Week 1 - Revision and Virtual Work - Moodle - Blank - 2017

Edition
Second
MECHANICS OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Introduction of MEE30004 Solid Mechanics
Structure
Teaching Staff & Consultation Time
Textbook
Assessment
Other information on Blackboard
2-1
Edition
Second
Teaching Structure
Each week : 3 hours Lecture for 11 weeks + 2 hours Tutorial for 10 weeks
(notes: Lectures start from Week 1 and Tutorials start from Week 2)
Convenor: Prof Xiaodong Huang, xhuang@swin.edu.au

Lecturer/Tutor: Dr Lizi Sironic, lizi.sironic@gmail.com
Tutor/Comp. Lab.: Dr Dingjie Lu, chasorleo@gmail.com
Lab Demonstrator: Dr Jinghan Lu, jhlu2011@gmail.com
Two practical labs run in EN108 (Access via EN217): 1st lab - Week4; 2nd lab -
Week8
Prac. Lab report is required to be handed-in within two weeks (email the electronic
copy (a PDF file) to Dr Jinghan Lu at jhlu2011@gmail.com).
Three computer lab sessions run in BA513 or EN207: Weeks 5, 6 and 7.
Comp. Lab report is required to be handed-in in Week 9 (electronic copy (a PDF
file) to the tutor, Dr Dingjie Lu at chasorleo@gmail.com).
2-2
Edition
Second
MEE30004 Outline
This unit aims to enhance your ability to

understand and solve advanced problems
involving force equilibrium, deformation and
stress in machine components and structures.
2-3
Edition
Second
Contents of ME30004
Energy methods virtual work, strain energy and Castigliano method (2.5 weeks)
Variation of stress and strain (0.5 week)
Thin plates and shells (1 week)

Week 1-10 lectures new content
Week 11 revision lecture
Finite element analysis (2 weeks) Week 12 no lecture
Thick-walled & compound cylinders (1 week)
Statically indeterminate beams (2 weeks)
Thermal stress and Elementary plasticity (1 week)
2-4
Edition
Second
Textbook
Benham, P.P., Crawford R. J. and Armstrong, C.G.,

Mechanics of Engineering Materials, 2nd Ed., Longman,
1996.
2-5
Edition
Second
Assessment
Mid-Semester Test : 20 %
2 Practical Labs & reports: 12 % (1st lab.: 4%; 2nd lab.:8%)
Computer Lab &report: 8%
Final Examination: 60 %
TOTAL: 100 %
2-6
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Second
Assessment hurdle
To pass this subject, students are required to achieve

35% for the lab reports worth 20% of the overall mark
45% for the final exam worth 60% of the overall mark
AND
an OVERALL weighted combined mark of 50%.
Edition
Second
Other information on Blackboard
Subject Outline
Announcement
Lecture PowerPoint Slides all lecture worked example

inkings will be uploaded onto Blackboard after the lecture
Tutorial Question Sheets (Worked Solutions come online on

the following weekend)
Lab. Handouts
2-8
Edition
Second
Requirements
Be quiet in the lecture theatre.
Dont copy assignments (Lab reports)

Assessments will be submitted electronically via Turnitin
so you will get caught if you plagiarise!
2-9
Second Edition
MECHANICS OF PP Benham
RJ Crawford
ENGINEERING CG Armstrong
MATERIALS
Topic 1: Energy Methods
Virtual Work
Strain Energy
Lecture Notes:
(Tracy) Dong Ruan Castiglianos method
Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn Campus
(Modified 2014 Lizi Sironic)
Edition
Second
Energy Methods
Energy Methods are based on the Law of Conservation

of Energy, which states that ..
the total amount of energy in a system remains constant ("is
conserved"), although energy within the system can be changed
from one form to another or transferred from one object to
another. http://www.energyeducation.tx.gov/energy/section_1/topics/law_of_conservation/
Virtual work, Strain energy and Castiglianos method, which

we cover in the first three weeks, are all energy methods, or in
the case of virtual work can be linked back to energy
methods. We will use these methods to solve by hand
deflections and slopes/gradients in structures of different types.
2 - 11
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Second
Energy Methods
Why?
Energy Methods are the basis for a number of advanced
techniques in the analysis of both statically determinate and
statically indeterminate structures.
Simple energy-based formulations can provide convenient

solutions for, and result in a greater understanding of many
common structural analysis problems, rather than using
complicated (and sometimes unnecessary) computer analysis.
2 - 12
Second Edition
MECHANICS OF PP Benham
RJ Crawford
ENGINEERING CG Armstrong
MATERIALS
Week 1:
Lecture Notes:
(Tracy) dong Ruan
Swinburne University of Technology
Trusses and
Lecture Notes:
Hawthorn Campus
(Tracy) Dong Ruan Virtual Work
Swinburne
Updated 2014University of Technology
Hawthorn
Lizi SironicCampus
Edition
Second
Virtual Work
Virtual Work can be used to solve for reaction forces, internal

member forces as well as deflections and slope in all types of
structures. We will limit ourselves now to solving only for
deflections in determinate trusses.
Before we embark on this new method, we will first spend some

time revising the Method of Joints, the equilibrium method you
have previously met, to solve for the internal member forces in a
truss. Why?
Because we need these forces to go on and solve for the truss
deflections using Virtual work.
2 - 14
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Second
Contents
1. Revision: Force & moment equilibrium, Method of

Joints in Trusses/Frameworks
2. Virtual work method to solve for deflections
2 - 15
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Second
Revision: Force and Moment Equilibrium in 2-D
In 2-D
FX = 0
Fy
Translational
FY = 0 Equilibrium
MZ = 0 Rotational Equilibrium
Mz
Fx
2 - 16
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Second
Revision: Free Body Diagrams (FBD)
When we isolate part of a structure we call it a free body. The
diagram of that part of the structure with all the forces on it is
called a free body diagram (FBD).
A free-body diagram has a closed loop boundary.
2 - 17
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Second
The (internal or applied or reaction) forces on a free body

diagram of any stable (truss) structure in general are in
EQUILIBRIUM i.e.
=0; =0; =0
2 - 18
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Second
Thus we can use FBD to calculate reaction forces AND internal
member forces using =0; =0; =0
2 - 19
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Second
NOTE:
When considering a joint FBD, all forces here are concurrent
(i.e. meet at a point), thus =0 gives us no information, and
only 2 unknowns can be found using =0 and =0.
2 - 20
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Second
Revision: Force Equilibrium in 2-D
When we have translational equilibrium we have a CLOSED

force triangle, i.e. all forces on the system are balanced/in
equilibrium.
=0 =0
2 - 21
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Second
NOTE:
When considering a FBD of a section of the truss, the forces here
are no longer concurrent (i.e. dont meet at a point), thus now 3
unknowns can be found using =0 , =0 and =0
FAB
FEB
FED
2 - 22
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Second
Determinacy & Indeterminacy in Trusses
Externally Determinate: Supports provide just enough restraint, i.e. reactions
can be calculated using equilibrium.
Externally Indeterminate: Supports provide extra restraint.
Externally Determinate Externally Indeterminate

(3 unknowns) (4 unknowns)
Internally Determinate: Member forces can determined using equilibrium.

Internally Indeterminate: The truss has extra members, so equilibrium does
not provide enough equations.
Internally Determinate Internally Indeterminate

Edition
Second
Internally Indeterminate Trusses
Internally indeterminate trusses mean the internal forces
have more than one possible load path to reach the supports.
LOAD PATH 1 LOAD PATH 2

Edition
Second
Stability and Determinancy in Trusses
Externaly Stable?
STRUCTURE
HAS FAILED YES
NO
Internally Stable?
Unstable NO
YES
Unstable
m+r < 2j
Stable & Stable &
Indeterminate determinate
m+r > 2j m+r = 2j
m = the number of members.
r = the number of reactions.
j= the number of joints.
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Second
Determinacy criterion for (2D) structures:

m + r = 2j stable & determinate m = the number of members
m + r < 2j unstable r = the number of reactions
m + r > 2j stable & indeterminate j= the number of joints
Structure Stable & Stable &

is unstable determinate indeterminate
2 - 26
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Second
m + r > = < 2j
2 - 27
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Second
Example 1: determine the forces in each member.
Before we start we need to ask ourselves, Is the truss

stable and determinate?
2 - 28
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Second
Solution:
1. calculate reactions: FBD of the whole structure
M @F 0
z
F 0 x
F 0 y
2 - 29
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Second
Solution: (continued)
2. calculate the forces in each member
It is recommended that it is assumed initially that each member is

subjected to tension. If the analysis shows a negative value this
simply means that the member is in compression, thus,
Method 1
ALWAYS draw unknown force arrows AWAY
from the joint
This indicates TENSION
2 - 30
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Second
Joint A:
FAB
A FAC
RA=3000N
2 - 31
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Second
Alternative Method 2 force triangle for Joint A:

FAB FAC
FAC RA=3kN
FAB
Force triangle
RA=3000N
3 FAC FAB
o
o
FAC 3000 N (T ) FAB 4243kN (C )
sin 45 sin 45 sin 90 o
AC in tension and AB in compression It can be confusing at

times to see whats in tension or compression using this method.
2 - 32
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Second
Joint B:
From Joint A FAB 4243N
1000N B
FBD 3000N
(T)
FBC
FAB=4243N
Having the arrow

point towards the
joint indicates its a
compressive force.
2 - 33
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Second
Joint C:
4000N
From Joint A& B (C)
FAC 3000 N FBC 3000 N
3000N
(T)
3000N
(T)
2 - 34
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Second
Joint D:
4000N
From Joints B & C (C)
FBD 4000 N
3000N
(T)
FCD 2828 N
3000N
(T)
FBD=4000 N
FCD=2828N FDF
FDE
2 2
F x 0 4000 2828
2
FDF
2
0 FDF 2828 N
2 2
Fy 0 FCD FDE FDF 0 FDE 0
2 2
2 - 35
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Second
Joint E:
From Joint C 4000N
(C)
FCE 1000 N
3000N
(T)
3000N 1000N
(T) (T)
FCE=1000 N FEF
E
Fx 0 FEF FCE 1000 N
2 - 36
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Second
three ways to show the final results
4000N
4000kN
(C)
method 1: (C)
3000kN
(T) (T)
0N
3000N
FAB 4243 N (C)
3000N 1000N 1000N
FAC 3000 N (T ) (T) (T) (T)
FBD 4000 N (C)
FCE 1000 N (T )
FCD 2828 N (T )
FEF 1000 N (T )
FDE 0
FBC 3000 N (T ) FDF 2828 N (C)
2 - 37
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Second
- 4000N
method 2:
3000N
FAB 4243 N
0N
FAC 3000 N 3000N 1000N 1000N
FBD 4000 N
FCE 1000 N
FDF 2828 N
FBC 3000 N FEF 1000 N
FCD 2828 N FDE 0
2 - 38
Edition
Second
FAC 3000 N
ALTERNATIVE method 3:
FAB 4243 N
internal tensile force acts away from the joint FBC 3000 N
internal compressive force acts toward the joint FBD 4000 N
FCD 2828 N
FCE 1000 N
FDE 0
FDF 2828 N
2 - 39
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Second
Conservation of Energy
and
Virtual work
2 - 40
Edition
Second
Conservation of Energy & Work Done
The law on conservation of energy states

the total amount of energy in a system remains constant,
i.e. is conserved.
This law can be considered in terms of work done, i.e.
External Work Done

=
Strain Energy stored in the system or internal work done
2 - 41
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Second
Work done by a single load
o
The work done during a small increment of extension du is Fdu.

Therefore the total work done up to point N is, W= , which is of
0
course the area under the graph, which for a linear-elastic system equals,

W Fdu Fmax
0
2
In the following truss problems we will cancel out the term from both sides
of the equation and consider the work done = Force * distance
2 - 42
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Second
Internal work done
In trusses, the internal member actions are only tension and/or
compression axial forces (no bending), thus,
the internal work done = member force * axial deformation
Internal work done = P*D
PL
where D
EA
D
D is based on the equations = P/A, = D/L & / = E whereby,
D L

P
A
PL
L L
E E EA
2 - 43
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Second
If a series of external loads, F1, F2, , apply on a deformable

structure, these external loads will cause internal forces, P1, P2, ,
within the structure members.
Since the structure is deformable, the points where the external loads
applied will move in the direction of forces by u1, u2, .., the
deformations in the structure members are D1 , D2 , ......
The conservation of energy gives that:
External Work done = Internal Work done

2 - 44
Edition
Second
External Work done = Internal Work done
PL
Utilising now the relationship, D yields,
EA
PL
2
P L
F * u P
AE AE
2 - 45
Edition
Second
Example 2: (Example 9.4 in the textbook)
real forces, displacements and extensions
Determine the vertical displacement (u) of joint D in the plane

pin-jointed framework in the following figure. All members have
a cross-sectional area of 1000 mm2 and modulus of 200 GPa.
u?
2 - 46
Edition
Second
u?
Solution: External Work = Internal Work
Fu PD 10kN * u PD
Derive all the internal member forces (P) using equilibrium and
multiply each by their corresponding axial shortening/lengthening
(D), and solve for u using the above equation.
2 - 47
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Second
Internal member forces using equilibrium at a joint
Remember: Assume all unknown forces are tensile
Joint D: (arrows drawn away from joints)
FCD Fy 0
F=10 kN
FDG
Fx 0
2 - 48
Edition
Second
Joint G: From Joint D, FDG 10 2kN

Fy 0
FCG FDG 10 2kN FDG sin 45o FCG 0
10 2 sin 45o FCG 0
FCG 10 kN
FFG
10 kN Fx 0
(T)
FDG cos 45o FFG 0
10 2 cos 45o FFG 0
FFG 10 kN
2 - 49
Edition
Second
Joint C: From Joint B&D, FCD 10kN FCG 10kN
Fy 0
FCD 10kN
FBC FCF sin 45o FCG 0
FCF sin 45o 10 0
FCF FCG 10kN FCF 10 2 kN
10 kN
(T) Fx 0
10 kN
(T)
10 kN
(C)
2 - 50
Edition
Second
member deformations stretching or squashing
20 kN 10 kN
(T) (T)
A=1000 mm2
10 kN
(T)
E=200 GPa
10 kN
(C)
PBC LBC
D BC
EBC A BC
PCD LCD 10 103 2

D CD 6
0.110 3 m 0.1mm
E CD A CD 200 10 1000 10
9
PFC LFC
D FC
EFC A FC
P L PGD LGD
D FG
P L
FG FG 0.1mm D GC GC GC 0.1mm D GD 0.2mm
EFG A FG EGC AGC EGD AGD
2 - 51
Edition
Second
Solution:
Member Internal Length (L) Deformations in members PD
force P (kN) (m) ( D PL EA ) (mm) (kNmm)
BC
CD
FG
CF
CG
DG
PD
2 - 52
Edition
Second
u?
Final Answer for u, the vertical deflection at D

External Work Done = internal work done
Fu PD
10kN * u PD
2 - 53
Edition
Second
2. Virtual work
Virtual Work is a fundamental theory in the mechanics of bodies

and is one of the most powerful tools in structural analysis. It
allows use to solve for the forces in determinate and indeterminate
structures and ALSO deflections and slope.
It is SOOOO fundamental that even the equations of equilibrium

can be derived from it!!!!
We will, however, use it in this subject only to calculate deflections

in truss structures.
2 - 54
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Second
2. Virtual work
Principle of Virtual Work states

If a body is in equilibrium then the virtual work of all forces
acting on the body is zero.
Thus,
External work done = internal work done

(conservation of energy) still applies,
HOWEVER,
What do we mean by Virtual work?????
2 - 55
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Second
2. Virtual work
By Virtual we mean imaginary, however, the displacements must
always be compatible.
Virtual work can be considered as two parts,
The principle of Virtual Displacements whereby,
Virtual work is the work done by actual/real forces acting on a
system moving through virtual/imaginary displacements.
and
The principle of Virtual Forces whereby,
Virtual work is the work done by virtual/imaginary forces acting
on a system moving through real/true displacements/deformations.
It is the latter case we will consider, as it is displacements we are

wanting.
2 - 56
Edition
Second

dummy/virtual forces, real displacements & extensions
Determine the horizontal displacement of the joint D in the plane
pin-jointed framework in the following figure. All members have
a cross-sectional area of 1000 mm2 and modulus of 200 GPa.
u?
2 - 57
Edition
Second
Solution
To determine the horizontal disp. of joint D place a virtual load there.
u? 1kN
Real displacements/deformation from Virtual forces from virtual 1kN

actual 10 kN loading dummy load

Fu PD 1kN * u PD
Combine the real internal deformations (from Example 2 with the
10kN load), with the virtual loads found from the virtual horizontal
dummy load of 1kN at D, to reveal the real horz. deflection at D.
2 - 58
Edition
Second
Solution
To determine the horizontal disp. of joint D place a virtual load there.
u? 1kN
Real displacements/deformation from Virtual forces from virtual 1kN

actual 10 kN loading dummy load

Fu PD 1kN * u PD
10kN load), with the virtual loads found from the virtual horizontal
dummy load of 1kN at D, to reveal the real horz. deflection at D.
2 - 59
Edition
Second
Internal member forces based on virtual load
Joint D: Assume a horizontal dummy force P=1 kN acting at point D

(10 kN is removed)
Fy 0
FCD
P=1 kN
FDG
1kN Fx 0
2 - 60
Edition
Second
Joint G:
Fy 0
FCG FDG 0
FFG
Fx 0
1kN
2 - 61
Edition
Second
Joint C:
Fy 0
FCD 1kN
FBC
FCF FCG 0
Fx 0
1kN
2 - 62
Edition
Second
Solution: assume a dummy unit external horizontal force at point D
Member Real deformations in members Dummy internal P' D

D PL (mm) forces ( P ' ) (kN) (kNmm)
EA
BC 0.2
FC -0.2
FG -0.1
CG +0.1
CD 0.1
GD -0.2
1kN
PD
10kN
Real Displacements Dummy Loads

(i.e. based on real loads) & internal forces
2 - 63
Edition
Second
u?
Final Answer for uhoriz , the horizontal deflection at D

External Virtual Work Done = Internal Virtual work done
(real displacements, dummy (virtual) loads and forces)
Fuhoriz PD
1kN * uhoriz PD
2 - 64
Edition
Second

dummy forces, real displacements and extensions
u?
2 - 65
Edition
Second
Solution
To determine the vertical disp. of joint G place a virtual vertical load there.
u? 1kN
Virtual forces from virtual 1kN
Real displacements/deformation from
dummy load
actual loading

Fu PD 1kN * u PD
10kN load), with the virtual loads found from the virtual vertical
dummy load of 1kN at G, to reveal the real vertical deflection at G.
2 - 66
Edition
Second
Joint D: Assume a dummy vertical force P=1 kN acting at point G

(10 kN at Point D is removed)
Fy 0
FCD
FDG
Fx 0
1kN
2 - 67
Edition
Second
Joint G:
FCG FDG 0
Fy 0
FFG
P=1 kN
Fx 0
1kN
2 - 68
Edition
Second
Joint C:
Fy 0
FCD 0
FBC
FCG 1kN
FCF
Fx 0
1kN
2 - 69
Edition
Second
Solution: assume a dummy unit external vertical force at point G
Member Real deformations in members due Dummy internal P' D
to 10 kN load D PL EA (mm) forces ( P ' )(kN) (kNmm)
BC 0.2
CF -0.2
FG -0.1
CG 0.1
CD 0.1
DG -0.2
PD
10kN
1kN
Real Displacements Dummy Loads

(i.e. based on real loads) & internal forces
2 - 70
Edition
Second
u?
Final Answer for uvert.G , the vertical deflection at
G
External Virtual Work Done = Internal Virtual work done
(real displacements, dummy (virtual) loads and forces)
Fu PD
1kN * uvert.G PD
2 - 71
Edition
Second
Temperature Changes and Fabrication Errors in Trusses
No forces/loads are actually directly applied but a member is
made either too long or too short or there is a temp. change!!
C
Incorrectly manufactured
length of member CF, or
length due to temperature
change = (L+
F
If a member is made too long by an amount before it is fitted into a
truss, or if freely allowed to expand or contract due to a temperature
change, the force needed to keep the member at the correct length L =
EA
P
L
2 - 72
Edition
Second
Temperature Changes and Fabrication Errors in Trusses
C
Incorrectly manufactured
length of member CF, or
length due to temperature
change = (L+
F
Using the virtual work method, 0

this would appear as a real 0
deformation of , due to the 0
temp change or fabrication
0
error in the member.
0
2 - 73
Edition
Second
Example 5: Fabrication error:
No forces directly applied but a member made either too long or too
short!! dummy forces, real displacements & extensions
Determine the vertical displacement of the joint D in the plane
pin-jointed framework due to a fabrication error of member CF
being made 5mm too short!!!
u?
All members have a cross-

sectional area of 1000 mm2 and
modulus of 200 GPa.
2 - 74
Edition
Second
Solution:
Member Internal Length (L) Deformations in members PD
force P (kN) (m) ( D PL EA ) (mm) (kNmm)
BC
CD
FG
CF
CG
DG
PD
2 - 75
Edition
Second
extras
2 - 76
Edition
Second
Using Virtual DISPLACEMENTS to find unknown forces
REMEMBER by Virtual we mean imaginary, though, the
displacements must always be compatible.
Virtual work may be divided into two parts,
The principle of Virtual Displacements whereby,
and
The principle of Virtual Forces whereby,
Virtual work is the work done by virtual/imaginary forces acting
on a system moving through real/true displacements/deformations.
It is the latter case we will consider, as it is displacements we are

wanting.
2 - 77
Edition
Second
Using Virtual DISPLACEMENTS to find unknown forces
Lets look briefly, for completeness, at The principle of Virtual
Displacements whereby,
Using this technique we can find the internal member forces

WITHOUT using equilibrium. We will demonstrate this with the
following example.
2 - 78
Edition
Second
Example 5: dummy displacements, real applied and internal forces
Determine the force in member AG
3m
G
20kN
4m
Solution: Devise an arbitrary set of

A
permissible compatible virtual displacements
and using Virtual (displacements) work
calculate the real member forces.
2 - 79
Edition
Second
Example 5: dummy displacements, real applied and internal forces
Solution: Choose the arbitrary permissible compatible virtual

displacements, such that member BG experiences NO change in
length.
3m
D G
y
4m
20kN Fu PD
20kN * dy FAG D
A
What remains is to find D in terms of dy and then solve for FAG
2 - 80
Edition
Second
Example 5:
dummy displacements, real applied and internal forces
3m
D G
y
4m
20kN
A
Fu PD 20kN * dy FAG D
2 - 81
Edition
Second
TRUSSES are all around us
Edition
Second
TRUSSES are all around us
Edition
Second
The Eiffel Tower, Paris
2.5 million
rivet
fastners

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Other information on Blackboard

Convenor: Prof Xiaodong Huang, xhuang@swin.edu.au

This unit aims to enhance your ability to

Variation of stress and strain (0.5 week)

Thin plates and shells (1 week)

Thick-walled & compound cylinders (1 week)

Statically indeterminate beams (2 weeks)

Thermal stress and Elementary plasticity (1 week)

Benham, P.P., Crawford R. J. and Armstrong, C.G.,

To pass this subject, students are required to achieve

Lecture PowerPoint Slides all lecture worked example

Tutorial Question Sheets (Worked Solutions come online on

Be quiet in the lecture theatre.

Dont copy assignments (Lab reports)

Energy Methods are based on the Law of Conservation

Virtual work, Strain energy and Castiglianos method, which

Simple energy-based formulations can provide convenient

Virtual Work can be used to solve for reaction forces, internal

Before we embark on this new method, we will first spend some

1. Revision: Force & moment equilibrium, Method of

2. Virtual work method to solve for deflections

The (internal or applied or reaction) forces on a free body

When we have translational equilibrium we have a CLOSED

Externally Determinate Externally Indeterminate

Internally Determinate: Member forces can determined using equilibrium.

Internally Determinate Internally Indeterminate

LOAD PATH 1 LOAD PATH 2

Determinacy criterion for (2D) structures:

Structure Stable & Stable &

Example 1: determine the forces in each member.

Before we start we need to ask ourselves, Is the truss

2. calculate the forces in each member

It is recommended that it is assumed initially that each member is

Alternative Method 2 force triangle for Joint A:

AC in tension and AB in compression It can be confusing at

From Joint A FAB 4243N

Having the arrow

Fx 0 FEF FCE 1000 N

FBD 4000 N (C)

FBC 3000 N FEF 1000 N

FCD 2828 N FDE 0

The law on conservation of energy states

This law can be considered in terms of work done, i.e.

External Work Done

Internal work done = P*D

If a series of external loads, F1, F2, , apply on a deformable

External Work done = Internal Work done

External Work done = Internal Work done

Determine the vertical displacement (u) of joint D in the plane

Solution: External Work = Internal Work

Joint G: From Joint D, FDG 10 2kN

10 2 sin 45o FCG 0

FDG cos 45o FFG 0

10 2 cos 45o FFG 0

FCF FCG 10kN FCF 10 2 kN

PCD LCD 10 103 2

Final Answer for u, the vertical deflection at D

Virtual Work is a fundamental theory in the mechanics of bodies

It is SOOOO fundamental that even the equations of equilibrium

We will, however, use it in this subject only to calculate deflections

Principle of Virtual Work states

External work done = internal work done