Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Department of Electrical and Computer Department of Electrical and Computer Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering Engineering Engineering
Cleveland State University, USA Cleveland State University, USA Cleveland State University, USA
4m.sangavikar@vikes.csuohio.edu 5s.manchikatla@vikes.csuohio.edu 6n.lnu17@vikes.csuohio.edu
Abstract- Internet of Things implementations continue to be a create a greater entity [1]. The implementation of Internet
challenge in many different industries. Power consumption of Things can be most efficient when Smart Grid, Wireless
remains an important issue for device management in Smart Sensor Nodes, Intelligent Transportation, Smart Cities,
Homes as unwanted additional power may be used at Health Care, and other applications are deployed. The
unwanted times. As a result, resources used in generation of
power are not put to use efficiently. These resources can be
general architecture of IoT can be seen in Figure 1.
utilized in other productive applications. In this paper, we
design and implement a Smart Meter (SM) to reduce and
monitor the power consumption of household devices. The
Smart Meter uses a sensor-based microcontroller and an
actuator that work together to analyze the power
consumption of each electronic household device. The Smart
Meter is implemented by an Automatic Measuring Threshold
Value (AMTV) algorithm to set threshold values for each
appliance. The performance of the AMTV algorithm is
validated using AVR Studio software. The results
demonstrate that the Smart Meter significantly reduces
power consumption.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of various
objects which can communicate with each other and refers
to the interconnection of uniquely identifiable embedded Fig. 1: Architecture of IoT
devices with a traditional infrastructure [1]. Things, or
physical nodes, are embedded with various sensors and The quickly-growing concept of the Smart Home
applications which enable nodes to communicate with each has its obvious advantages for the consumer. Each
other by via a variety of different protocols. individual appliance or electrical device can be integrated
The nodes are typically connected to the internet into the system and be controlled by either remote or
via Local Area Network (LAN) or using cellular data, but smartphone. This gives a Smart Home owner the ability to
can also be connected using RFID, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc., turn on, turn off, or adjust settings on any of these devices
depending on the specific needs of each particular device at the press of a button, without having to be in the same
[2]. A control unit, utilizing various Back-End Services room or even building as the devices [3]. The significant
like node identification, data decryption, etc. is used to advantages of this include greater user control, safety,
process data sent by IoT nodes. increased accessibility, energy efficiency, and cost savings
The IoT is not a source of new technology in and [3][4].
of itself, but more of a compilation of the best parts of With any new technology, challenges will present
certain existing technologies and communication modes to themselves as either glaring disadvantages or new issues
that need solving, and Smart Homes are not immune to this. consumption [7]. We design the circuit to control device
First and foremost, even though the Smart Home can save status and to monitor and reduce power consumption
on monthly power costs, the initial installation of the individually by device.
system can be costly. After the system is in place, the issues III. RELATED WORK
encountered include device compatibility, security issues The research for this project began by learning
surrounding encryption and privacy, and power efficiency about the concept of the IoT framework. From there, it was
[5]. narrowed down to learning about Smart Home power
In this paper, the issue of power reduction in smart consumption and the devices and ideas needed to tackle the
devices is tackled, focusing mainly on Smart Home current issues involved. The following papers and journal
lighting systems. As the IoT application connects various articles served as a basis for our understanding of the
smart devices together and communication takes place subject:
between them, a lot of power is consumed. This can be In Internet of Things for Smart Cities, Zanella and
optimized to reduce power and costs associated with it. To team provide a comprehensive survey of enabling
achieve this goal, a power reduction algorithm, i.e., the technologies, protocols, and architecture for an urban IoT.
Automatic Measuring Threshold Value algorithm, is The paper presents technical solutions and best-practice
proposed for the Smart Meter [2][6]. guidelines for developing a possible implementation of a
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Smart City project using a web service approach that
Section II looks to define the goal of this research paper follows Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards
and discuss other challenges encountered in successfully [7].
realizing an IoT application. Section III discusses related In A Vision of IoT: Applications, Challenges, and
work in the form of several existing journals and articles Opportunities with China Perspective, challenges on
covering the IoT framework, Smart Homes, and power technologies, applications, and standardization for IoT are
consumption, including microcontroller-based Smart discussed. It also proposes an open and general IoT
Meters. In Section IV, we propose our own power architecture consisting of three platforms to meet the
reduction algorithm to be implemented into the Smart architectural challenge. Future opportunities and prospects
Meter for optimizing the power consumption of the smart for IoT frameworks are discussed. The proposed new
devices. We discuss the algorithm itself, and some of the architecture and standards can hopefully balance desires
control units and hardware required to implement this into from different parties, open the door for future fundamental
a Smart Home. It also shows some theoretical power theory development, and eventually stimulate and regulate
consumption results comparing existing technologies to a further IoT development [8].
system based on our algorithm. Section V shows some In Research Directions for the Internet of Things,
conclusions drawn by this research. current IoT research topics are laid out and research
problems within these topics are discussed. The paper
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT: discusses the problems by dividing it into eight parts:
The concept of Internet of Things is as simple as massive scaling, architecture and dependencies, creating
connecting devices to the physical world, but the knowledge and big data, robustness of the system,
implementation of IoT is a complex process. The openness security, privacy, and human-in-the-loop. Each
challenges associated with the implementation of IoT arise of the topic discussions primarily focuses on new problems
from four main areas. that may arise for future IoT systems. The limitation of this
The first area is architecture. This involves the paper is that the topics discussed are representative and not
complexities of developing compatible architectures for complete. Many important topics such as development of
embedded sensors, software, and hardware for data standards protocols, the impact of privacy laws on IoT, and
processing and control of IoT devices [7]. The next cultural impact on the use of these technologies are outside
challenge is with the hardware itself. Devices and sensors the scope of this paper [9].
must be developed while keeping in mind the strengths and In Remote-controllable power outlet system for
weaknesses of the technologies used to develop Internet of home power management, power management for
Things [6][8]. The last of the major issues involved is the domestic purposes can be implemented with a Wireless
overall privacy and security of the system. When Power Controlled Outlet Module (WPCOM). This paper
developing IoT devices and software, data management discusses the advantages gained by connecting the
must not be compromised as data of devices or physical WPCOM to an AC power supply and a control module,
world objects could be the most important aspect to both Bluetooth module, GSM module, Ethernet module, power
companies and individuals [8]. measuring module, and SD Card module. The combination
The power consumption in a Smart Home is very of these modules creates an ad-hoc network for indoor
tedious to manage, let alone reduce. To overcome this wireless and outdoor remote-based connections in Smart
issue, we implement a Smart Meter with the AMTV Homes [10].
algorithm. This algorithm is based on the Microcontroller Challenges in Smart Meter Design details the
design, using an interfacing sensor to detect power smart meter functionality requirements and discusses the
0119
Ns
Is = Ip (1)
Np
Where:
IS = current induced in secondary coil
IP = current induced in primary coil
NP = number of windings in primary coil
NS = number of windings in secondary coil
3. For: time t = T }
4. Measure current I(t). 3. Set threshold value Pt
5. Convert current reading to equivalent voltage 4. For time t = T
value by use of Ohms Law (V = IR) and 5. Calculate power consumption (P)
voltage value is converted in digital form by 6. Check calculated power consumption value P
use of inbuilt A/D Conversion with threshold value Pt
6. Calculate power consumption(P) using voltage 7. If P(t) > Pt then
readings from microcontroller. 8. Microcontroller control signal (PORTB=1)
P = V I (2) and device switched OFF.
7. End For 9. Else Device remains ON.
10. End if
The algorithm is explained as follows. Initialization of the 11. End for
system is done, all previous values are reset and voltage is
set to 220 V, Port A for input, Port B as output, Port C for The second algorithm is explained as follows. Set
LCD Display, Port D for transmission of data, and Time T the threshold value for the maximum power that can be
is set to 1 second. The microcontroller sets applied as Pt. The threshold will be set automatically by
up initial conditions and checks whether devices the control unit. Set time period t for T seconds so that the
are connected to the system. Initialize for t = T. Measure readings of the devices are measured repeatedly after every
current flowing for line wire which is connected to devices T seconds. This ensures that the system is real-time and is
by the current sensors. Various current sensors, such as constantly updated to compare the Pt to t. Compare
current transformers, Hall Effect ICs, Resistors, etc. can be calculated power consumption value of P with threshold
used. This sensed current value is converted to its value Pt. If P(t) > Pt then, as power consumption by device
equivalent digital voltage value by help of resistors, and a is greater than threshold value, so the microcontroller
voltage divider is used to convert analog voltage values to generates a control signal to the Power Control System
digital form. This voltage divide can be implemented as which switches OFF devices. If power consumption is less,
shown in Equation 3. device remains ON.
E. Communication Devices
This block deals with the communication between
= (3) the user and the model. This can be done with various
protocols such as Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth, Ethernet and
Where:
etc. For this project, we chose to use a Zigbee Module. The
V= voltage supplied to microcontroller
ZigBee Module, whos architecture can be seen in Figure
Vs = voltage from resistor across current
3, is a chip that creates a small wireless network. Zigbee
transformer
was chosen because it is reliable, able to be used with chips
R1 = Resistor 1 value
made by many different manufacturers, and very low
R2 = Resistor 2 value
power for data transmission.
Equation 2: Voltage Calculation
D. Power Supply
The microcontroller needs DC voltage of 5V or
12V. This DC voltage is generated by converting from AC
with a main power supply. This conversion can be done
with a step-down transformer and a bridge rectifier. On the
software side, the steps to decrease power consumption are
shown in Algorithm 2.
Algorithm 2: Minimizing Power Consumption
1. Initialization {
2. Fig. 3: Zigbee Module Diagram
Pt = 200W
T = 1 seconds V. Results
0121
The following values are the expected current [10] Lien, Chia-Hung, Ying-Wen Bai, and Ming-Bo Lin. "Remote-
Controllable Power Outlet System for Home Power
readings that are measured at the Smart Meter and the Management." Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 53,
action taken when each reading is taken. As device power no. 4 (2007): 1634-1641.
ratings increase, the current drawn linearly increases. [11] Jaganmohan, M. S., and K. Manikandan. "Challenges in Smart
TABLE NO. 1 SIMULATION RESULT Meter Design." In Conference on Power System Protection and
Sr. Device Current Power Actions Automation. 2010
No Taken Measured [12] Haque, Md Mejbaul, Md Kamal Hossain, Md Mortuza Ali, and Md
Rafiqul Islam Sheikh. "Microcontroller based single phase digital
1 100 Watt 454mA 105 Watt Devices On prepaid energy meter for improved metering and billing system."
bulb International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems
2 200 Watt 909mA 210 Watt Devices Off (IJPEDS) 1, no. 2 (2011): 139-147.
bulb
3 300 Watt 1.36A 300 Watt Devices Off
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Excess power consumption occurs if the main
supply is providing more power than specified, or due to
voltage fluctuations and voltage spikes. If the current
drawn by the devices is more than the expected current it
should be drawing, this will indicate excess power
consumption. When this is detected the device is turned off
to reduce the power consumption. Because the AMTV
algorithm successfully achieves this, the result is decreased
power consumption and, therefore, decreased power costs.
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