Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions

Exercise 4A
Exercise 4B
Exercise 4C
Check Yourself
Revision Exercise 4
Hints for the question on the title page
Additional questions
Use of I.T.
Classwork and Extension
96 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions

CHAPTER 4 (c) [ (i) a = −3 < 0, the graph opens downwards.

(ii) The coordinates of the vertex are
(3, 2).
(iii) When x = 0, y = −3(0 − 3) 2 + 2 = −25 .
Exercise 4A (page 4.18) ∴ The y-intercept is −25. ]
The graph of y = −3( x − 3) 2 + 2 is as
1. (a) [ (i) a = 1 > 0, the graph opens upwards. follows:
(ii) The coordinates of the vertex are y
(2, 1). (3, 2)
O
(iii) When x = 0, y = (0 − 2) 2 + 1 = 5 . x
∴ The y-intercept is 5. ]
The graph of y = ( x − 2) 2 + 1 is as follows:
y

y = ( x − 2 )2 + 1
5 −25
y = −3(x − 3) 2 + 2

2. (a) The coordinates of the vertex are (−

1, 4).
∴ h = −1 , k = 4
(2, 1)
x
O When x = 0, y = 0.
∴ a[0 − (−1)] 2 + 4 = 0
(b) [ (i) a = −2 < 0, the graph opens downwards. a = −4
(ii) The coordinates of the vertex are (b) The coordinates of the vertex are
(−3, −4). (4, 2).
(iii) When x = 0, y = −2(0 + 3) 2 − 4 = −22 . ∴ h=4, k =2
∴ The y-intercept is −22. ] When x = 0, y = −1.
2
The graph of y = −2( x + 3) − 4 is as ∴ a (0 − 4) 2 + 2 = −1
follows: 3
y a =−
16
(c) The coordinates of the vertex are (−
O
x 2, −4).
(−3, −4)
∴ h = −2 , k = −4
When x = 0, y = 3.
∴ a[0 − (−2)] 2 − 4 = 3
7
−22 a=
y = −2(x + 3) 2 − 4 4
(d) The coordinates of the vertex are
(3, −1).
∴ h = 3 , k = −1
When x = 0, y = 0.
 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions 97

∴ a(0 − 3) 2 − 1 = 0 ∴ The coordinates of the vertex are (1, − 8).

1 a=3>0
a=
9
∴ The graph opens upwards.
Hence the vertex is the lowest point.
3. (a) [ (i) The graph opens upwards.
∴ a>0 y = ( x − 2)(2 x + 3)
(c)
(ii) x-coordinate of the vertex is negative. = 2 x 2 − 4 x + 3x − 6
∴ h<0 = 2x 2 − x − 6
(iii) y-coordinate of the vertex is negative. −1
=−
∴ k<0] x-coordinate of the vertex 2(2)
∴ a > 0, h < 0, k < 0 1
=
4
(b) [ (i) The graph opens downwards. 4(2)(−6) − (−1) 2
∴ a<0 =
y-coordinate of the vertex 4(2)
(ii) x-coordinate of the vertex = 0 49
=−
∴ h=0 8
(iii) y-coordinate of the vertex is positive. ∴ The coordinates of the vertex are
∴ k>0] 1 49
( , − ).
∴ a < 0, h = 0, k > 0 4 8
a=2>0
4(−1)(−6) − 4 2 ∴ The graph opens upwards.
4. Maximum value =
4(−1) Hence the vertex is the lowest point.
= −2
(d) y = ( x − 2)(3 − x)
= − x 2 + 5x − 6
4(1)(k ) − 4 2 5
=0 =−
4(1) x-coordinate of the vertex 2(−1)
5.
4k − 16 5
=0 =
4 2
k =4
4(−1)(−6) − 5 2
=
y-coordinate of the vertex 4(−1)
4 1
6. (a) x-coordinate of the vertex = − 2(−2) =
4
=1 ∴ The coordinates of the vertex are
4(−2)(−7) − 4 2 5 1
y-coordinate of the vertex = 4(−2)
( , ).
2 4
= −5
a = −1 < 0
∴ The coordinates of the vertex are (1, − 5).
∴ The graph opens downwards.
a = −2 < 0 Hence the vertex is the highest point.
∴ The graph opens downwards.
Hence the vertex is the highest point. a=2
−6 4
(b) x-coordinate of the vertex = − 2(3) 7. (a) h = − 2(2) = −1
=1 4(2)(1) − 4 2
k= = −1
4(3)(−5) − (−6) 2 4(2)
y-coordinate of the vertex = 4(3) ∴ The function becomes y = 2( x + 1) 2 − 1.
= −8
[ (i) a = 2 > 0
98 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions

∴ The graph opens upwards. y

(
3 15
, )
2 2
(ii) The coordinates of the vertex are
(−1, −1).
(iii) When x = 0, y = 1.
∴ The y-intercept is 1. ] y = −2x 2 + 6x + 3
2
The graph of y = 2 x + 4 x + 1 is as follows:
y 3

y = 2x 2 + 4x + 1
x
O
1

x
O a=3
2 1
(−1, −1) (c) h = − 2(3) = − 3
4(3)(−1) − 2 2 4
a = −2 k= =−
4(3) 3
6 3 1 4
(b) h = − 2(−2) = 2 ∴ The function becomes y = 3( x + ) 2 − .
3 3
4(−2)(3) − 6 2 15
k= = [ (i) a=3>0
4(−2) 2
∴ The function becomes ∴ The graph opens upwards.

3 15 (ii) The coordinates of the vertex are

y = −2( x − ) 2 + . 1 4
2 2 (− , − ) .
3 3
[ (i) a = −2 < 0 (iii) When x = 0, y = −1.
∴ The graph opens downwards. ∴ The y-intercept is −1. ]
(ii) The coordinates of the vertex are
The graph of y = 3 x 2 + 2 x − 1 is as follows:
3 15
( , ). y
2 2
(iii) When x = 0, y = 3.
∴ The y-intercept is 3. ]
The graph of y = −2 x 2 + 6 x + 3 is as y = 3x 2 + 2x − 1
follows:

O
x
−1
1 4
(− ,− )
3 3

8. (a) [ (i) The graph opens downwards.

∴ a<0
(ii) y-intercept = 0
∴ c=0
 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions 99

−b 0 = −4( x − 2) 2 + k
(iii) h = 2a
0 = −4( x − 2) 2 + 25
b = −2ah
25
a < 0 and h > 0 ( x − 2) 2 =
4
∴ b = −2ah > 0 ] 5
x−2 = ±
Hence a is negative, b is positive and c is zero. 2
5 5
∴ x−2 = or x − 2 = −
2 2
9 1
x= or x=−
2 2
Hence the x - intercepts of the graph are
9 1
and − .
2 2

11. (a) M is the mid-point of A and B.

(b) [ (i) The graph opens upwards. −1 + 5
∴ The x-coordinate of M = =2
∴ a>0 2
(ii) y-intercept = 0 Hence the coordinates of M are (2, 0).
∴ c=0
−b
(iii) h = 2a (b) The line of symmetry of the graph
b = −2ah passes through the vertex (h, k).
a > 0 and h = 0 ∴ h=2
∴ b = −2ah = 0 ] B(5, 0) is a point on the graph.
Hence a is positive, b is zero and c is zero. ∴ 0 = (5 − 2) 2 + k
k = −9
9. The graph passes through the point
(0, 1). (c) y = ( x − 2) 2 − 9
m + 1 2 m −1 2 When x = 0,
∴ y = (x − ) −( )
2 2 y = (0 − 2) 2 − 9
m + 1 2 m −1 2
1 = (0 − ) −( ) = −5
2 2
m 1 m 1 ∴ The y - intercept is − 5.
1 = ( + )2 − ( − )2
2 2 2 2
m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1
1 = [( + ) + ( − )][( + ) − ( − )]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 12. (a) The x-coordinate of the vertex of the
1 = (m)(1) graph
m=1 4+2
=
2
=3
10. (a) The graph passes through the point
3
(−1, −11). When x = 1, y = − ,
2
∴ − 11 = −4[(−1) − 2] 2 + k 3
k = 25 − = a(1 − 3) 2 + k
2
8a + 2k + 3 = 0 ......................... (1)
(b) When y = 0,
When x = 2, y = 0,
0 = a (2 − 3) 2 + k
a + k = 0 .................................. (2)
100 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions

6a + 3 = 0 (c) y = ( x − 1)( x + 3)
(1) – 2 × (2),
1 = x 2 + 2x − 3
a=−
2 4(1)(−3) − 2 2
1 Minimum value of y =
Substitute a = − into (2), 4(1)
2 = −4
1
− +k =0
2
1
k= 15. (a) The graph passes through the point
2
(2, 1).
1 1
∴ The values of a, h and k are − , 3 and ∴ 1 = 2 2 + k (2) + (3 − 4k )
2 2
1 = 4 + 2 k + 3 − 4k
respectively.
k =3
1
(b) From the result of (a), a = − < 0. y = x 2 + kx + (3 − 4k )
2 (b)
Therefore the graph opens downwards. = x 2 + 3 x + [3 − 4(3)]
Then the vertex (h, k) is the maximum = x 2 + 3x − 9
point of the graph. 4(1)(−9) − 3 2
1 =
∴ The maximum value of y = k = 2 Minimum value of y 4(1)
45
=−
4

(c) When x = 0, (c) When y = 0,

1 1 9 1
y = − (0 − 3) 2 + = − + = −4 0 = x 2 + 3x − 9
2 2 2 2
− 3 ± 3 2 − 4(1)(−9)
∴ The y - intercept is − 4. x=
2(1)
− 3 ± 45
=
13. (a) The graph passes through the point 2
A(−1, −8). −3±3 5
=
∴ − 8 = a (−1) 2 + 4(−1) − 5 2
a=1 −3+3 5
∴ The x - intercepts are and
−4 2
(b) x-coordinate of the vertex = 2(1)
−3−3 5
= −2 .
2
4(1)(−5) − 4 2
y-coordinate of the vertex = 4(1) 16. (a) The graph passes through the points
= −9 A(−4, 0) and B(1, 0).
∴ The coordinates of the vertex are (−2, − 9).
∴ 
0 =a ( −4) 2 −9( −4) +c
 2

0 =a (1) −9(1) +c
14. (a) The graph passes through the point 0 = 16a + 36 + c .............. (1)
P(2, 5). 0 = a − 9 + c ................... (2)

∴ 5 = a(2 − 1)(2 + 3)
(1) – (2), 0 = 15a + 45
a =1 a = −3
(b) When y = 0, Substitute a = −3 into (2),
0 = ( x − 1)( x + 3) 0 = a −9+c
x = 1 or x = −3 0 = −3 − 9 + c
∴ The coordinates of A and B are (−3, 0) c = 12
and (1, 0) respectively. (b) y = −3 x 2 − 9 x + 12
 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions 101

4(−3)(12) − (−9) 2 Exercise 4B (page 4.25)

=
Maximum value of y 4(−3)
1. Maximum area of the rectangle ABCD
75
= = 49 cm 2
4
The corresponding value of x is 7.
17. (a) x-coordinate of the vertex = 3
−b = 3
2( 4) 2. (a) At the initial position, t = 0.
b = − 24 s = −5(0 − 1) 2 + 5
y-coordinate of the vertex = −16 =0
4(4)c − b 2 ∴ The initial position of the ball is at the
= −16
4(4)
height of 0 m, i.e. the ball is on the ground.
16c − (−24) 2
= −16
16 (b) When t = 1, s attains its maximum value 5.
c = 20
∴ The time taken for the ball to reach its
(b) When y = 0,
highest position is 1 s, and the maximum
0 = 4 x 2 − 24 x + 20
2
x − 6x + 5 = 0 height attained by the ball is 5 m.
( x − 1)( x − 5) = 0
x = 1 or x = 5
∴ The x - intercepts of the graph are 1 and 5.

18. The graph passes through the points (− 3. A = x(160 − 2 x)

= −2 x 2 + 160 x
4, 0), (1, 0) and (0, −2).
When A attains its maximum value,
0 = a(−4) 2 + b(−4) + c
 −160
∴ 2 x=
0 = a(1) + b(1) + c 2(−2)
− 2 = a (0) 2 + b(0) + c = 40
 2
0 = 16a − 4b + c ............. (1) When x = 40, A = −2(40) + 160(40)
 = 3 200
0 = a + b + c ................... (2)
− 2 = c ........................... (3) ∴ Maximum area of the enclosed yard is 3 200 m 2
and the corresponding value of x is 40.
From (3), we have c = −2

Substitute c = −2 into (1) and (2), we have

0 = 16a − 4b − 2 −10
0 = a + b − 2 4. When h attains its maximum, t = 2(−5)

=1
8a − 2b − 1 = 0 ................ (4) 2
a + b − 2 = 0 ................... (5) When t = 1, h = −5(1) + 10(1) + 1 = 6

∴ The maximum height of the volleyball is 6 m
8a − 2b − 1 + 2a + 2b − 4 = 0
10a − 5 = 0 and the corresponding time taken is 1 s.
(4) + 2 × (5),
1
a=
2
1 5. Let the smaller number be y, then the larger
Substitute a = in (5), we have number is y + 4.
2
1
0 = +b−2
2 Their product = y ( y + 4)
3 = y2 + 4y
b=
2 −4
When their product is at minimum, y = 2(1)
= −2
102 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions

∴ The two numbers are − 2 and 2. 2 rπ

+ 2r + 2h = 4
2
rπ + 2 r + 2 h = 4
6. Let one of the numbers be y, then the other 9. (a) (i) 4 − 2 r − rπ
h=
number is 12 − y. 2
(π + 2)r
Their product = y (12 − y ) = 2−
2
= − y 2 + 12 y
−12 1 2
When their product is at maximum, y = 2(−1) A = 2rh + r π
2
=6 (π + 2)r 1 2
∴ The two numbers are 6 and 6. = 2 r[ 2 − ]+ r π
2 2
(ii) 2 1 2
= 4r − r (π + 2) + r π
2
7. (a) The length of each side of the large 1 2 2
= 4r − r π − 2r
80 − 4 x 2
square is ( ) cm , i.e. (20 − x) cm.
4 π
= − ( + 2)r 2 + 4r
∴ Total area of the two squares 2
= [ x 2 + (20 − x) 2 ] cm 2
(b) Maximum area of the window
= ( x 2 + 400 − 40 x + x 2 ) cm 2
− 4( π2 + 2)(0) − 4 2
= (2 x 2 − 40 x + 400) cm 2 =[ ] m2
− 4( π2 + 2)
16
=( ) m2
(b) Minimum total area of the two squares 2π + 8
8
4(2)(400) − (−40) 2 =( ) m2
=[ ] cm 2 π+4
4(2)
= 200 cm 2
10. (a) RC = (16 – x) cm
3x + 2 y = 400 ∆RCB ~ ∆RPQ
8. (a)
y = 400 − 3x ∴ RC = CB
2 RP PQ
Area of the rectangular field (16 − x) cm CB
=
16 cm 12 cm
= xy m 2 3(16 − x)
400 − 3 x CB = cm
= [ x( )] m 2 4
2
3 Area of the rectangle PABC
= (− x 2 + 200 x) m 2 = CB × CP
2
3(16 − x)
(b) Largest possible area of the field =[ ]( x) cm 2
4
4(− 32 )(0) − 200 2 3
= (− x 2 + 12 x) cm 2
= m2 4
4(− 3
2
)
2 (b) Maximum area of PABC
= 6 666 m 2
3 4(− 34 )(0) − 12 2
= cm 2
4(− 3
4
)
= 48 cm 2
 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions 103

100 (b) Reflect along the y-axis

11. (a) Length of the box = [ 2 − x − 5(4)] cm
(c) Translate 5 units to the right and 4 units
= (30 − x) cm
upwards
3
Capacity of the box = 5 x(30 − x) cm (d) Translate 1 unit to the left and 2 units
= (−5 x 2 + 150 x) cm 3 downwards
y
(b) When the capacity of the box attains its y = f(x)
maximum value, 7
−150 y = f(x + 1) − 2
x= 6
2(−5)
5
= 15 y = f(−x)
4
Width of the sheet = (15 + 5 × 2) cm
= 25 cm 3
y = −f(x)
Length of the sheet = (30 − 15 + 5 × 2) cm 2
= 25 cm
1
∴ The dimensions of the sheet are
x
25 cm × 25 cm. −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1

−2
y = f(x − 5) + 4
Exercise 4C (page 4.33) −3

1. (a) Reflect along the x-axis −4

(b) Reflect along the x-axis −5
(c) Translate 2 units to the left and 3 units
downwards
(d) Reflect along the y-axis

2
2. (a) The required function is y = ( x + 2) − 10 . 6. (a) Translate 5 units to the left
(b) Translate 10 units downwards
(b) The required function is y = −( x 2 − 3) , (c) Translate 4 units to the left and 5 units
2 downwards
i.e. y = − x + 3 . (d) Translate 2 units to the right and 3 units
upwards
(c) The required function is y = (− x − 5) 2 , y
2 y = f(x − 2) + 3
i.e. y = ( x + 5) . 25
y = f(x)
20

2 15
3. (a) The required function is y = ( x − 3) − 3 .
y = f(x + 5) 10
2
(b) The required function is y = ( x + 2) + 2 . 5

x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
2 −5
4. (a) The required function is y = −( x + 4) − 2 . y = f(x + 4) − 5
−10 y = f(x) − 10
2
(b) The required function is y = −( x − 6) + 3 .

5. (a) Reflect along the x-axis

104 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions

7. y 10. (a) y
y = x3
10 C1: y = f(x)
3
5 y = (x − 3) + 3

x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
−5 x
y = (x + 3) 3 O
3
−10 y = −x

C2: y = −f(x)

8. (a) g ( x ) = ( x −5) 2 ( x −5 +2)

= ( x −5) 2 ( x −3)
(b) f ( x) = x 2 + 4 x + 5
2
(b) y = ( x − 5) ( x − 3)
∴ C 2 : y = − f ( x) = − x 2 − 4 x − 5
When x = 0,
y = (0 − 5) 2 (0 − 3) x-coordinate of the vertex of C 2
−4
= −75 =−
2(−1)
∴ The coordinates of Q are (0, − 75).
= −2
y-coordinate of the vertex of C 2
9. y
4(−1)(−5) − (−4) 2
=
8 4(−1)
y=x 2 = −1
6
∴ Coordinates of the vertex of C 2
4
are (−2, − 1).
2 y = −(x − 1) 2 + 3
y = −(x + 3) 2 The y - intercept of C 2 is − 5.
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
−2
11. (a) g ( x) = − x( x + 2)( x + 3)
−4
y = −x 2 + 2 (b) h( x) = (− x)(− x + 2)(− x + 3)
= − x( x − 2)( x − 3)
(a) Reflect along the x-axis and translate
2 units upwards
12. (a) Translate 1 unit to the right and 3 units
(b) Translate 3 units to the left and reflect
downwards
along the x-axis 3
(c) Translate 1 unit to the right, reflect (b) g ( x) = ( x − 1 − 1) + 2 − 3
along the x-axis and translate 3 units = ( x − 2) 3 − 1
upwards (c) When x = 0,
g ( x) = (0 − 2) 3 − 1
= −9
∴ The coordinates of D are (0, − 9).

13. (a) Coordinates of the vertex Q = (2, 1)

C1 passes through the point Q(2, 1).
∴ 1 = 2 2 − 4(2) + k
k =5

(b) C1 : y = x 2 − 4 x + 5
 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions 105

∴ C 2 : y = x 2 + 4 x + 5 − 10 4(2)(6) − (−8) 2
=
2
= x − 4x − 5 4(2)
2 = −2
Hence f ( x) = x − 4 x − 5
∴ The coordinates of the vertex are
(c) When y = 0, (2, − 2).
2
0 = x − 4x − 5
0 = ( x − 5)( x + 1)
3. (a) The selling price of each shirt such that
x = 5 or x = −1
the profit is at the maximum
∴ The coordinates of A and B at which
−80
C 2 cuts the x - axis are (−1, 0) and (5, 0) = $[ ]
2(− 15 )
respectively. = $200

4(− 15 )(0) − 80 2
(b) Maximum profit = $[ 4(− 15 )
]
Check Yourself (page 4.38)
= $8 000
1. (a) The coordinates of the vertex A are (−1, − 3).
2
4. (a) f ( x) = 2( x − 1 + 2) − 8
(b) The graph passes through the point
(0, −2). f ( x) = 2( x + 1) 2 − 8
∴ − 2 = a (0 + 1) 2 − 3
2
a =1 (b) g ( x) = 2(− x − 1) − 8
g ( x) = 2( x + 1) 2 − 8

2. (a) y-intercept = 6
∴ c=6
Revision Exercise 4 (page 4.39)
y = ax 2 + bx + 6
The graph passes through the points 1. (a) h = 1
(1, 0) and (3, 0). k =0

∴  2
0 = a (1) +b(1) +6 (b) y = ( x − 1) 2
 2

0 = a (3) +b(3) +6 The graph passes through B(2, t).
a + b + 6 = 0 ∴ t = (2 − 1) 2
9a + 3b + 6 = 0
 =1
a + b + 6 = 0 ................... (1)
3a + b + 2 = 0 ................. (2)
 4 +0
2. (a) x-coordinate of the vertex = =2
(2) – (1), 2a − 4 = 0
2
a=2 ∴ The coordinates of the vertex are
Substitute a =2 into (1), (2, − 8).
2+b+6 = 0
b = −8
h=2
(b) y = 2 x 2 − 8 x + 6
(b) k = − 8
x-coordinate of the vertex
−(−8) y = a ( x − 2) 2 − 8
=
2(2) The graph passes through (0, 0).
=2 ∴ 0 = a (0 − 2) 2 − 8
y-coordinate of the vertex a =2
106 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions

= $[−4(250) 2 + 2 000(250) − 8 000]

a =1 = $242 000
−4
3. (a) h = 2(1) = − 2
4(1)(0) − 4 2
k= = −4
4(1) 7. (a) 2( AB +CD +BC +DE ) =60 cm
2( x cm +x cm +x cm +DE ) =60 cm
(b) a>0 DE =(30 −3 x ) cm

∴ The graph opens upwards and the Area of ABCDEF

vertex is its minimum point. = ( x cm) 2 + (2 x cm)( DE )
y = ( x + 2) 2 − 4 = [ x 2 + 2 x(30 − 3 x)] cm 2
Minimum value = −4 = (−5 x 2 + 60 x) cm 2
Corresponding value of x = −2
(b) Maximum area of ABCDEF
4(−5)(0) − 60 2
a = −1 = cm 2
4(−5)
− (−8)
4. (a) h = = −4 = 180 cm 2
2(−1)
4(−1)(12) − (−8) 2
k= = 28
4(−1) 8. (a) QR = (24 – 2x) cm
(b) a<0 ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle.
∴ The graph opens downwards and the ∴ ∠ABC = ∠ACB = 45°
vertex is its maximum point. PQ
= tan ∠PBQ
y = −( x + 4) 2 + 28 BQ
Maximum value = 28 PQ = BQ tan ∠PBQ
= x tan 45° cm
Corresponding value of x = −4 = x cm
∴ Area of rectangle PQRS
a=2
= PQ × QR
−8
5. (a) t = 2(2) = − 2 = x(24 − 2 x) cm 2
4(2)(0) − 8 2 = 2(12 x − x 2 ) cm 2
s= = −8
4(2)
(b) When the area of PQRS attains its
2 maximum,
(b) y = 2 x + 8 x + k
= 2( x + 2) 2 − 8 + k −24
x=
2(−2)
Minimum value of y = 2 x 2 + 8 x + k is =6
zero.
∴ −8+ k = 0
9. (a) y
k =8
(5, 3)

x
O
6. (a) When maximum monthly profit is
obtained,
−2 000
x=
2(−4)
= 250
−22
(b) Maximum monthly profit y = −f(x − 5) + 3
 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions 107

y
(b) Reflect along the x-axis 13.
(c) Reflect along the y-axis y = f(x − 1) + 2
4

3
10. (a) Reflect along the x-axis 2
g ( x) = − f ( x ) 1
(b) = −(2 x + 5)
x
= − 2x − 5 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5
−1

−2
11. (a) y y = f(x)
−3

y=x
4
14. (a) y-intercept = 4
x ∴ c=4
−4 O 4
y=x +4 y = ax 2 + bx + 4
y=4 −x
The graph passes through the points
(−2, 0) and (4, 0).

∴  2
0 = a ( −2) +b( −2) +4
 2

0 = a ( 4) +b( 4) +4
(b) The coordinates of the image of P are (−2, 6).
4a − 2b + 4 = 0
16a + 4b + 4 = 0
(c) Suggested answers: 
(i) Translate 4 units downwards  2a − b + 2 = 0 ................. (1)
4a + b + 1 = 0 .................. (2)
(ii) Translate 4 units to the right 
(iii) Reflect along the y-axis, translate
6 a +3 = 0
4 units downwards and reflect along (1) + (2), 1
the y-axis a =−
2

1
12. y Substitute a = − into (1),
2
1
y = f(x)
5 2(− ) − b + 2 = 0
2
4 b =1

3 1 2
(b) y = − x +x+4
2
2
x-coordinate of the vertex
1 −1
= −1
x 2( 2 )
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O
−1 =1
y-coordinate of the vertex
−2
4(− 12 )(4) − 12
−3 =
y = f(x + 2) − 3 4(− 12 )
9
=
2
9
∴ The coordinates of the vertex P are (1, ).
2
108 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions

y
−3 + 2
h=
15. (a) 2 y = bx 2 + cx + a
1
=−
2

(b) The graph passes through the point x

O
1
(− , 8) .
2
1 1
∴ 8 = a (− − 2)(− + 3)
2 2
32
a =−
25
17. (a) When v = 22.5,
32 2 2
(c) y = − ( x − 2)( x + 3) 22.5 = − t + 8t
25 3
When x = 0, 135 = −4t 2 + 48t
32 4t 2 − 48t + 135 = 0
y=− (0 − 2)(0 + 3)
25 (2t − 9)(2t − 15) = 0
192 t = 4.5 or t = 7.5
=
25 ∴ It takes the cyclist 4.5 minutes to first
192
∴ The y - intercept of the graph is . reach a speed of 22.5 km/h.
25

4(− 23 )(0) − 8 2
16. (a) [ (i) The graph opens upwards. Highest speed = 4(− 23 )
km/h
∴ a>0
= 24 km/h
(ii) y-intercept = 0
∴ 22.5 km/h is not the highest speed
∴ c=0
during the practice.
b
(iii) h =−
2a (b) From (a), we know that the highest speed
b = −2ah
is 24 km/h.
a > 0 and h > 0
−8
∴ b = −2ah < 0 ] Corresponding value of t = 2(− 2 )
3
Hence a is positive, b is negative and c is zero.
=6
∴ At t = 6, the speed attains its
(b) [ (i) b<0 maximum 24 km/h.
∴ The graph of y = bx 2 + cx + a
2 2
opens downwards. Consider the graph of v = − t + 8t ,
3
2
(ii) a>0 [ (i) a = − < 0
3
∴ The y-intercept of the graph > 0
∴ The graph opens downwards.
(iii) c=0 (ii) c = 0
c ∴ v-intercept = 0
∴ h=− =0
2b (iii) Vertex = (6, 24) ]
i.e. The x-coordinate of the vertex 2 2
=0] The graph of v = − t + 8t is as follows:
3
Hence the graph of y = bx 2 + cx + a is as
follows:
 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions 109

v
∴ Vertex = (8, 128) ]
(6, 24)
The graph of Y against x is as follows:
Y

(8, 128)

t
O
2 2 Y = 32x − 2x 2
v=− t + 8t
3

18. (a) When the cost of a monitor attains its x

O 16
minimum,
−(−600)
x=
2(6)
20. (a) When x = 10,
= 50
∴ The number of monitors produced per day C = 10 2 − 30(10) + 250
= 50
such that the cost of each moniter is at the ∴ The production cost of a glass in this
minimum is 50.
case is $50.
(b) Minimum cost of producing a monitor When the production cost of a glass is
4(6)(18 500) − (−600) 2 (b) (i)
= $[ ] minimum, the number of glasses
4(6)
= $3 500 produced is 15.
When the production cost of a glass is
19. (a) Area of the card PQRS (ii) less than $100, the number of glasses
= PQ × QR
= x(32 − 2 x) cm 2 produced could be 7, 8, 9,  , 22 or 23.

= (32 x − 2 x 2 ) cm 2
2
(b) Area of PQRS > 0 21. (a) f ( x) = x + 2
∴ PQ > 0 and QR > 0 2
(b) g ( x) = −( x + 2)
x > 0 and 32 − 2 x > 0 = − x2 − 2
x > 0 and x < 16
Therefore the value of x should be greater h( x) = −( x + 3) 2 − 2
(c)
than 0 but less than 16. = −x 2 − 6x − 9 − 2
(c) Maximum area of the card PQRS = − x 2 − 6 x − 11
4(−2)(0) − 32 2 When x = 0,
= cm 2
4(−2) y = −0 2 − 6(0) − 11
= 128 cm 2 = −11
(d) [ (i) a<0 ∴ The coordinates of A are (0, − 11).
∴ The graph opens downwards. 22. (a) (i) The coordinates of the image of P
(ii) c = 0 are (2 + 2, 8), i.e. (4, 8) .
∴ Y-intercept = 0
(ii) The coordinates of the image of P
(iii) x-coordinate of the vertex
are (2 − 2, 8 + 3), i.e. (0, 11) .
= − 32 = 8 (iii) The coordinates of the image of P
2(−2)
Y-coordinate of the vertex = 128 are (2, − 8) .
110 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions

(iv) The coordinates of the image of P (c) The maximum horizontal distances
are (−2, 8) . reached by the javelins attain the
maximum when h = 0.
(b) (i) The coordinates of the image of P
Consider Peter’s javelin,
are (2 + 1, −(8 + 2)), i.e. (3, − 10) .
1
(ii) The coordinates of the image of P 0=− (d − 16) 2 + 12
24
are (2 + 1, −8 + 2), i.e. (3, − 6) . d = 32.97 (corr. to 2 d.p.)
(c) No ∴ The maximum horizontal distance reached
,
by Peter s javelin is 32.97 m.
1
23. (a) Consider h = − (d − 16) 2 + 12 ,
24 Consider David’s javelin,
[ (i) a<0 1
0=− (d − 15) 2 + 13
The graph opens downwards. 20
(ii) Vertex = (16, 12) d = 31.12 (corr. to 2 d.p.)
(iii) When d = 0, ∴ The maximum horizontal distance reached
,
h = − 1 (0 − 16) 2 + 12 = 4 by David s javelin is 31.12 m.
24 3 ,
4 ∴ Peter s javelin reaches a farther position.
∴ h-intercept = ]
3
1 24. (a) Let t second be the moving time.
Consider h = − (d − 15) 2 + 13 ,
20
At time t second, PB = (8 − t) cm
[ (i) a < 0
QB = 2t cm
The graph opens downwards.
(ii) Vertex = (15, 13) Area of ∆PBQ = 12 cm 2
(iii) When d = 0, 1
(8 − t )(2t ) = 12
2
h = − 1 (0 − 15) 2 + 13 = 7
20 4 16t − 2t 2 = 24
7 t 2 − 8t + 12 = 0
∴ h-intercept = ]
4 (t − 2)(t − 6) = 0
1 2 t = 2 or t = 6
The graphs of h = − 24 (d − 16) + 12 and
1 When t = 2,
h=− (d − 15) 2 + 13 are as follows:
20 distance moved by P = 1(2) cm
h = 2 cm
distance moved by Q = 2(2) cm
(15, 13) = 4 cm
(16, 12)
When t = 6,

h=−
1
(d − 16) 2 + 12
distance moved by P = 1(6) cm
24 = 6 cm
7
4 distance moved by Q = 2(6) cm
4 = 12 cm
3 d
O ∴ Distance moved by P and Q are 2 cm
1
h=− (d − 15) 2 + 13 and 4 cm respectively or 6 cm and 12 cm
20
respectively.
(b) Maximum height reached by Peter’s
(b) Area of pentagon APQCD
javelin is 12 m .
= Area of rectangle ABCD
Maximum height reached by David’s
– Area of ∆PBQ
javelin is 13 m .
,
∴ David s javelin reaches a higher position.
 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions 111

1 f ( x) = ( x + 1) 3 + 3
= [12 × 8 − (8 − t )(2t )] cm 2
2
g ( x) = [(− x) + 1] 3 + 3
= (t 2 − 8t + 96) cm 2 26. = −( x − 1) 3 + 3
∴ S = t 2 − 8t + 96
h( x) = −[−( x − 1) 3 + 3]
(c) When the area of pentagon APQCD = ( x − 1) 3 + 3
attains its minimum,
−(−8)
t= s 27. From the graph, we know that for a particular
2(1)
= 4s value of x,
2
the corresponding value of y for y = k1 x
2
> the corresponding value of y for y = k 2 x
2
25. (a) The minimum vertical height of the > the corresponding value of y for y = k 3 x
wire AP above the railway is 12 m. > the corresponding value of y for y = k 4 x
2

1
4( 100 )(48) − k 2 ∴ k1 x 2 > k 2 x 2 > k 3 x 2 > k 4 x 2
∴ 12 = 1
4( 100 ) k1 > k 2 > k 3 > k 4
k 2 = 1.44 Therefore I and II must be true.
k = −1.2 or k = 1.2 (rejected) ∴ The answer is A.
∴ The value of k is − 1.2.
0+4
(b) When the vertical height of the wire AP 28. h = =2
2
above the railway attains its minimum, y = ( x − h) 2 + k passes through the point
k
x=− 1
P(4, 0).
2( 100 )
∴ 0 = ( 4 − 2) 2 + k
(−1.2)
=− 1 k = −4
50 ∴ h+k = 2−4
= 60 = −2
∴ The distance between A and PO is 60 m. ∴ The answer is C.
AP and BP are two symmetric parabolas.
∴ The distance between B and PO is also 4(1)(20) − (−6) 2
29. Minimum value =
60 m. 4(1)
Therefore the distance between A and B = 11
= 60 m + 60 m ∴ The answer is D.
= 120 m
4(−2)(3) − 8 2
(c) Minimum time required for the train to 30. Maximum value = 4(−2)
pass through A and B completely = 11
(36 + 120) m ∴ The answer is A.
=
80 km/h
0.156 km
= 31. [ (i) The graph opens downwards.
80 km/h
= 0.001 95 h ∴ a<0
= 7.02 s (ii) y-intercept < 0
∴ c<0
(iii) There are two real roots for
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 .
∴ ∆ = b 2 − 4ac > 0 ]
∴ The answer is D.
112 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions

∴ The answer is C.
32. [ (i) The graph opens upwards.
∴ a>0 38. Consider y = f (x) where f (x) = 3x,
(ii) y-intercept > 0 y = − f ( − x)
∴ c>0 I.
= −3(− x)
= 3x
h <0
y = f ( x + 2) − 6
(iii) −b
<0 II.
2a = 3( x + 2) − 6
b
a
>0 = 3x
a>0 y = f ( x − 1) + 1
III.
∴ b>0] = 3( x − 1) + 1
∴ The answer is A. = 3x − 2
y = f ( x − 1) + 3
33. [ (i) a>0 IV. = 3( x − 1) + 3
= 3x − 3 + 3
∴ The graph opens upwards.
= 3x
(ii) c > 0
∴ The answer is B.
y-intercept > 0
(iii) b < 0 and a > 0
b
∴ − >0
2a Hints for the question on the title page
h >0 (page 4.49)
i.e. The x-coordinate of the vertex > 0]
(a) The projection path is a parabola.
∴ The answer is C.
(b) The projection path can be drawn as follows:

34. y = x 2 − 8 x + 20
−(−8)
x-coordinate of the vertex = 2(1)
=4
4(1)(20) − (−8) 2
y-coordinate of the vertex = 4(1)
=4
Coordinates of the vertex are (4, 4).
∴ The answer is B.
Additional question (page 4.49)
5x 2
35. The function is y = 2 x 2 − 3. (a) y = x tan θ −
v cos 2 θ
2
∴ The answer is B.
y is maximum when
− tan θ
x=
36. y = −f (x + 1) is obtained by translating y = f 2( 2 −5 2 )
v cos θ
(x) 1 unit to the left and then reflecting it
along the x-axis. v 2 tan θ cos 2 θ
=
∴ The answer is B. 10
Maximum vertical distance

37. y = −f (−x) is obtained by reflecting y = f (x)

along the y-axis and then reflecting it along
the x-axis.
 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions 113

−5
4( )(0) − tan 2 θ 5x 2
= v 2 cos 2 θ 0 = x tan 45° −
4( 2 −5 2 ) 20 cos 2 45°
2
v cos θ
x2
2
v cos θ tan θ 2 2 0= x−
= 40
20 x
x( − 1) = 0
v 2 sin 2 θ 40
=
20 x = 0 or x = 40
∴ The maximum horizontal distance reached by
Consider Peter’s strategy, v = 20, θ = 30° ,
Paul s javelin is 40 m.
The coordinates of the highest point reached
by the javelin are
20 2 tan 30° cos 2 30° 20 2 sin 2 30°
( , ),
10 20 Consider Daniel’s strategy,
2
i.e. (10 3 , 5) . 0 = x tan 60° − 2 5 x 2
20 cos 60°
2
Consider Paul’s strategy, v = 20, θ = 45° 0=x 3 − x
The coordinates of the highest point reached 20
by the javelin are x( x − 3 ) = 0
20
20 2 tan 45° cos 2 45° 20 2 sin 2 45° x = 0 or x = 20 3
( , ),
10 20 ∴ The maximum horizontal distance reached by
i.e. (20, 10) . ,
Daniel s javelin is 20 3 m.
Consider Daniel’s strategy, v = 20, θ = 60°
(c) Paul is the winner.
The coordinates of the highest point reached
by the javelin are
Use of I.T. (page 4.54)
20 2 tan 60° cos 2 60° 20 2 sin 2 60°
( , ),
10 20 1. When a > 0, the opening of the graph
i.e. (10 3 , 15) . becomes narrower as the value of a
increases.
When a < 0, the opening of the graph
(b) The horizontal distance attains its maximum
becomes wider as the value of a increases.
when y = 0.
Consider Peter’s strategy, 2. When the value of h increases, the graph will
5x 2 be translated to the right. When the value of
0 = x tan 30° − 2
20 cos 2 30° h decreases, the graph will be translated to
x x2 the left.
0= −
3 60
Classwork and Extension
x 3
x( − )=0
60 3 Classwork 4.1 (page 4.10)
x = 0 or x = 20 3
∴ The maximum horizontal distance reached by
,
Peter s javelin is 20 3 m.

Consider Paul’s strategy,

114 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions

Quadratic
Direction of
opening of Vertex y-intercept Sketch of the graph
Classwork 4.5 (page 4.15)
function
the graph
y
y = 2x 2 − 1
a = −1
y = 2x 2 − 1 upwards (0, −1) −1 (a) −2
h= =1
2( −1)
O x 4( −1)(5) −2 2
−1 k = =6
4( −1)
2
y
∴ y = −( x − 1) + 6
y = 4(x + 2) 2 − 7

9
y = 4(x + 2) 2 − 7 upwards (−2, −7) 9 (b) [ (i) a<0
x
O ∴ The graph opens downwards.
(−2, −7)
(ii) y-intercept = 5
y
(1, 5) (iii) Vertex = (1, 6) ]
3
The graph of y = − x 2 + 2 x + 5 is as follows:
y = −2(x − 1) 2 + 5 downwards (1, 5) 3 y
x (1, 6)
O
y = −2(x − 1) 2 + 5

y 5
(−2, 3)

y = −(x + 2) 2 + 3 downwards (−2, 3) −1

x
O
−1
y = −(x + 2) 2 + 3
x
O
2
y = −x + 2x + 5
Classwork 4.2 (page 4.11)
The coordinates of the vertex are (−1, 2). Classwork 4.6 (page 4.16)
∴ h = −1 , k = 2
(a) [ (i) The graph opens downwards.
When x = 0, y = 0. ∴ a<0
0 = a(0 + 1) 2 + 2 (ii) y-intercept > 0
a = −2 ∴ c>0
−b
(iii) h = 2a
Classwork 4.3 (page 4.12) b = −2ah
0+6 h > 0 and a < 0
(a) x-coordinate of M = =3
2 ∴ b>0]
∴ Coordinates of M = (3, 0) Therefore a is negative, b is positive and c is positive.
(b) h = 3
(b) [ (i) The graph opens upwards.
y = 2( x − h) 2 + k passes through (0, 0).
∴ a>0
∴ 0 = 2(0 − 3) 2 + k
(ii) y-intercept > 0
k = − 18
∴ c>0
−b
(iii) h = 2a
Classwork 4.4 (page 4.14)
b = −2ah
4(1)(c) − (−8) 2 h > 0 and a > 0
=0
4(1) ∴ b<0]
c = 16 Therefore a is positive, b is negative and c is positive.
 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions 115

Classwork 4.7 (page 4.17) −10

x=
2(− 12 )
(a) c = 22
= 10
y = ax 2 + bx + c passes through A(1, 10)
5 ∴ Each pen should be sold at $10 to attain the
and B( 2 , 7) .
maximum income.
 2
∴ 10 = a (1) + b(1) + 22 4(− 12 )(0) − 10 2
 5 2 5
7 = a ( 2 ) + b( 2 ) + 22 Maximum income = $[ 4(− 12 )
]

10 = a + b + 22 ....................... (1) = $50

28 = 25a + 10b + 88 ............... (2)

10 × (1) – (2), 72 = −15a + 132 Classwork 4.10 (page 4.23)
a=4
20
Substitute a = 4 into (1), (a) Width of the rectangle = ( 2 − ) cm
10 = 4 + b + 22 = (10 − ) cm
b = − 16 ∴ A = (10 − )

−(−16)
h= =2 (b) A = (−2 + 10)
(b) 2(4)
Maximum area of the rectangle
4(4)(22) − (−16) 2
k= =6 4(−1)(0) − 10 2
4(4) = cm 2
4(−1)
∴ The coordinates of the vertex are (2, 6). = 25 cm 2
Corresponding length
−10
= cm
Classwork 4.8 (page 4.21) 2(−1)
= 5 cm
1 2 5
(a) At t = 0, s = −5(0 − 2 ) + 4
=0 Corresponding width = (10 − 5) cm
∴ The initial position of the ball is at the height = 5 cm
0 m. ∴ Its corresponding dimensions are 5 cm × 5 cm.

1
(b) When t = , s attains its maximum value.
2 Classwork 4.11 (page 4.24)
1
∴ It takes s for the ball to reach the highest (a) QR = (20 – 2x) cm
2
∆ABC ~ ∆APS
position.
15 cm 20 cm
∴ =
= −5( 1 − 1 ) 2 + 5 (15 − PQ) cm (20 − 2 x) cm
Maximum value of s 2 2 4 60 cm − 4 PQ = 60 cm − 6 x
= 5 3x
4 PQ = cm
2
5
∴ Maximum height attained by the ball is m. = PQ × QR
4
3x
= (20 − 2 x) cm 2
∴ Area of PQRS 2
= 3 x(10 − x) cm 2
Classwork 4.9 (page 4.22)
= (30 x − 3 x 2 ) cm 2
When the income attains its maximum,
(b) When the area of PQRS attains its maximum,
116 Chapter 4 Graphs of Functions

y
−30 (a)
x= C2: y = f (−x) C 1: y = f (x)
2(−3)
=5 1

x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
Extension 4.1 (page 4.28)
−1

(a) g ( x ) = −f ( x )
= −4 x 3 +1
(b) x-intercept = −1

h ( x ) = f ( −x ) y-intercept = −1.6
(b) 3
=4( −x ) −1
=−4 x 3 −1
Classwork 4.15 (page 4.32)
(a) y
k ( x ) = f ( x +1) +1
(c) 3 C1: y = f (x)
=4( x +1) −1 +1
3
=4( x +1)
2

Classwork 4.12 (page 4.29) 1

(a) Translate 3 units to the right and 1 unit
upwards x
−1 O 1 2 3
g ( x) = f ( x − 3) + 1
(b) = ( x − 3 − 1)( x − 3 + 1)( x − 3 + 2) + 1 −1
= ( x − 4)( x − 2)( x − 1) + 1
−2
(c) When x = 0,
C2: y = −f (x)
g ( x) = (0 − 4)(0 − 2)(0 − 1) + 1
= −7
∴ The y - intercept is − 7. (b) x-intercepts = −1, 1, 2
y-intercept = −2
Classwork 4.13 (page 4.30)
(a) Translate 4 units to the left and 3 units
downwards
(b) y
y = f(x + 4) − 3
y = f(x)
13

x
O
(−4, −3)

Classwork 4.14 (page 4.31)