Acknowledgement

We are grateful to project guide Asso.Prof. P.K Jain who laid the time bound program for the
successful completion of the project. He initiated our thoughts and extended timely suggestions and
for his technical support and valuable suggestions for which we are deeply indebted to him. We are
grateful to him for his comments and insights in the preparation of this report without which this
report would not have been completed.

We thank sincerely and profusely to all the staff members of our department of our institute for
their valuable help and guidance.

We also express our gratitude to the institute management to all those who have indirectly helped us
in successful completion of the project. Last but not the least, we are deeply indebted to our parents
for what we are today, because this project report would not have a reality without their love and
support.

Yours Sincerely

Chaitanya Kaskar

Deepak Bobadiya

Jitendra Kumar Jat

 INDEX

* Introduction

* Review

* Hardware description

:- List of components

:- Component description

1. Ultrasonic Sensor module

2. Arduino Uno Board
3. 6V Battery

* Project Working

* Software Description

* Problem Definition

* Result

* Conclusion and Future work

 Introduction

This project IOT Garbage Monitoring system is a very innovative system which will
help to keep the cities clean. This system monitors the garbage bins and informs
about the level of garbage collected in the garbage bins via an app. For this the
system uses ultrasonic sensors placed over the bins to detect the garbage level and
compare it with the garbage bins depth. The system makes use of AVR family
microcontroller.The system is powered by a 6V Battery. The Application is used to
display the status of the level of garbage collected in the bins. Whereas it show the
status to the user monitoring it.It gives a graphical view of the garbage bins and
highlights the garbage collected in color in order to show the level of garbage
collected. The system uses messaging,when the level of garbage collected crosses the
set limit.Thus this system helps to keep the city clean by informing about the garbage
levels of the bins by providing graphical image of the bins via IOT platform.
 Review

India faces major environmental challenges associated with waste generation and
inadequate waste collection, transport, treatment and disposal. Current systems in
India cannot cope with the volumes of waste generated by an increasing urban
population, and this impacts on the environment and public health. The challenges
and barriers are significant, but so are the opportunities. This paper reports on an
international seminar on Sustainable solid waste management for cities:
opportunities in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
countries organized by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National
Environmental Engineering Research Institute and the Royal Society. A priority is to
move from reliance on waste dumps that offer no environmental protection, to waste
management systems that retain useful resources within the economy. Waste
segregation at source and use of specialized waste processing facilities to separate
recyclable materials has a key role. Disposal of residual waste after extraction of
material resources needs engineered landfill sites and/or investment in waste-to-
energy facilities. The potential for energy generation from landfill via methane
extraction or thermal treatment is a major opportunity, but a key barrier is the
shortage of qualified engineers and environmental professionals with the experience
to deliver improved waste management systems in India.

Solid waste management (SWM) is a major problem for many urban local bodies
(ULBs) in India, where urbanization, industrialization and economic growth have
resulted in increased municipal solid waste (MSW) generation per person. Effective
SWM is a major challenge in cities with high population density. Achieving
sustainable development within a country experiencing rapid population growth and
improvements in living standards is made more difficult in India because it is a
diverse country with many different religious groups, cultures and traditions.
Despite significant development in social, economic and environmental areas, SWM
systems in India have remained relatively unchanged. The informal sector has a key
role in extracting value from waste, with approximately 90% of residual waste
currently dumped rather than properly landfilled. There is an urgent need to move to
more sustainable SWM, and this requires new management systems and waste
management facilities. Current SWM systems are inefficient, with waste having a
negative impact on public health, the environment and the economy. The waste
Management and Handling Rules in India were introduced by the Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MoEF), although compliance is variable and limited.
 population
total waste generated in waste generation (kg per
(2011)106
City tonnes per day capita per day)
Ahmedabad 6.3 2300 0.36
Hyderabad 7.7 4200 0.54
Bangalore 8.4 3700 0.44
Chennai 8.6 4500 0.52
Kolkata 14.1 3670 0.26
Delhi 16.3 5800 0.41
Mumbai 18.4 6500 0.35
 Hardware

Arduino UNO :- Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P.

It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it
with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your
UNO without worring too much about doing something wrong, worst case
scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.

"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino
Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE)
were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The
Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference
model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated
boards see the Arduino index of boards.

Technical Specification :-

Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Clock Speed 16 Mhz
The Board

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into
the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin
headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6
to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than
five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12
volts.
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically.
The power pins are as follows:

VIN :- The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying
voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
5V :- The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board
regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
3V3 :- A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.
GND:- Ground pins.

Memory :- The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which
0,5 KB is used for the bootloader); It has also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB
of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

Input & Output :- Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or
output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead()
functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pin
have specialized functions:

Serial 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) :- Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip .

External Interrupts 2 and 3 :- These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a

low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt()
function for details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 :- Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK) :- These pins support SPI

communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not
currently included in the Arduino language.
LED: 13:- There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024
different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it
possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the
analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

I 2 C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL) :- Support I 2 C (TWI) communication using the Wire

library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF :- Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset :- Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

Communication

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL
(5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An
ATmega8U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears
as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the
standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on
Windows, an *.inf file is required..
The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to
be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash
when data is being transmitted via the USB-to- serial chip and USB connection to the
computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial
library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.

The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the
documentation for details.
Programming

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno w/ ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the
microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows
you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the
ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.
The ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available . The ATmega8U2 is loaded with
a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the solder jumper on the
back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. You can then
use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and
Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external
programmer
(overwriting the DFU bootloader).

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a
connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the
ATmega8U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad
capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to
reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload code
by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that
the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-
coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer
running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on
the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an
upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after
a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time
configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which
it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this
data.

The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either
side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN".
You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from
5V to the reset line.

USB Overcurrent Protection :-

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports
from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal
protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is
applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the
short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics :-

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively,
with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension.
Three screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the
distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the
100 mil spacing of the other pins.

How to use Arduino :-

Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and
can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The
microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming
language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on
Processing). Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with
software on running on a computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP). Arduino is a
cross-platoform program. You ll have to follow different instructions for your
personal OS.
Check on the Arduino site for the latest instructions.
http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage.

Once you have downloaded/unzipped the arduino IDE, you can Plug the Arduino to
your PC via USB cable.

Blink LED :-

Now you re actually ready to burn your first program on the arduino board. To
select blink led , the physical translation of the well known programming hello
world , select
File>Sketchbook>
Arduino-0017>Examples>
Digital>Blink
Once you have your skecth you ll see something very close to the screenshot on the
right.
In Tools>Board select
Now you have to go to
Tools>SerialPort
and select the right serial port, the one arduino is attached to.
Dimensional Drawing :-
 Ultrasonic Sensor :-

An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using
sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific
frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed
time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it
is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.

Since it is known that sound travels through air at about 344 m/s (1129 ft/s), you can
take the time for the sound wave to return and multiply it by 344 meters (or 1129
feet) to find the total round-trip distance of the sound wave. Round-trip means that
the sound wave traveled 2 times the distance to the object before it was detected by
the sensor; it includes the 'trip' from the sonar sensor to the object AND the 'trip' from
the object to the Ultrasonic sensor (after the sound wave bounced off the object). To
find the distance to the object, simply divide the round-trip distance in half.

It is important to understand that some objects might not be detected by ultrasonic

sensors. This is because some objects are shaped or positioned in such a way that the
sound wave bounces off the object, but are deflected away from the Ultrasonic
sensor. It is also possible for the object to be too small to reflect enough of the sound
wave back to the sensor to be detected. Other objects can absorb the sound wave all
together (cloth, carpeting, etc), which means that there is no way for the sensor to
detect them accurately. These are important factors to consider when designing and

programming a robot using an ultrasonic sensor.

Battery :- We are using a 6V battery to supply input dc voltage to the arduino

board.
 Working

In this dumpster/garbage Monitoring System which will tell us that whether the trash can is
empty or full through the application,you can know the status of your Trash Can or 'Dumpsters'
from anywhere in the world over the Internet. It will be very useful and can be installed in the Trash
Cans at public places as well as at home.

In this project,an Ultrasonic Sensor is used for detecting whether

the trash can is filled with garbage or not. Here Ultrasonic Sensor is installed at the top of Trash
Can and will measure the distance of garbage from the top of Trash can and we can set a threshold
value according to the size of trash can. If the distance will be less than this threshold value, means
that the Trash can is full of garbage and we will print the message Basket is Full on the webpage
and if the distance will be more than this threshold value, then we will print the message Basket is
Empty
Here we have used LAN cable to connect Arduino to Internet.
 Software

ethernet_on_off.ino

/*
Web client

This sketch connects to a website (http://www.google.com)

using an Arduino Wiznet Ethernet shield.

Circuit:
* Ethernet shield attached to pins 10, 11, 12, 13

created 18 Dec 2009

by David A. Mellis
modified 9 Apr 2012
by Tom Igoe, based on work by Adrian McEwen

*/

#include <SPI.h>
#include <Ethernet.h>

#include <NewPing.h>

#define TRIGGER_PIN 8 // Arduino pin tied to trigger pin on the ultrasonic sensor.
#define ECHO_PIN 9 // Arduino pin tied to echo pin on the ultrasonic sensor.
#define MAX_DISTANCE 50
NewPing sonar(TRIGGER_PIN, ECHO_PIN, MAX_DISTANCE);
// Enter a MAC address for your controller below.
// Newer Ethernet shields have a MAC address printed on a sticker on the shield
byte mac[] = { 0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0xFE, 0xED };
// if you don't want to use DNS (and reduce your sketch size)
// use the numeric IP instead of the name for the server:
//IPAddress server(74,125,232,128); // numeric IP for Google (no DNS)
char server[] = "www.pitstall.in"; // name address for Google (using DNS)

// Set the static IP address to use if the DHCP fails to assign

IPAddress ip(192, 168, 0, 177);

// Initialize the Ethernet client library

// with the IP address and port of the server
// that you want to connect to (port 80 is default for HTTP):
EthernetClient client;
int a = 1;
String s= "";
int b=0;
char junk;
String inputString="";

void setup() {
// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
Serial.begin(9600);

while (!Serial) {
 ; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only

// start the Ethernet connection:

if (Ethernet.begin(mac) == 0) {
Serial.println("Failed to configure Ethernet using DHCP");
// try to congifure using IP address instead of DHCP:
Ethernet.begin(mac, ip);
}
// give the Ethernet shield a second to initialize:
delay(1000);
Serial.println("connecting...");

// if you get a connection, report back via serial:

void loop() {
// if there are incoming bytes available
// from the server, read them and print them:

delay(50); // Wait 50ms between pings (about 20 pings/sec). 29ms

should be the shortest delay between pings.
unsigned int uS = sonar.ping();
 if (client.available()) {

char c = client.read();
s = s + c;
Serial.print(c);

// if the server's disconnected, stop the client:

if (!client.connected()) {
Serial.println();
Serial.println("disconnecting.");
client.stop();

Serial.println(uS / US_ROUNDTRIP_CM);
if(uS / US_ROUNDTRIP_CM !=0)
{
connectclient(uS / US_ROUNDTRIP_CM);
}
// do nothing forevermore:

}
}
void connectclient(int analogvalue){

if (client.connect(server, 80)) {
Serial.println("connected");
// Make a HTTP request:

client.print("GET /arduino.php?value=");
client.print(analogvalue);

client.println(" HTTP/1.1");

client.println("Host: www.pitstall.in");
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println();
} else {
// if you didn't get a connection to the server:
Serial.println("connection failed");
}
}
App code

<?php

require_once 'header.php';

$myfil = fopen("value.txt", "r") or die("Unable to open file!");

$status = fgets($myfil);

if (isset($_POST['name']))
{
queryMysql("UPDATE majorproject SET Isfull ='empty' WHERE Type = 'bin' ");
$status='Bin is Set To Empty';
}

fclose($myfil);
echo "<center>";

if($status == 'This Dustinbin is full')

{
echo "<img class='percentage' src='100.jpg' height='250' > <br><a
href='majorappmain2.php'><img class='bin' src='dustbin icon.jpg'></a>"; //shows
image of 100% full
}

if($status == 'This Dustbin is 70% full')

{
 echo "<img class='percentage' src='70.jpg' height='250' > <br><a
href='majorappmain2.php'><img class='bin' src='dustbin icon.jpg'></a>";//shows
image of 70% full
}

if($status == 'This Dustbin is about 40% full')

{
echo "<img class='percentage' src='40.jpg' height='250' > <br><a
href='majorappmain2.php'><img class='bin' src='dustbin icon.jpg'></a>";//shows
image of 40% full
}

if($status == 'Bin is Set To Empty' || $status == 'This Dustbin is empty')

{
echo "<img class='percentage' src='0.jpg' height='250' > <br><a
href='majorappmain2.php'><img class='bin' src='dustbin icon.jpg'></a>";//shows
image of 0% full
}

echo <<<_END
<link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto' rel='stylesheet'
type='text/css'>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=500, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1">
<style>
body
{
 width:95%;
overflow:hidden;
font-family: 'Roboto' ,sans-serif;

}
.bin{

position:relative;
left:10px;
}

#submitbutton
{
color:white;
font-family: 'Roboto' ,sans-serif;
background:#a2b7d9;
border:0px;
padding:10px;
border-radius:5px;

}
</style>

<br>$status<br><br>
<form action= 'majorappmain2.php' method='post' >
<input name='name' value='123456' type='hidden'>
<input class='bin' id='submitbutton' type='submit' value='Empty Bin'><br>
</form>
</center>

_END;

Arduino

<?php

require_once 'header.php';

$q = $_GET["value"];
$myfil = fopen("value.txt", "w") or die("Unable to open file!");

$q = (int)$q;

if($q < 7)
{

$q='This Dustinbin is full';

}
else{
if($q < 15)
{
$q='This Dustbin is 70% full';
 }
else
{
if($q < 22)
{
$q='This Dustbin is about 40% full';
}
else
{

$q='This Dustbin is empty';

}
 Problem Definition

As we have seen number of times the dustbins are getting overflown and concern
person don t get the informationwithin a time and due to whichunsanitary condition
formed in the surroundings, at the same time bad smell spread out due to waste, bad
look of the city which paves the way for air pollution and to some harmful diseases
around the locality which is easily spreadable.

i. Disadvantages of the existing system

* Time consuming and less effective: trucks go and empty containers whether they
are full or not.
* High costs.
* Unhygienic Environment and look of the city.
* Bad smell spreads and may cause illness to human beings.
* More traffic and Noise.

ii. Advantages of the proposed system

* Real time information on the fill level of the dustbin.

* Deployment of dustbin based on the actual needs.
* Cost Reduction and resource optimization.
* Improves Environment quality
* Fewer smells
* Cleaner cities
* Intelligent management of the services in the city.
* Effective usage of dustbins.
 Result

The following are the results which obtained from this work,

* Waste Level detection inside the dustbin

* Transmit the information wirelessly to concerned
* The data can be accessed anytime and from anywhere
* The real-time data transmission and access
* Avoids the overflows of Dustbins

This IoT based waste management is very useful for smart cities in different aspects.
We have seen that, in cities there are different dustbins located in the different area s
and dustbins get over flown many times and the concerned people do not get
information about this. Our system is designed to solve this issue and will provide
complete details of the dustbin located in the different area s throughout the city. The
concerned authority can access the information from anywhere and anytime to get the
details. Accordingly they can take the decision on this immediately.
 Conclusion and Future Work

We have implemented real time waste management system by using smart dustbins
to check the fill level of smart dustbins whether the dustbin are full or not.In this
system the information of all smart dustbins can be accessed from anywhere and
anytime by the concern person and he/she can take a decision accordingly. By
implementing this
proposed system the cost reduction, resource optimization, effective usage of smart
dustbins can be done.This system indirectly reducing traffic in the city. In major
cities the garbage collection vehicle visit the area s everyday twice or thrice depends
on the population of the particular area and sometimes these dustbins may not be full.
Our System will inform the status of each and every dust bin in real time so that the
concerned authority can send the garbage collection vehicle only when the dustbin is
full.

The scope for the future work is this system can be implemented with time stamp in
which real-time clock shown to the concern person at what time dust bin is full and at
what time the waste is collected from the smart dustbins.