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SCIENCE GRADE 5 THIRD QUARTER

MOTION

Motion is described as a change in position.

The simplest kind of motion is motion in a straight line and at a constant rate.

Speed describes the rate of motion of an object. It is measured with a speedometer. It has a pointer
which moves up when the vehicle goes fast and down when the vehicle slows down. Speed is indicated
in terms of kilometer per hour or kph.

Speed and velocity are both used to describe motion.

Velocity is the rate of motion or speed in a certain direction. So, velocity is a more complete description
of motion.

If the speedometer of a car indicates 70 kph, has the car moved for an hour? Or has the car traveled 70
kilometers?

Speed is indicated in the speedometer but neither the time nor the distance traveled is indicated. When
the terms speed and velocity are used, the total amout of time and the distance traveled are not
specified. However, the relationship between distance, speed and time are shown below. If any of the
three factors are known, you can calculate the third factor.

Distance travelled = speed x time

Ex. # 1. A car travels ata constant speed of twenty meters per second. How far will the
car travel in ten seconds? in forty seconds?
Solution: Distance = 20 meters x 10 seconds = 200 meters

Ex. # 2. How long would it take the bus to travel two hundred meters if it was moving at
a speed of twenty meters per second?

Ex. # 3. If a car travels at 500 meters in ten seconds, what is the speed of the car?
Solution: Speed = 500 m = 50 m/sec
10 sec

o But you know it is difficult to travel from one place to another at a constant speed. Sometimes,
you need to stop or rest. Your speed may also change as you go uphill or downhill. You may start
out moving rapidly; slow down then, speed up again.

o Speed is usually not constant. An increase in speed or velocity is called acceleration. A decrease
in speed or velocity is called deceleration.

Acceleration is change in velocity. It is caused by a force such as gravity.

The amount of gravitational attraction depends on how far the objects are and how much mass the
object have. The faster an object falls, the greater is air resistance.

Air resistance becomes greater as speed is increased.

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LIGHT AND SOUND, HEAT AND ELECTRICITY

Conductors -Objects or materials that allow the transfer of electrons (electricity).

Conductivity - a quality related to the conductor.
Electrons: Very small, negatively charged particles.

There are many materials that allow charges to move easily. They are called conductors. Conductors
have the quality of conductivity. The conductor is the object that allows charge to flow. Conductivity is a
quality related to the conductor. A material that is a good conductor gives very little resistance to the
flow of charge. This flow of charge is called an electric current. A good conductor has high conductivity.

Metals contain free electrons. When potential difference is applied at the ends of a metal rod, the
electrons respond to it and star moving towards the positive terminal of battery. This flow electrons
result in the conduction of electricity through the metal.

Atoms- the smallest particles of an element that can exist either alone or in combination.
Conduction- the transfer of heat through matter.
Heat- added energy that causes substances to rise in temperature
Molecules- the smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance and is
composed of one or more atoms.

Metals make good conductors of heat because of their electronic properties and also because they tend
to be denser so that heat transferred by neighboring atoms in close contact is more efficient. Lighter or
less materials like wood, air, etc. make poor conductors of heat.

LIGHT AND HEAT ABSORPTION

o Black or coloured objects absorbs more heat than white objects You should have found that the
glass wrapped in black paper ended up with hotter water than the glass with white paper.

o This is because black absorbs more heat than white. Clearly, black and white are on opposite
ends of the colour spectrum.

Colours are NOT all equally heat absorbent. When light interacts with an object, that light can be
absorbed, reflected, or transmitted. Black objects absorb all wavelengths of light, while white objects
reflect all visible wavelengths. They are complete opposites. Other colours absorb some wavelengths
and reflect others, which is what makes them appear different to the human eye. Colour is a result of
the wavelength of light reflected by that object. For example, an object that absorbs selectively yellow
light will not look yellow; it would be a combination of every other colour besides yellow. The colour you
observe is a complement to the colour the object absorbs.

absorb: To take in; to transform (radiant energy) into a different form usually with a resulting rise in
temperature.

energy: The capacity for doing work; raising weight, for example.

heat: A form of energy that causes substances to rise in temperature or to go through associated phase
changes (as melting, evaporation, or expansion).

radiant energy: Energy (as heat waves, light waves, radio waves, x-rays) transmitted in the form of
electromagnetic waves.

reflect: To bounce waves of light, sound, or heat off a surface.

o Transparent material allows light to transmit easily.

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o Translucent material permit to transmit a little light because most of it is spreading in the
opposite side and some are being absorb.

o Opaque material light cannot transmit, the light is absorb and reflected

A shadow is always on the side of an object which is opposite the source of light. It is always in the
shape of the object that block the light. When an object is closer the source of light it appears larger and
smaller when it is farther from the light. When light is slanted, the shadow is longer and when light
comes from above, the shadow is shorter.

The light thats come from the sun is white. This white light is made up of different colors. These colors
are separated when light passes through a prism.

Each color has its own wavelength, red has the longest wavelength because it is the least bent and violet
has shortest wavelength because it is the bent the most.

SOUND
o Sound is produced when an object vibrates it travels in all directions.
o Sound may be absorbed or reflected when they strike an object.
o The reflected sound is call echo.
o Dull sound is hear when it is absorb by an object.

Nature sound is a very pleasant to hear. It help you to relax and ease the stress that you feel. It also
benefits people who has suffering from issues related to sleep brought by tension or anxiety. Several
rest expert suggest using sound therapy rather than sleeping tablets

Unpleasant sound is undesirable sound which disturbs and break our concentration. This kind of sound is
consider as noise that may increase your risk of hearing loss, stress, sleep dis turbances, and heart
disease.

ELECTRICITY

An electromagnet works only when there is a flow of electricity through the coil of wire. It is made up of
an iron core, copper wire and source of electricity.

A simple electromagnet consists of 3 main parts:

1. Core magnetic material
2. Coil of wire conductor of electricity
3. Dry cell - source of electricity

An electromagnet is only a temporary magnet. Without electricity it loses its magnetism. The nail
becomes a temporary magnet as the current flows through it. When the current is broken, the
nail is no longer a magnet.