and F orbitals shown in Fig. 8a is much larger than that between the A and B orbitals.)
Band 3 does not show any evidence for an AB band crossing near ha) = 0.32 MeV. This
I I I I I I i i
[]
(b)
cg.~
10 I <>G
<,~,c#
u
p o (*,0) Band 1
" o (-,1) Band 4 0 (-,0) Band 3
- ] [3-[] -~[:3 (+,0) Band 5 -
L ~" (-,0) Band 3a -
,_x
I i I I I i I I , I I I I I
(c) ~ (el ?
10 o0OOOEO
0
E 0 ram\
~ i 1
i ~:~-~'~"
==
<
D,D
o (+,0) Band 11 o (-,1) Band 6
(-,1) Band 12 (-,0) Band 1:3 -
I n I i I a I
,<
(e)
o',0 ' L '0!~ 'BIB
10 ,5~o (MeV)
~ m (+,0) Band 7
5
m~,~t o (+,1)
Band 7
=~"~ ~7 ,0 (-,0) Band 8 -
c~~1. ~~'~" ~. (+ ' O) Band 9

y~~ (+ 1 ) Band 9
0 v(-,O) Band 10_
T (-,1) Band 10
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
hO~ (MeV)
Fig. 9. T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l a l i g n e d angular m o m e n t u m , ix for all o f the rotational bands o b s e r v e d in 172Hf. ( a )

bands I, 4, a n d 5 ( b ) b a n d s 2, 2a, 3, and 3a, and ( c ) bands 1 1 a n d 12, ( d ) b a n d s 6 and 13, ( e ) b a n d s 7, 8, 9
and 10. A reference band with Harris parameters 3o = 31.4h-/MeV and 2Yl = 62.7h4/MeV 3 was subtracted
from each band. The bands are shown along with their parity and signature configuration (~', a).
observation, as well as the negative parity of the band, are all consistent with the char-
acteristics of a neutron BF configuration. At a rotational frequency of hto = 0.40 MeV
band 3 is crossed by another band, band 3a, which undergoes an alignment gain of
3h. This crossing is most likely caused by the alignment of the AD pair of neutrons
resulting in the four-quasineutron (BFAD) configuration, band 3a, In reasonable agree-
ment the theoretical calculations, Fig. 8a, show that the A D neutron crossing is expected
to take place at h w ~ 0.39 MeV.
6.1.3. Bands 11 and 12

Band 1 1 has an initial low-frequency aligned angular momentum of ix ~ 3h and is
observed to undergo an alignment gain of 4 i x -~ 6h at a rotational frequency of h w =
0.37 MeV, see Fig. 9c. The similarity of this band crossing frequency and alignment
gain with that observed in band 1 suggests that this band 11 crossing is caused by an
AB neutron alignment. It should be pointed out that this band has very similar (almost
identical) transition energies to the yrast band in ]7Hf [30]. Such a situation might
be expected to occur if band 11 was based on the same neutron orbits as the yrast
band in 17Hf. These ideas are all consistent with the two additional neutrons in band
l l in 172Hf being excited into two orbits that do not involve the AB configuration,
i.e. the EF neutron configuration. The initial low-frequency alignment results from the
configuration of band 1 1 being based on the excited EF orbits. In summary band 11
is assigned an EF two-quasineutron configuration at low rotational frequencies and the
EFAB four quasi-neutron configuration at high rotational frequencies.
In a similar manner, band 12 is observed to have a low frequency aligned angular
momentum of ix ~ 6h and undergoes a band crossing at ho~ ,~ 0.37 MeV, see Fig. 9c.
Although the full alignment gain for this crossing is not observed it appears to be
consistent with that of a neutron AB alignment. The initial low-frequency alignment
results from the configuration of band 12 being based on the excited ApHp ([660] 1/2
[541 ] 1/2) orbits in a K = 1 or K = 0 configuration. It should also be pointed out that at
a rotational frequency of hw = 0.25 MeV, the theoretical quasiproton Routhians, Fig. 8b,
predict an interaction between the [402] 5/2 and the [660] 1/2 orbitals. This interaction
forces the [660] 1/2 orbital closer to the Fermi surface and could also be responsible for
the gain in aligned angular momentum in band 12 around hw = 0.25 MeV. In summary
band 12 is based on the two quasiproton ApHp configuration at low rotational frequencies
and the A/,HpAB four quasi-particle configuration at high rotational frequencies.
6.1.4. Bands 6 and 13

In Ref. [4] bands based on the expected AE and BE configurations could not be
established. Two bands with similar properties to bands 2 and 3 would be required, i.e.
two bands which show no evidence for the AB band crossings and experience a gradual
alignment over the entire rotational frequency range where they are observed. In this
work, with the new parity of band 6 and the newly established band 13, two bands
with these properties have been observed, see Fig. 9d. These bands are based on the
BE (band 6) and AE (band 13) configurations. In agreement with these arguments the
fragmented decay pattern of band 13 resembles that of band 6 and also that of the other
bands 2 and 3, see Fig. 1. In addition it should also be pointed out that band 6 has
been observed, in this work, to decay to band 3 by four dipole y rays which are most
likely M1 transitions. Such decays would be expected to occur between each signature
of signature-partner bands. At higher rotational frequencies ~0.45 MeV band 6 shows
the start of the first proton crossing EpFp, see Fig. 9d.
6.1.5. Batlds 4 and 5

Band 4 has a low frequency aligned angular momentum of ix ~ 3h and undergoes a
band crossing at hw ,.~ 0.37 MeV, see Fig. 9a. This crossing shows an alignment gain
of Aix ,-~ 5h and is consistent with that expected for a neutron AB crossing. However,
it should once more be noted that, similarly to band 12, the changing character of the
proton Ap orbital from [402]5/2 to [660] 1/2 may be responsible for this alignment
gain. The initial low-frequency alignment results from the configuration of band 4 being
based on the excited proton ApFp orbits. In summary, band 4 is based on the two
Table 8
Summary of the configurationassignmentsfor the rotational bands observed in 172Hfin this study
Band Label Configuration K (Tr, ~)
Low-K bands
1 0 Vacuum 0 ( +, 0)
2 AF 163317/2@152111/2 3or4 (-,1)
3 BF 163317/2@152111/2 3or4 (-,0)
4 ApFp 166011/2@151419/2 5 or 4 ( - , 1)
5 AB B-vibration [63317/2(o~= +)
163317/2(ce = -) 0 (+,0)
6 BE 163317/2152111/2 3or4 (-,I)
I1 EF 152111/2@[52111/2 0or 1 (+,0)
12 ApHp [660] 1/21541 ] 1/2 0or 1 (-,1)
13 AE 163317/2152111/2 3 or 4 (-,0)
High-K bands
7 K~r = 12+ Band 3 Band 10 12 (+,0) (+, ])

7 alternatively Band 8 @ Band 9 12 (+,o) (+, I)
K~r= 14+ v( 163317/2@151215/2)6_
@~( {51419/2140417/2)8_ 14 (+,0) (+, 1)
8 AG(H) v( 163317/2@151215/2)6_ 6 (-,o) (-,l)
9 ApCp(D/,) ~( 140417/2@140215/2)6+ 6 (+,o) (+, l)
10 E/,Cp(Dp) 7r( 151419/2140417/2)8- 8 (-,0) ( - , l)
quasiproton ApFp configuration at low rotational frequencies and the ApFpAB four-
quasiparticle configuration at high rotational frequencies.
Band 5 has a very similar alignment to the yrast band 1 at rotational frequencies above
the AB neutron crossing, see Fig. 9a. In addition, band 5 is observed to be strongly
linked to band 1 by many transitions, see Fig. 1. Due to these similarities between band
5 and band 1, band 5 is assigned to be a K ~" = 0 + 13-vibrational band (i.e. a K = 0
quadrupole vibration) which is based on the AB configuration. A similar 13-vibrational
band has been observed in the neighbouring even-even nucleus, 174Hf [ 18].
Table 8 summarises the configuration assignments for all of the bands in 172Hf.
6.2. Lifetimes estimated from the theoretical TRS calculations
The mean experimental lifetimes extracted for bands 1, 2, 3 and 6 in 172Hf, from the
Doppler Shift Attenuation Method, have been compared with a series of theoretical TRS
calculations. The TRS calculations provide an estimate of the quadrupole deformation
parameter, 132 for a specified configuration as a function of rotational frequency. The
conversion of 132 to a quadrupole moment, Qo, in the limit of small y and hexadecapole
deformation, 134 is achieved with the transformation
Qo = 0.0126ZA2/3132( 1 + 0.36132) cos(3' + 30). (5)

692 D.M. Cullen et al./Nuclear Physi~:~A 638 (1998) 662-700
Table 9
A few examples of the conversion of the TRS (~2,'Y) predictions to Qo for bands 1, 2, 3 and 6, see text for
details
Frequency Band l Band 2 Band 3 Band 6

(keV) TRS (/~2,'Y) ----+Qo TRS (]~2,~') ~ Qo TRS (/~2,Y) ~ Qo TRS (/32,y) ---* Qo
(eb) (eb) (eb) (eb)
0.000 (0.272, 0.40) --~ 7.23 (0.275, 0.20) --~ 7.33 (0.275, 0.20)---~7.33 (0.275, 0.30)--~7.32
0.132 (0.278,0.10) ~ 7.42 (0.279, - 0 . 3 0 ) ~ 7.48 (0.279,-0.10)---,7.47 (0.280, 0.10)--,7.48
0.254 (0.278,-0.60) -~ 7.48 (0.271, -1.40) ~ 7.33 (0.275,-0.50)--,7.38 (0.282,-0.40)--,7.58
0.376 (0.270,-1.20) ~ 7.28 (0.237, - 2 . 1 0 ) --~ 6.38 (0.244,-1.80)---+6.56 (0.284, 0.00)--,7.61
0.497 (0.282,0.50) ~ 7 . 5 1 (0.219, -3.30) ~ 5.92 (0.359,15.50)---+7.97 (0.313, 6.10)---~7.90
0.619 (0.391,20.00) ~ 8.04 (0.368, 17.70) --~ 7.87 (0.361,19.20)---~7.48 (0.318, 7.30)---,7.91
Table 9 shows the results of this conversion from the TRS deformation to the
quadrupole moment for a few rotational frequencies for bands 1, 2, 3 and 6.
6.2.1. Band 1
Fig. 10a shows the comparison of the experimental quadrupole moments Qo extracted
from the DSAM measurement for band 1 with that of the TRS calculation based on
the vacuum configuration for band 1. From the figure it can be observed that the
experimental DSAM Qo measurements for band 1 are in good agreement with those
from the TRS calculation. The average DSAM quadrupole moment is ~ 5-6 eb, while
that extracted from the TRS is a little larger ~ 6-7 eb. The DSAM quadrupole moments
Qo drop as the first proton EpFp crossing occurs above 900 keV.
6.2.2. Band 2
The quadrupole moments Qo extracted from the DSAM measurements for band 2
are shown in Fig. 10b. Band 2 does not experience any band crossings over the range
where it is observed which results in a rather constant quadrupole moment of ~6eb.
The TRS prediction based on the AF configuration is in excellent agreement with these
measurements.
6.2.3. Band 3
The quadrupole moments Qo extracted from the DSAM measurements for band 3 are
shown in Fig. 10c. Band 3 is based on a BF configuration and like band 2 does not
experience any band crossing over the entire range it is observed which results in a
rather constant quadrupole moment of ,~5-8 eb. The average prediction from the TRS
calculation is in good agreement, see Fig. 10c.
6.2.4. Band 6
The quadrupole moment, Qo, extracted from the DSAM for band 6 is shown in
Fig. 10d. The average quadrupole moment of the band is ~ 6 - 7 eb. The average pre-
diction fi'om the TRS calculation, based on the BE configuration is in good agreement
with these measurements, see Fig. 10d.
10 .... , .... , .... , .... ,
8f ~ (a)
2 f ~3 B:2dd , F:rkawradrd
1 n . . . . , . . . . , . . . . , . . . . ,
g
c;
g
k
2
N
&
1
E r (keV)
Fig. 10. The quadrupole moment, Qo, extracted from the forward and backward lineshape fits for bands 1
(a), 2(b) and 3(c) and 6 (d). Open symbols refer to the fits extracted from the forward detectors and closed
symbols refer to the backward angles. The largest of the positive and negative errors are shown in the plot.
The thick dotted line represents the quadrupole moment extracted from the TRS calculations for particular
configurations.
In summary the mean lifetimes extracted from the line-shape analysis, for bands
1, 2, 3, and 6, are in excellent agreement with the predicted deformations from the
theoretical TRS calculations which gives strong support to the validity of the config-
uration assignments. These deformations are also in very good agreement with those
of the neighbouring well-deformed Hf nuclei. For example, DSAM lifetime measure-
ments have also been performed in 169Hf [10]. Although these bands are based on the
[ 6 4 2 ] 5 / 2 and [ 5 2 3 ] 5 / 2 neutron configurations, which are below the Fermi surface in
I72Hf, the average deformations of theses bands were measured to be ~ 5 - 6 eb and
,-~6-7 eb, respectively. These deformations are consistent with the general observation
that these mid-mass Hf nuclei are indeed well-deformed axially symmetric nuclei.
6.3. High-K state configurations
6.3.1. The two-quasiparticle bands; bands 8, 9 and 10

Low-lying multi-quasiparticle isomeric states have been established in all of the heavy,
odd- and even-mass hafnium isotopes from 17Hf to 18Hf. Using arguments based on
systematics, Walker et al. [ 1 ] have suggested the following configurations for bands 8, 9
and 10 in I72Hf: (i) the two-quasineutron configuration v { [ 5 1 2 1 5 / 2 [ 6 3 3 1 7 / 2 } 6 - for
band 8; (ii) the two-quasiproton n-{[40417/2[40215/2}6~ singlet state with possibly
a very small admixture of the neutron p{[51417/2@[51215/2}6~ configuration for
band 9; and the 7r{ [ 514] 9 / 2 [404] 7/2}8- two-quasiproton configuration for band 10.
The structures of these three high-K bands are very similar to those built upon the
0.055 . , . , . , , . , .
KX=14+Band
0.050
~z 0.045
o 0.040
Y
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.035
1
0.030
0.02.'
1'7 18 19 ' 20 21 22
Spin (h)
Fig. I 1. (gx - gR)/Qo ratios calculated from the branching ratios in a series of spectra for the KTM = 14+
band in 1 7 2 H f . The weighted average of the ratio is shown by the dashed line.
corresponding isomeric states in 174Hf [ 18]. The alignment properties of these two-
quasiparticle bands are shown in Fig. 9e.
6.3.2. The four-quasiparticle bands; K 7r = 12 + and K ~ = 14 +

The K ~r = 14 + band
The configurations for the four-quasiparticle high-K states in 172Hf have recently
been discussed [4]. The K ~" = 14 + band has been interpreted as a four-quasiparticle
configuration which is composed of two two-quasiparticle states, ( K ~" = 6 - ) ( K ~ =
8 - ) . In the present work, these data allowed a better measurement of the ( A I =
1 ) / ( A I = 2) branching ratios for the rotational band built upon the K ~" = 14 + bandhead
state. For the K ~" = 14 + band the branching ratios have been used to determine the
( g x - g R ) / Q o ratios. The amount of quadrupole admixture into the dipole ( A I = 1)
transitions was estimated from the strong-coupling limit of the rotational model with
6 _ _ _2_ ~ _ 2K2(21 - 1) E 5 I~' (6)

(1+82 ) (I+I)(I-I+K)(I-I-K)E~I~"
is the q u a d r u p o l e / d i p o l e mixing ratio, E and I v respectively refer to the transition

energies (in M e V ) and intensities and the subscripts 1, 2 refer to AI = 1,2 transitions,
respectively. The ratio of the g-factors to the quadrupole moment, Qo was calculated
with
( g x - gR) Et
- 0.933 (7)
Qo 6 x / l 2 - 1"
These equations assume a well-defined K and only yield the magnitude of 8 and not its
sign. The (gK - g R ) / Q o ratios for the K ~ = 14 + band are given in Table 10 and are
plotted in Fig. 11. The sign of ( g x - g R ) / Q o was determined from the positive mixing
ratios (6 > 0) extracted from the DCO ratios for the intra-band transitions [15].
The average (gx - g R ) / Q o ratio extracted for this band, 0.036 0.001 tzN/eb, was
determined from a weighted average of the ( A I = 1 ) / ( 4 1 = 2) branching ratios from a
series o f spectra with different gating conditions. Assuming that the average quadrupole
moment o f the band is ~ 7 eb and that the rotational g-factor, gR = 0.28 4- 0.05, from
Table 10
(gK - gR)/Qo ratios for the transitions in the K~r = 14+ state in 172Hf. The weighted average of the ratio is
0.036 0.001 #N/eb
Spin ( h ) (gK -- gR)/Qo (/zN/eb)
17 0.0381 0 . 0 0 2 1
18 0.03520.0021
19 0.03360.0023
20 0.03820.0026
21 0 . 0 3 4 4 0.0026
Weighted average 0.0364-0.001
the systematics of the region [5] then g x = 0.53 i 0.05. In comparison the K ~ = 14 +
band built upon the same multi-quasiparticle states in 174Hf has g x = 0.57 5:0.07 [ 18].
This similarity and the similarity in alignments and residual interactions, discussed in
Ref. [4], are all consistent with the K ~ = 14 + band in 172Hf being built upon the four
quasiparticle state; ~,( [ 6 3 3 ] 7 / 2 [ 5 1 2 1 5 / 2 ) 6 - 7"r( [ 5 1 4 1 9 / 2 [ 4 0 4 ] 7 / 2 ) 8 - .
T h e K ~ = 12 + i n t r i n s i c s t a t e
In order to try to ascertain the configuration of the K ~ = 12 + intrinsic state it would
also be useful to consider its ( g x - g R ) / Q o ratios. Unfortunately only the first intra-
band transition of this rotational band has been observed at 201.4 keV, see Fig. 1. (The
ordering of the 142.7- and 201.4-keV transitions is based on the systematics of similar
transitions in the neighbouring nuclei.)
Although the full rotational band was not observed to be built upon the K ~ = 12 +
state, as is frequently observed for these intrinsic states, the assignment of a K-value of
12 and the intrinsic nature of the K ~" = 12 + is reasoned from the following arguments:
(i) The complicated and fragmented decay pattern of the K ~ = 12 + state resembles
the decay of other intrinsic high-K states in that it decays to many different structures
in contrast with the decay of any of the collective states, see Fig. 1 and 3.
(ii) The lifetime of the state was determined to be < 2 ns which is in excellent
agreement with the estimates from the systematics of these four quasiparticle states in
the neighbouring nuclei [ 17].
(iii) The excitation energy and residual interaction of this state are also in agree-
ment with those expected based on the systematics of these states in the neighbouring
nuclei, [4].
(iv) The fact that the 1253.4-keV transition shows no lineshape, like that of all the
other decays fi'om this state, is consistent with the half life of the intrinsic state being
longer (about 1 nano-second) than that of the corresponding collective states (a few
pico-seconds) at these energies.
One of the possible configurations for this K ~r = 12 + intrinsic state was suggested
in Ref. [4] to be based on the K ~r = 4 - band 3 coupled to the K ~r = 8 - band 10
with a residual interaction o f - 104 keV. This configuration would be a four-quasiparticle
excitation based on the v ( [ 6 3 3 1 7 / 2 [ 5 2 1 ] !/2)4-'n" ( [ 5 1 4 1 9 / 2 [ 4 0 4 1 7 / 2 ) 8 - states.
6.4. K ~r = 12 + T-ray decays and reduced hindrance factors
Fig. 3 shows a partial level scheme for the decay of the K ~ = 12 + and K ~ = 144
intrinsic states. One of the remarkable properties of the K ~r = 12 + intrinsic state decay
is that the most intense decay branch ( 2 9 . 9 1 . 6 % ) occurs via a single 1253.4-keV
transition directly to the yrast states with the largest K change. However, the reduced
hindrance factor for this transition is <3.3 (assuming that it is a pure A I = 0, M1
transition and the upper limit of the state half life is 2 ns). The reduced hindrance factor
is defined as
fv =
{7"~ /Tw ~1/~'
--I/2 - - I / 2 J
(8)
where T~/2 is the partial y-ray half l i f e , TI~2 is the Weisskopf single-particle half-
life estimate and v is the degree of K forbiddenness, AK - A. In addition, the reduced
hindrance factor for the 1796.8-keV, E2 transition to the yrast 10 + state, f~ < 3.4, is also
small. SimiLarly, the reduced hindrance factors for the AK = 6 y-ray decays (via 732.6-
keV E2 and 462.3-keV M1 transitions) to the known [1] K ~ = 6 + two-quasiproton
~ - ( [ 4 0 4 1 7 / 2 [ 4 0 2 ] 5 / 2 ) 6 , band are also small, <3.6 and <10.8, respectively. The
El decay to the known [ l ] K ~ = 8 - two-quasiproton z r ( [ 5 1 4 1 9 / 2 [ 4 0 4 ] 7 / 2 ) 8-
band (via a 268.6-keV E1 y-ray transition) is the largest reduced hindrance factor
recorded in this work f,, < 157. However, this hindrance factor is actually small for
an E1 transition. (To compare with other multipolarities, it is appropriate to multiply
E l transition rates by a factor of 10a before the f~ is calculated to take account of
the generally strong-E1 hindrance compared with the Weisskopf estimates [31,32]. For
the 268.6-keV transition this gives, f , < 7.) In summary, all of the transitions which
depopulate the K ~ = 12 + intrinsic state are characterised by remarkably small reduced
hindrance factors. The reasons for these small reduced hindrance factors are discussed
below based on two different approaches.
6.4.1. K-mixing due to the Coriolis force

The reason for the small reduced hindrance factor for the 1253.4-keV transition to
the yrast states has been discussed in terms of a mixing of high-K components into the
yrast band [4]. These high-K components arise from the AB band crossing where a
pair of i13/2 neutrons align in the yrast band, due to the Coriolis force, to a configuration
with non-zero K [33]. It is the subsequent mixing between these aligned components
and the K ~ -- 12 + intrinsic state which is assumed to be responsible for this K-violating
decay. Fig. 12 shows the aligned angular momentum, ix for this band and illustrates that
indeed the 1253.4-keV decay occurs to band 1 in the region of the il3/2 band crossing
(hoJ ~ 0.29 M e V / h ) .
In this work decays from the K ~" = 12 + intrinsic state have been established to both
of the lower-K two-quasiproton bands (the K ~ = 6 + and K ~" = 8 - bands 9 and 10)
and not to the lower-K two-quasineutron K ~ = 6 - , v ( [ 6 3 3 1 7 / 2 [ 5 1 2 1 5 / 2 ) band
8. These observations are also consistent with the proposal that the mixing of high-K
[ o,o ~o
'E Io/
c~
F~ O (+0) B' d l
I" (-,I) Band 4
~.'-I" o (+.o)K"=6+
,.~e~/"- .]~ (+,I)K"=6*
,< -~'-- ~ ~,( ,0~K'=8
.1'~/ * ( , I ) K~=8
d P (-,0) K~=6
,< ~-~'~ ( , I ) K~=6
_o_~5~,~ . . . . . . . .
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
h~o t M e V )
Fig. 12. The experimental aligned angular momentum, ix for the strongly coupled high-K bands and band 4 in
JV2Hf. A reference band with Harris parameters ~o = 31.4h2/MeV and ~l = 62.7h4/MeV3 was subtracted
from each band. The bands are shown along with their parity and signature configuration (~', or).
neutron states, in the region of the il3/2 band crossing, is somewhat responsible for the
enhanced decay to these states. Fig. 12 shows that the K ~ = 12 + decay to the K ~ = 6 +
and K ~ = 8 - bands occurs when both these bands are undergoing the neutron i13/2
band crossing. In contrast, the K ~ = 6 - neutron band has this i13/2 band crossing Pauli
blocked, see Fig. 12, which disables the addition of the high-K neutron components into
the K ~" = 6 - configuration and effectively disallows this decay path.
The l162.0-keV decay branch to the newly observed spin (10) state at 2158 keV
may be understood with similar reasoning. Although the configuration for this state, like
that of the other two newly established states at 1941 and 1740 keV, is uncertain, it is
likely that these states have some high-K components and may be understood within
the framework o f tilted-axis cranking calculations [33]. In 174Hf [ 18] such calculations
offered an explanation for the observation of a so-called "t-state" at spin 12. This state
was built upon a configuration in which the il3/2 neutrons had coupled to states with a
large K ~ 8 projection in the region of the neutron AB band crossing. The subsequent
mixing of these high-K components with the K ~ = 14 + bandhead state is expected to
enhance the decay probability [18].
From these arguments it might be concluded that the apparent violation of the K-
selection rule can be completely understood from the addition of high-K neutron com-
ponents into a particular band in the region of the first i13/2 band crossing. However, an
alternative explanation based on a systematic survey of neighbouring four-quasiparticle
decays [34] has been offered which may partially explain these relatively unhindered
decays. These arguments are discussed in the next subsection.
6.4.2. K-mixing based on density-of-states arguments

The reasons for the small reduced hindrance factors have also been discussed as being
due to a trend of decreasing hindrance with increasing excitation energy [34]. These
ideas have been deduced from the systematics of the four quasiparticle K ~" = 12 + decay
to the K ~ = 0 + ground-state bands in 172Hf, with the four quasiparticle K ~ -- 12 + decay
to the K ~ = 0 + ground-state band in lVSw [6]. Four quasiparticle states in 174Hf and
178Hf have previously been shown to mix statistically with states of the same spin and
parity, some of which had lower-K values [35]. In Ref. [34] statistical calculations
have been performed, based on a density-of-states arguments employed by Vigezzi et
al. [36], which predict the amount of mixed low-K component into a higher-K state
as a function of excitation energy. In Ref. [34] it was demonstrated that the estimates
based on such density-of-states considerations could approximately reproduce the trends
in the data for the decay of the K ~" = 12+ states in I72Hf and I78W to their respective
ground-state bands. However, some of the reduced hindrance factors were found to lie
well below the density-of-states estimates. It was argued that these points indicate the
need for other K-mixing effects, for example, Coriolis mixing, discussed above, and the
involvement of Fermi-aligned couplings [ 18,33,37-39] which were not included in the
statistical calculations of Ref. [34]. These couplings primarily affect the K-structure
of the populated states rather than the isomeric states. In summary these statistical
calculations show that the density-of-states plays a fundamental role in K-isomer decays
but does not completely describe the apparent violation of the K-selection rule.
7. Conclusions
In summary, the known level scheme of 172Hf has been extended with three new
collective rotational bands and many new transitions which link the known bands into
the lower-spin states. The mean lifetimes of the collective states in four of the collective
rotational bands have been determined using the Doppler shift attenuation method. The
deformations extracted from these measurements are in good agreement with predictions
from theoretical Total Routhian Surface calculations. In addition, seven new low-intensity
y-ray transitions have been observed which link the K = 12 intrinsic state into a series of
lower-K states. These transitions unambiguously define the positive parity of this state;
K ~ --- 12+. The upper limit half-life of the K = 12 state was determined to be 2 ns and
reduced hindrance factors have been calculated for each of the new decay transitions. In
apparent conflict with the K-selection rule most of these new decays have small reduced
hindrance factors. The reasons for this apparent breakdown in the K-selection rule have
been interpreted in terms of a mixing between states of both low-K and high-K due
to the Coriolis force and also based on the large density-of-states around these excited
four-quasiparticle configurations.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank D.C. Radford for the use of the "Radware" soft-
ware [ 12], W.T. Milner [13] for the use of the "UPAK" software, and H.-Q. Jin for
the use of "Jinware". The Woods-Saxon cranking and TRS codes were provided by Dr.
W. Nazarewicz and Dr. R. Wyss. Useful discussions with EM. Walker and J.A. Sheikh
are gratefully acknowledged. Two of us (A.N.W. and D.E.A.) acknowledge receipt of
D.M. Ctdlen et al./Nttclear Physics A 638 (1998) 662-700 699
E P S R C p o s t g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s h i p s and A.T.R. a c k n o w l e d g e s s u p p o r t f r o m the U n i v e r s i t y

o f L i v e r p o o l d u r i n g the c o u r s e o f this work.
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High-K Decays and Lifetime Measurements in 172Hf

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NUCLEAR

High-K decays and lifetime measurements in 172Hf

Received 19 March 1998; revised 28 May 1998; accepted 2 June 1998

PACS: 21.10.Re; 21.10.Tg; 23.20.Lv; 27.70.+q.

0375-9474/98/$19.00 (~ 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

3. Data analysis and results

4.1. Low-K bands

C,,l r-- <o <o ~ ~n i

-I- ] 752 23. AU, AI-1 Band 9

. . . . . . -1- =" 7L ~3 =' ~L ~ - ~ ' ~. . . . - ~_ Kn=6 + EpCp, EpDp

......................................................... ~:: ................................................................. 702 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E~, ( k e V ) Band ly RDCO Assignment I~

91.3(I) 3 --+2 0.8(1) (MI) 6- ~ 5-

E r (keV) Band 17 RDCO Assignment lff --~ 1~

270.2(3) 2 ~ 1 0.5(1) El 11- ~ 12+

E~, ( k e V ) Band 17 RDCO Assignment lff ---+ 17]

417.0(2) 7 0.8(1) 0.99(15) b El ( 1 0 - ) ~ (9 + )

E~ (keV) Band 17 Roco Assignment lff --* 17

607.7(2) 7 1.0(1) E2 19+ ----, 17+

E z, (keV) Band 1~, RDco Assignment IN

742.6(1) 6 1.4(1) E2 2 5 - ---~23-

E~, (keV) Band Iv RDCO Assignment lff ~ I ~r

4.1.2. Bands 2 and 3

500(}00- ('d) Band 4 ' ' 6(100 1 '~ :

4.1.6. Bands 11, 12 and 13

4.2. High-K bands

4.2.1. The two-quasiparticle bands; bands 8, 9 and 10

4.2.2. The four-quasiparticle band; band 7

786 2)~5 + 7150

20+ 344 6176

Similarly the 1253.4-keV y ray would have to be either an El or M2 transition, either of

5. The lifetimes of the states

5.1. Half lives of the intrinsic high-K states

E~, (keV) ly (%) AK z, = AK -- A .fv

orders of magnitude longer half life of 4 / z s [ 18].

5.1.1. Delayed isomeric states in 17ZHf

5.2. Mean lifetime measurements of the low-K states

7- = 1.23 10J3E~B(E2), (2)

B(E2; l --~ I - 2) = 5 (I 2 0 0 1 1 - 2 0)2Qo2, (4)

where 7- is in picoseconds, E z, is in MeV, Qo is in eb, and B ( E 2 ; I --~ I - 2 ) is in e2b 2.

2500 .... i .... i ....

2500 1oo I II I I 100 ::::l::llllrl

2150 2250 2350 2300 2400 2500 2600

Er Qo Qo Qo T Qo(SF) Qo(SF) Qo(SF)

656.4 5.38+_1~i~ 5 80 +o.60 5 ,~Q+o.77 +o.211 A SO+J20 3 77 +o.53 a l a +1-20

698.7 5 54 + i 4 ~ f~9+9 5 28 + t 4 0 65 +0.05(*) 4 61 +11-24 4 47 + s 4 54 +11-24

758.6 6 D9 +0-29 5 q2 +1t13 5 67 +o.29 0 "~R+0.04 4. O'~+O.22 zl. 10 +1/-23 A ,~(,+0.23

872.6 c- ~+o.34 6 27 +n54 6 19 +o.54 0 13 +0.o2 4, tq'~ +0.(~) ,t i ~ + 0.12 A d l ) + O . 12

919.7 ,~ + 1 1 . 1 2 3 qq+o.l)9 "~ f ~ l + 0 " 1 2 (I ~R +11041.) ~ 90 +0.25 ~ ~7 +0-23 ~i ".IO + 0 - 2 5

958.7 3 93 +11"111 4 97 +0.58 4 i~ +-58 fl 99 +ltJ)6 5 61 +11"26 4 35 +11"15 A OR+0-26

994.1 a q9 +().67 4 26 +7r 4 29 +'71 0 12 +n4 A NO+0.16 A 77 +11-36 A /1"4+0.36

Ey Qo Qo Qo T Qo(SF) Qo(SF) Qo(SF)

634.2 5. ~+o.32 5 89 +0.44 '~ ~1 +44 1 28 +~)2 a IR +().21 4 96 +(~24 4 57 +0.24

5.2.2. Band 2 lineshapes

5.2.3. Band 3 lineshapes

5.2.4. Band 6 lineshapes

1500 ,,,,1''',1,,''1 .... '''l''''l''''l''''l''

Ez Qo Qo Qo T Qo(SF) Qo(SF) Qo(SF)

678.8 5 5 3 +0"13 5 0 9 +eLl6 5 4 6 +1)'16 o ~q+o.04(.) ~i ~19+0.23 .4 6.f~+0.44 5 0 6 +0.44

T h e configurations for the bands in 172Hf have recently been d i s c u s s e d in Ref. [ 4 ] .

a 687keV 200t ...................

Er Qo Qo Qo r Qo(SF) Qo(SF) Qo(SF)

636.5 a AK +11"97 6 0 6 +(k61 '~ 9tq + 0 9 7 1. I R + 0 2 2 A / 1 7 + 1-49 ~ -~+0.52 /t Q I + I A 9

742.4 ~ q,)+o.2o 5 '7~+(137 ~ 'r'A+0"37 0 37 +o.o3(*) 7 RR + 0 6 9 5 37 +19 ~ t~2+0"69

c1. '~" ~. (+ ' O) Band 9