Turbulence

modelling for
rotating flows
 Presentation plan

1. Thesis context, goals and roadmap

2. Effects of rotation on a turbulent flow

3. RANS modelling of rotating flows

4. Conclusion and perspectives

2 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 Presentation plan

1. Thesis context, goals and roadmap

2. Effects of rotation on a turbulent flow

3. RANS modelling of rotating flows

4. Conclusion and perspectives

3 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 Thesis context

Complex industrial applications :

 Thermal fatigue caused by hot water/cold

water mixing in reactor coolant pumps

 Unsteady flow,
rotation dominated dynamic,
various convection regimes

 Which turbulence model one can use ?

A new numeric tool strategy : Code_Saturne

selected for hydraulic machinery computations
(pumps, marine turbines, )

A turbomachinery module in Code_Saturne

 Extend turbulence models for rotating flows

4 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 Thesis goals and roadmap

Goal : a methodology for turbulence modelling in turbomachinery applications

 Rotation dominated flows

 Unsteady thermal fluctations captured

 Computational cost not prohibitive

Solution : the researches focus on :

 Accurate turbulence models for forced and mixed convection in rotating flows

 RANS/LES coupling for thermal applications

RANS/LES coupled model must be validated on an academic test case

 Rotating heated channel flow

5 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 Presentation plan

1. Thesis context, goals and roadmap

2. Effects of rotation on a turbulent flow

3. RANS modelling of rotating flows

4. Conclusion and perspectives

6 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 Rotating flows description

Navier-Stokes equations in a rotating (non inertial) frame :

t + div( u) = 0

( u)
+ div (( u) u) = P + u 2 u ( r )
t 14243 14243 fe =
Coriolis force fc
centrifugal force fe
2r 2
 Centrifugal force for incompressible flows = body force from potential :
=
2
=> combined with the pressure gradient ( effective pressure )
Peff = P
 Coriolis force normale to (,u) plane :

 Energy distribution but no production neither destruction : fc dx = 0

 Direct interaction with the flow (trajectory seems curved)

Effect of strong rotation on a flow : two-dimensionnal state

(Taylor-Proudman theorem, viscous and advective terms neglected)

( )u = 0 geostrophic flow

Strong analogy beetwen rotation and curvature

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 Effects of rotation on turbulence (1/2)

When there is only rotation acting on the mean flow :

 Experimental studies (Wigeland & Nagib, 1978 ; Jacquin et al., 1990) and DNS
(Rogallo, 1981)
 Integral length scale in the transverse direction
becomes stronger :
< v ' ( x )v ' ( x + re x ) >
Lv = L22,1 = dr
0 < v ' ( x )v ' ( x ) >

turbulent sturctures are more and more coherent,

Taylor-Proudman organisation

 Energy deacreasing is slower than in the non rotating case

(spectral transfer inhibition)

 Non linear mecanisms, should be explained with

two-points correlations in spectral space
(Waleffe, 1993)

8 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 Effects of rotation on turbulence (2/2)

When rotation is combinated with shear S on the mean flow :

 Displaced particule analysis (Bradshaw, 1969 ; Tritton, 1992), linear stability

analysis (Johnston et al, 1972 ; Speziale, 1996)
B = R(R + 1) > 0

 Bradshaw criterion 2 => stable flow (particular case of Rayleigh criterion)
R = S
 R = planetary vorticity on vorticity ratio > 0 => stabilising effect of rotation

 RDT computations : maximum destabilisation occurs for /S=0.25 but /S=0.5 case =0
case (Bertoglio, 1982 ; Cambon et al, 1994)

 With walls : spanwise rotating channel flow

(Johnston et al, 1972 ;
Kristoffersen & Andersson, 1993)
 Consistency with Bradshaw criterion
 Turbulent kinetic energy k decreases near the suction side

 Near the pressure side, k first increases and then decreases for strong rotation rate (complete
laminarisation of the flow)

 At the center of the channel, we have S2 => neutral stability (R=-1)

 Longitudinal roll cells (Taylor-Grtler vortices) in the center of the channel

link with neutral stability of azimutal flows (Taylor-Couette instability)

9 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 Turbulence model equations in non-
inertial frames

RANS modelling => Reynolds tensor

 Objective tensor (Reynolds stress )

 but Reynolds stress transport equation is not frame invariant :

D ui ' u j '
= Pij + Dij + DijT + ij ij + Gij
Dt
Coriolis production term : Gij = 2k (eikm u j ' um ' + e jkm ui ' um ')

Second order closure (RSM) : Coriolis term explicit, no more modelling

requirement than in the inertial case
2

Eddy viscosity closure (EVM) => Boussinesq hypothesis : ui ' u j ' = k ij 2 t Sij
3
 Gii = 0 => no Coriolis term in the k (neither ) equation : D k = P + D + DT
Dt
 Strain rate tensor S is objective

 Eddy viscosity hypothesis completely failed to reproduced direct anisotropic

(distributive) effects of Coriolis force on turbulence
 Turbulence only indirectly affected by the mean flow

10 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 Presentation plan

1. Thesis context, goals and roadmap

2. Effects of rotation on a turbulent flow

3. RANS modelling of rotating flows

4. Conclusion and perspectives

11 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 Selected approach

We want to simulate turbulent rotating flows with the models
implemented in Code_Saturne
 We focus on the test case spanwise rotating channel flow
 Idealisation of a radial turbomachinery channel (no curvature, no transverse
pressure gradient)

 Very sensitive to turbulence modelling (no Coriolis force on the mean flow)

 DNS data available (Kristoffersen & Andersson, 1994 ; Lamballais et al, 1996 ;
Grundestam et al, 2008)

 Bibliographic study and tests with Code_Saturne

 Which is the best RSM ?
 LRR and SSG tested

 How can one sensitize EVM to rotation ?

 Three corrections tested : Spalart & Shur (1997), Pettersson Reif et al (1999) and
Cazalbou et al (2005)

12 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 Test case preparation

DNS data : 165 Re 200 => low Reynolds/near wall models needed
LS = Launder-Sharma model ; SST = k- SST model ; -f from Laurence et al, 2004 ;
EB-SSG for last version of elliptic blending RSM (Manceau & Hanjali, 2002)

Static channel flow : Moser, Kim, Mansour (1999) data

 Mesh convergence : y+0.2 convenient for all models

 Large difference beetween models for computed bulk mean velocity

 Bulk velocity imposed rather than friction velocity imposed for rotating case
13 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85
 Second order modelling of turbulent
rotating flows (1/2)

Coriolis production term G must be take into account

Two models in Code_Saturne :

 SSG : calibrated for several flows including rotating shear flow

 LRR : extended for rotating flows in Launder et al (1987)

ijobjective tensor but models dont satisfy invariance of constitutive law

constraint
1 u u
SSG : = F(b,S,) => * = F(b*,S*,W*) with Wij = i + emji m
j

2 x j x i
the absolute mean vorticity tensor

 LRR : production P becomes absolute production P+G in rotating frame

Equilibrium states ( / Sk ) of RSM show a bifurcation with respect to /S

(Speziale & Mac Giolla Mhuiris, 1989)
 Useful for evaluate models performance
Bifurcation diagram of RSM :
14 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85
 Second order modelling of turbulent
rotating flows (2/2)

Bifurcation diagram : /S=B => S/B for neutral stability

 SSG : B = 0.53 => S 1.9

 LRR : B = 0.38 => S 2.6

15 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 First order modelling : the Spalart &
Shur correction (1/2)

An attempt to provide a 3D-applicable measure of stabilising/destabilising
effect of rotation for empirical correction of EVM

 Unifies rotation and curvature by considering variations of S tensor principal axes

 Following the Bradshaw criterion, rotation/curvature must be compare with vorticity

2r ~

f
r1 = (1 + c )
1 c r 3 tan 1(cr 2 r ) c r 1 r = S /W
1+ r
r1

P = fr 1P avec D = (S + W ) / 2
r = 2W S D Sij + (e S + e S ) / D 4
~
Generarized Bradshaw ik jk m
S = 2Sij Sij , W = 2WijWij
Dt
imn jn jmn in

number

Initially proposed with Spalart-Allmaras model but could be use with other
EVM

Original model is recovered for non-rotating/curved flows

Implemented in CFX (slight modifications) and tested on the Radiver

(=centrifugal impeller) test case (Dufour et al, 2008)

16 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 First order modelling : the Spalart &
Shur correction (2/2)

Lamballais case (DNS)

Good predictions for U (
uv) but energy k profile is coarse (at least
qualitatively)

Numerical stiffness of t / k terms with -f model

t / k could be changed to t /(T ) but dont avoid stiffness at high

17 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 First order modelling : the
Pettersson Reif et al correction (1/3)
C 1

Problem : equilibrium state of EVM cant bifurcate : = 2C 1
Sk C 2 1

Solution : C (1,2 )

Linearised EARSM in order to mimic the bifurcation diagram of

SSG model 1 u u
1 1 = SijSij Sij = T i
+ j
1 + 2 3 + 33 1 + 51 2 x j xi

C = C
1+ +
2 = WijWij
1 + 4 3
1 2 3 3
5 2 1 u u j
3 = 1 2 Wij = T i + C e jim m
2 x j xi

 The original model is recovered for non-rotating flows

Initially proposed for v-f model but could be use with other EVM

Weak equilibrium assumption of EARSM is false when streamline

curvature occurs

 Curvature corrected equilibrium assumption can be add (Duraisamy &

Iaccarino, 2005)

18 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 First order modelling : the
Pettersson Reif et al correction (2/3)

Good results except for k at the highest

Big artefact appears on the computed dU/dy (Code_Saturne

problem or model problem ?)
 very short t iterations at the end of a computation to smooth the solution

19 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 First order modelling : the
Pettersson Reif et al correction (3/3)

Others elliptic EVM (Lien & Durbin, 1996 and -, 2008) dont seem
better than the -f model

20 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 First order modelling : the Cazalbou
et al correction (1/2)

Goal : design a model for both the spectral transfer inhibition and
Coriolis-shear instability effects of rotation on turbulence
 C 2 is the only available coefficient
~ ~

C02 1 Sk ~
Ro = ~
C = C02 + +C 0
C tanh( b BR+ c ) d
= (WijWij / 2)
2 k ~
144444
3 / 2 2 SC 1/ 2
3
~

144 +2
14 a4
Ro44 3
42444444 ~
2k D Sij
S = (2Sij Sij )
CHI2
RC HS
BR = ~3 Wik S jk + (eimn S jn + e jmn Sin )m ~ 1/ 2
S Dt

HI
 C 2 : Park & Chung (1999) model for spectral transfer inhibition
HS
 RC : based on Howard et al (1980) model but removes its mathematical
difficiencies (non-realisability, possible blowup at finite time)
 Use the generalised Bradshaw number of Spalart & Shur (1997)
=> unify rotation and curvature

The original model (Launder-Sharma in Cazalbou et al (2005)) is not

recovered for non rotating/curved flows

Tested on the industrial Radiver test case

21 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85
 First order modelling : the Cazalbou
et al correction (2/2)

Not tested with k-

Numerical stiffness with -f

Coarse results for k profil

22 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 For higher rotation rate ?

Turbomachinery involves strong rotation rate up to Ro=2L/U=6

Grundestam et al (2008) data : complete laminarisation at Ro=3

 Elliptic blending not optimal

 Unrealistic k with Pettersson Reif (PR) but allows -f computation up to the highest

 Empirical corrections Spalart (SS) and Cazalbou (Caz.) quantitatively good for all
 Association with -f model prohibited

 Cazalbou solution is shaking sometime

23 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 Presentation plan

1. Thesis context, goals and roadmap

2. Effects of rotation on a turbulent flow

3. RANS modelling of rotating flows

4. Conclusion and perspectives

24 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 Development budget and conclusion

Rotation has important effects on turbulence

Some of them are naturally taken into account with a second order
modelling

Rotation/curvature corrected version of Code_Saturne should offer

various model :
 For fine results at all rotation rate : SSG

 For coarser but quantitatively good (at a cheaper cost) results at all rotation
rate : k- SST + Spalart & Shur (1997) correction or k- + Cazalbou et al
(2005) correction

 For fine results at moderate rotation rate : -f + Pettersson Reif et al (1999)

correction

Perspectives : well now focus on LES and RANS/LES coupling for

thermal transfer.

25 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85

 Some bibliography

Rotation/curvature corrections for eddy-viscosity closures :

1) P.R. Spalart, M. Shur ; On the sensitization of turbulence models to

rotation and curvature ; Aerospace Science and Technology, 5 (1997)

2) B.A. Pettersson Reif, P. Durbin and A. Ooi ; Modeling rotationnal effects

using eddy-viscosity closures ; Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 20 (1999)

3) J.-B. Cazalbou, P. Chassaing, G. Durfour and X. Carbonneau ; Two-

equation modeling of turbulent rotating flows ; Phys. Fluids, 17 (2005)

26 7th october 2009 Benot de Laage de Meux, MFEE/I85