Research:

1. Basis of citizenship of Athens, Greece?

2. Characteristic of Medieval town?
The lack of roads security hampered the development of the medieval towns, which in turn prevented the
development of commerce
Were surrounded by a moat and walls made of stone or brick. The walls had towers, round or square, designed
both for defense and as a decoration. Nuremberg for example had more than eighty. Access in town was
permitted only through the vaulted access gates which were closed at night.
Usually grew up around a castle or monastery, or followed the contour of a hillside, or a river-bank. As a result,
they had steep, meandering streets, with irregular width. The main streets ran to the city gates, which were
the only points of access in and out of town.
Houses in the medieval towns reflected the rank of those living in them. The houses of the high ranking persons
could look like small fortresses, while those of ordinary people resembled the houses of the peasants, having
a courtyard and granaries. Due to the increasing price of land within the city walls, houses several stories high
had each story extended beyond the one beneath. Many houses were built of wood and the peaked roof was
ornamented by a gable, or a turret. In the Southern medieval towns, houses could have balconies, while in the
North, as in Germany, these were replaced by the "erker", an alcove which from outside looked like an
ornamented, covered balcony.
The revival of the medieval cities was assisted by the evolution of the guilds
The organization of guilds was facilitated by the fact that people of the same occupation were gathered into
the same street. Each trade had its common coffer, its banner, it had its patron saint (the carpenters had Saint
Joseph, the shoemakers Saint Crispin), and had its own regulations.
3. What is Demographic transition Asia?
Demographic Transition (DT) - refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death
rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
Common features behind the striking changes in health and fertility in East and Southeast Asia in the 1960s
1990s, focusing on seven countries: Taiwan and South Korea ("tiger" economies), Thailand, Malaysia, and
Indonesia ("second wave" countries), and China and Vietnam ("market-Leninist" economies).
Demographic change can be seen as a byproduct of social and economic development together with, in some
cases, strong governmental pressures. The transition sequence entailed the establishment of an effective,
typically authoritarian, system of local administration, providing a framework for promotion and service
delivery in health, education, and family planning. Subsequent economic liberalization offered new
opportunities for upward mobility and risks of backsliding , accompanied by the erosion of social capital
and the breakdown or privatization of service programs.
4. How Hellenistic ideas spread throughout Asia?

5. What does the Baroque mean? The word baroque was originally used for what?
Derived from the Portuguese word "barroco" or Spanish "barrueco" both of which refer to a "rough or
imperfect pearl. It can simply mean that something is "elaborate", with many
The term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, which sharply
contrasted the clear and sober rationality of the Renaissance.

6. Discuss briefly the culture of ancient Rome?

Rome was a trading nation which kept military control over a wide range of peoples, mostly around the Mediterranean.
Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, its famed seven hills, and its monumental architecture. They were
four classes of people in Rome: the aristocrats, the equestrians, the common citizens, and the slaves. They started to
build public baths and aqueducts, which they thought well than useless Egyptian pyramids. The city of Rome was the
largest megalopolis of that time, with a population that may well have exceeded one million people. Most Roman towns
and cities had a forum, temples and the same type of buildings, on a smaller scale, as found in Rome. The large urban
population required an endless supply of food which was a complex logistical task, including acquiring, transporting,
storing and distribution of food for Rome and other urban centers.

7. What is the pax romana and what happened during that era?
 - It was the long period of relative peacefulness and minimal expansion by the Roman military force experienced by
the Roman Empire after the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic and before the beginning of the Crisis of
the Third Century.
8. What happen when the Etruscans take over Rome?
- The Etruscans occupied the region to the north of Rome, between the Arno and Tiber Rivers to the west of the
Apennine Mountains.
9. What happen to the cities and towns during the high middle ages? Discuss briefly
- Inside the wall, there were narrow winding streets, and horse drawn carts piled high with goods to trade. Along
each narrow street, there were little shops. Store owners lived above their shops. Shops were made of wood with
thatched roofs. Fire was a constant worry.
- In the beginning, people who lived in town were not that cramped. Towns were more of a grouping of traders, each
with a permanent shops - traders that had banded together to protect themselves from outside attack. There were
some inns to house travelers, and some stables to take care of the horses, and maybe a doctor or two. But towns
were small.
- As more and more people moved to the towns, the towns grew in size. Things were not as organized. Towns began
to stink. There was no plumbing in the towns. Garbage and sewage was tossed into the street. The only people who
cleaned up and burned the garbage were the shop owners in the area who needed to keep the streets somewhat
passable so that people could come to their shops. Much of the garbage stayed in the streets until it rotted. People
got sick all the time.
- The living conditions were horrible. Unless you had a shop of your own, with customers that paid their bills, you
either worked for someone in exchange for food and shelter, or you begged. In spite of the conditions, more and
more people arrived in the towns, eager to escape their life as serfs on the manors.
10. What are the 3 stages of middle ages? Discuss.
a. Early middle Ages 476 (fall of the Roman Empire in the West) to c1000, by which time feudalism (or whatever
some want to call the social and economic system that existed) had been established in most of Europe.
Characterized by attacks for slaves, and land by pagans, some of which came either from outside of Europe or
its fringes - Vikings, Magyars, the Arab Conquest and Avars were the most prominent. The Early Middle Ages
used to be known as the Dark Ages by historians.
b. High middle Ages c1000-c1300. Characterized by the Crusades to recover the Holy Land from Muslim
occupation and control, the building of the great European cathedrals, and a long power struggle between the
Popes and the Holy Roman Emperors.
c. The Late Middle Ages c1300-1492 (discovery of the 'New World' of the Americas by Columbus.) Characterized
by the start of the Renaissance, the beginning of the use of the vernacular rather than Latin in written works,
The Black Death, the Hundred Years War, and the Great Papal Schism.
11. Discuss the beginning of imperial evolution?

12. Described the civilization and planning of the ruins of the mohenjo-daro?
It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappa Civilization,
which developed around 3,000 BCE from the prehistoric Indus culture. Mohenjo-daro was the most advanced
city of its time, with remarkably sophisticated civil engineering and urban planning.
Mohenjo-daro has a planned layout based on a street grid of rectilinear buildings. Most were built of fired and
mortared brick; some incorporated sun-dried mud-brick and wooden superstructures. The city is divided into
two parts, the so-called Citadel and the Lower City. The Citadel a mud-brick mound around 12 metres (39 ft)
high is known to have supported public baths, a large residential structure designed to house about 5,000
citizens, and two large assembly halls. The city had a central marketplace, with a large central well. Individual
households or groups of households obtained their water from smaller wells. Waste water was channeled to
covered drains that lined the major streets. Some houses, presumably those of more prestigious inhabitants,
include rooms that appear to have been set aside for bathing, and one building had an underground furnace
(known as a hypocaust), possibly for heated bathing. Most houses had inner courtyards, with doors that
opened onto side-lanes. Some buildings had two stories
Mohenjo-daro had no series of city walls, but was fortified with guard towers to the west of the main
settlement, and defensive fortifications to the south. It is obvious from the identical city layouts of all Indus
sites that there was some kind of political or administrative centrality, but the extent and functioning of an
administrative center remains unclear. Mohenjo-daro was successively destroyed and rebuilt at least seven
 times. Each time, the new cities were built directly on top of the old ones. Flooding by the Indus is thought to
have been the cause of destruction.
13. Described the une cite industrielle?
Garnier s proposal was an industrial city for approx 35,000 inhabitants situated on a area in southeast France on a
plateau with high land and a lake to the north, a valley and river to the south. Une Cite industrialle is a well coordinated
and monumentally conceived plan placed in a park like setting where both the classical spirit of the academic tradition
and the primitive simplicity of utopian ideas is demonstrated. In his proposal, Garnier tried to take into account all aspects
of the city including governmental, residential, manufacturing and agricultural practices. The various functions of the city
were clearly related, but separated from each other by location and patterns.
The public area at the heart of the city was grouped into 3 sections: administrative services and assembly halls, muesum
collections and sports facilities.
The residential area is made up of rectangular blocks running east-west which gives the city its characteristic elongated
form. The residential districts are the first attempt towards passive solar architecture. Garnier had energy efficiency in
mind as the city was to be powered by a hydroelectric station with a dam which was located in the mountains along with
the hospital. The city was completed by a railroad d station to the east.
14. Compare the planning of antropolis with Williams Burg?
15. Described the civilization and settlement of Anyong?

Review:

1. River civilization.
2. World history of planning.
3. Urban planning in the Philippines.