‘the given change in state are #5 to parts (a) and (1) show Iy changes that occur when In), where its molar volume is 1). Assume for air that PV/T. tery “the process that brings them echanically reversible process a le ) R) ‘he intermediate temperature a R) R) Te mol)! mol)! 3.141.608) ‘THE FIRST LAW AND OTHER BASIC CONCEPTS SI The factor 2.7195 converts the PV product from (atm)(ft)’, which is an energy unit, {nto (Btu). For step (b), Eq. (2.8) becomes AU, =H, ~ PAV, is given by ‘The final volume of the ai PTs PT, from which we find that V3 = 437.93(0)". Therefore AU, = 3,847.9 ~ (1)(437.93 ~ 36.49)(2.7195 v= My 2,756.2(Btu) For the two steps together, AU = ~2,288,5 +2,756.2 = 507.7(Btu) and. H = ~3,141.6 + 3847.9 = 706.3(Btu) PROBLEMS 21 An insulated and nonconducting container filled with 10 kg of water at 20°C fited with aster. Thestireris made to turn by gravity ating on 3 weight of mas 25 kp. The weight falls slowly through distance of 10min driving the stirer. Assuming that all work done on the weight s transfered to the water ind thatthe local acceleration of gravity is 98 ms-*, determine: (a) The amount of work done on the water. (b) The internal-energy change of the water. (e) The final temperature of the water. (2) The amount of heat that must be removed from the water to return it (ois intial temperature. (2) The total energy change of the universe because of (1) the proces of lowering the weight, (2) the process of ling the water back to ts inital temperature, and (3) both processes together 222 Rework Prob. 2.1 taking into account thatthe container changes in temperature along with the water and has a heat capacity equivalent 1 3 kg of water. Work the peoblem in two ways: (a) taking the water and container as the system, and (6) taking the water alone asthe system. 23 Comment on the feasibility of cooling your kitchen in the summer by opening the door to the clectically powered refrigerator 224 Liquid water at 100°C and | bar has an internal energy (on an arbitrary scale) of 419.0kI ky and a specific volume of L044 cm’ enthalpy? js brought to the vapor state at 200°C and 800KPa, where its enthalpy is ‘and its specific volume is 260.19 em" g". Calculate AU’ and AH for the process. 25 With respect to [kg ofa substance, (a) How much change in elevation must it undergo to change its potential energy by 11? (b) Starting from rst, to what velocity must it accelerate so that its Kinetic energy is | kd? (©) What conclusions are indicated by these results? 246 Heat in the amount of Sl is added {0 «system while its internal energy decreases by 10. How much energy is transferred as work? For process causing the same change of state but for which the work is ero, haw much heat is transfered” 27 A block of copper weighing 0:2 kg hs an intial temperature of 400 K: 4kg of water initially at 300 K is contained in a perfectly insulated tank, sso made of copper and weighing 0.5 kg. The copper240 Liguid water at 70°) [29426 K] fowsin 52, INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS block is immersed in the water and allowed to come to equilibrium. What i the change in inter nergy of the copper block and of the water? What isthe change in eneray of the enire system, ‘nluding the tank’ Ignore ellects of expansion and contraction, and assume thatthe specific heats fate constant at 4184) g" K-! for water and 0.380 g-' K-* fr copper. 28 In the preceding problem, suppose that the copper block is dropped into the water from a height ‘of 50m, Assuming no loss of water from the tank, what isthe change internal energy ofthe wate 29 Nitrogen flows at steady state through a horizontal, insulated pipe with inside diameter of 2(in) {5.08 om). A pressure drop results from flow through a partially opened valve. Just upstream from the valve the presure is 80(psi) [581.6 Pa], the temperature is 100(°F) [37°C], and the aera velocity is I5(f(s)-! [457ms'] If the pressure just downstream from the valve is 20(ps [1379 KPa, what isthe temperature? Assume for nitrogen that PVT = const, Cy = (8/2)R, and Gy = (1/2)R. Find R valves in App. A) straight horizontal pipe in which theres no exchange of either heat or work with the surroundings. Its velocity is 30)(s) *[9.144ms"'] ina pipe with fn internal diameter of 1 (in) (2.58 em] unlit Nows into a section where the pipe diameter abruptly increases, What isthe enthalpy change ofthe wate ifthe downstream diameter is 1S(in) [381 em]? itis Min) [7 62cm]? What is the maximum change in enthalpy for an enlargement in the pipe? 2.11 Water flows through a horizontal coil heated from the outside by high-temperature ue gases. ‘As it pases through the cil the water changes state fom 2(atm) [202.66 kPa] and 180(*F) [822°C] to Hatm) [101.33 kPa] and 250(F) [121.1°C]. Its entering velocity is 1(0(6)"* [3.05 m5") and its tit velocity is 600(RM) [182.91 s']. Determine the heat transferred through the coil per unit ‘mass of wate. Enthalies of the jalet and outlet water streams are: Ine: 148.0(81u)(Tb)” [344.213 kg") (tet 1,168.(Bta lb) [2,718.5 WI kg!) 2.12 Steam flows at steady sate through a converging, insulated nozzle, 10(n) [25.4 cm] long and ‘vith an inlet diameter of 2(in) [5.08 cm]. At the nozzle entrance (tae 1), the temperature and pres: Sure are 600(°F) [312.56°C] and 100(psia) [689.5 kPa] and the velocity is 100(0)(s)"*[30.8ms-"]. At the nozzle exit (state 2), the steam temperature and pressure are 480(°F) [23222°C) and SO(psia) [344.75 kPa}. The enthalpy values are Hy = 1,329.6(B1) 06)" [3,092.5 19 kg") 1 289.6(Bt) (1b) [2929.7 kak [What isthe velocity of the steam atthe nozzle ext, and what isthe ext diameter? 213 A.ystem consisting of mbutane and propane exists as two phases in vapor/liquid equilibrium ‘at 10bar and 323 K, The mole fraction of propane is abovt 0.67 in the vapor phase and about 040 in the liguid phase, Additional pure propane is added 10 the system, which is brought again to ‘equilibrium at the same temperature and pressure, with both lguid and vapor phases stil present. What isthe effect of the addition of propane on the mole fractions of propane in the vapor and liquid phases? 2.14 In a natural gisoline fractionation system there are usually six chemical species present in appreciable quantities: methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, n-butane, and mpentane. A mixture fof these species is placed in a closed vessel Irom which all air has been removed, Ifthe temperature land pressure are fixed so that both liquid and vapor phases exist at equilibrium, how many additional, jhase-rule variables must be chosen to fx the compositions of both phases? I the temperature and pressure are to remain the same, is there any way that the composition ofthe foal contents ofthe vestel can be changed (by adding or removing material) without affecting the compositions ofthe liquid and vapor phases? 218 Inthe following take Cy = 2038 and C = 29.1 mol™! °C for nitrogen gas (@) Five moles of nirogen a 80°C is contained ina rigid vessel. How much heat must be added to the system to raise is temperature to 300°C if the vestel has a negligible heat capacity? IF the sass of the verse! i 100 kg and fits heat capacity is 0.537" °C, how much heat is required? (H) Three mole of nitrogen. must be extracted from heat capacity ofthe pst 2116 In the following take C (a) Five pound moles of nit added tothe system tor the vessel weighs 250 is required? (b) Tee pound moles of ich heat must be ext 100() if the heat capa 2247 The ternal eneray U" where Pisin (psi) and V Ini state at 1,50(psia a increases by 50 pereeat Det 2.18 The internal energy U’ where Pisin KPa, V's in state a 10,000 KPa and 280 by 50 percent, Determine v 2219 The path followed by the equation where @ and ¢ are constant ‘he same initial and final 1220 A particular substance state of 20bar toa final st where P is in bar and Vi aH 2.21 One kilogram of ait bar until its volume tpl the relation PV/T = 83.14. Lat ia) 10 the ‘THE FIRST LAW AND OTHER BASIC CONCEPTS 53 (6) Three moles of nitrogen at 230°C is contained ina piston/eslinder arrangement. How much hest rust be extracted from this system, which is kept at constant pressure to cool it to 80°C if the ‘heat capacity ofthe piston and cylinder is neglected? 216 In the following take Cy = $ and Cy = 7(Btu)tb mol) for niteogen gas (@) Five pound moles of nitrogen at 100(°F) is contained in rigid vesel. How much heat must be !added othe system to case its temperatre vo 400(°F) ifthe vessel has a negligible heat capacity? the vesel weighs 250(b,.) and has a heat eapacty of 0.12(Btu}Xlb,) CF), how much heat Is tequired? (b) Three pound moles of nitrogen at 450*F) is contained in « pston/cylinder arrangement. How much heat must be extracted from this system, whichis kep at constant pressure, to coal it 0 100(°F) if the heat capacity ofthe piston and cylinder is neglected? 217 The intemal energy of an amount of gas i given by the equation, 1s Pv" Where Pisin (psi) and" i in (7). The gas undergoes a mechanically reversible process from an Initial state at 1,500(psia) and $00(R). During the process V" is constant and equal to 1(f) and P increases by 50 percent. Determine values for Q and A" in (Bta) forthe proces 218 The internal energy U’ of an amount of gs is given by the equation, + U'=001 Pv where P is in kPa, V" isin m’. The gas undergocs a mechanically reversible proces from an initial State at 10,000 kPa and 280 K. During the process Vis constant and equal to 0.3 mand increases by 50 percent, Determine values for Q and AH" in k for the process 2.19 The path followed by a gas during particular mechanically reversible process is described by the equation Where a and ¢ are constants. In the inital state, P, = 60'bar and V; = 0,002 m?: in the final state, P2= 20bar and V5 =0.004m. During the process, heat in the amount of 5,000 is transfered to the gas. Determine W and AU” forthe proces. Suppose the ga followed a diferent path connecting the same initial and final states. Which ofthe quantities Q, W, and AU" must be unchanged? Why? 2220 A particular substance undergoes a mechanically reversible process, expanding from an inital state of 20bar toa final state of 8 bar. The ph forthe process is described by the equation 0936 7 P where P is in bar and V" isin m?. If AU" forthe change of ate is ~1,4003, determine W, Q, and aH 221 One kilogram of air is heated reversibly at constant pressure from aa inital state of 300 K and "bar until its volume triples, Calculate W, Q, AU, and BH for the process. Assume that ait obeys the relation PV/T = 83.14 bar em! mol”* K- and that Cy =29J mol"! K!