THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Detachment and a need for privacy
Abraham Maslow
- Spritual father of humanistic psychology
- Emphasized the positive rather than the negative side of
human nature.
- Humanistic Psychology as a third force in american
Psychology
Human Motivation: A Hierarchal Theory
Motivation reduction of tension by satisfying deficit
states or lacks
D-needs physiological needs/organisms requirement
Metamotivation growth tendencies
B-needs being needs/organisms drive
Hierarchy of Needs principles of relative potency
1. Physiological Needs strongest needs of all the
physiological ones that pertain to the physical, survival
and biological maintenance of the organism.
2. Safety Needs organisms requirement for an olderly,
stable, and predictable world.
3. Belonging and love needs individual seeks affactionate
and intimate relationship with other people.
4. Self-esteem Needs the need for respect and the need
for self-respect. Entails competemce, confidence,
mastery and achievement, independencce, and freedom.
5. Self-actualization Needs desire to fullfill ones highest
potential.
The Study of Self-Actualized Persons
Self-actualization fulfilling ones highest potential
Peak Experience intensification of any experience
15 Characteristicsof Self-Actualized Persons
AWARENESS
1. Efficient and accurate perception of reality
2. Continued freshness of appreciation w/o preconceptions
3. Tendency to have peak experiences
4. Clear ethical awareness and standards but not
necessarily conventional ones
HONESTY
1. Philosophical sense of humor that pokes fun at our
shared human pretensions
2. Deep Feeling of kinship with all humanity
3. Selective and deep interpersonal relations w/ small circle
of intimates
4. Democratic character structure accepting of all people
FREEDOM
1.
2. Autonomous and independent of culture and
environment
3. Creativeness characterizing whatever they do
4. Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness
TRUST
1. Problem-rather thanself-centered
2. Acceptance of self, others, and nature for what they are
3. Resistance to cultural conformity
Carl Rogers
- Self as an important element of experience
- Self as a useful construct in understanding
personality
- Self as a scientific construct that helps to accounts for
what we observe
Rogers Theory of Personality
Phenomenology philosophical movement | each individual
exist in a phenomenal field | greek word
phainomenon meaning that which
appears/show itself | Philosophy:
Phenomenology seeks to describe the data,
or the given of immediate experience |
Psychology: the study of human awareness
and perception
Phenomenal field total sum of experiences | everything that
is potentially available to consciousness at
any given moment
Actualization primary tendency of an organism/ maintain
enhance itself
Maintain, Actualize, Enhance
Organismic Valuing Process subconsiously guides us toward
productive growth experience
The Self
Self-concept portion of the phenomenal field
Symbolized accepted into consciousness, percieved
and organized
Denied/Distorted appear to be inconsistent
Congruence and Incongruence
Congruence when a persons symbolized experienced
reflects all the actual experiences
Incongruence when a persons symbolized experienced
does not reflects all the actual experiences

Development of Personality
Positive Regard being loved and accepted for who one is
1. Unconditioned Positive Regard | Love and despites
2. Conditional Positive Regard | Love and buts
Conditions of Worth
Postive Self Regard follows unconditional positive regard
Criteria for Being a Fully Functioning Person
1. Openness to experience aware of all experiences
without a need to deny or distort them
2. Existential Living able to live in the moment without
preconcieved structures
3. Organismic Trust trust in ones experience; not
bound by other peoples opinion
4. Experiental Freedom free-choice agent; assumes
responsibility for decisions and behaviors
5. Creativity able to ajust creatively to changes and
seeks new experiences and challenge
Psychotherapy client centered/non directive theraphy
Client-centered/Non-directive therapy
Necessary = attitude are essential and must be evident
Sufficient = other conditions are required to occur
THREE ATTITUDES OF A THERAPIST
Empathy the ability to experience another persons
feeling as if they were oness own but to
never lose sight of the as-if | putting
himself/herself on the situation
Acceptance non-judgemental recognition of ones self
and the other person
Genuiness genuiness, integrated, free and deepply
aware of the dynamics
Responses to Emotional Communication
Evaluative place a value of judgement on the persons
thoughts, feelings, wishes, or behavior
Interpretative identifies the real problem or underlying
feelings
Reassuring attempts to soothe the persons feelings
Probing seeks futher information
Reflective captures the underlying feelings
Supportive versus Reconstructive Psychotheraphy
Reconstructive Psychotheraphy
Supportive Psychotheraphy
George Kelly
The Person as Scientist
Personal constructs serves as hypotheses that make thw
world meaningful to us
Personal Construct Theory
Constructive Alternativism
Constructive Alternativism the assumption that any one
event is open to variety of interpretation
Fundamental Postulate and Corollaries
1. Construction people anticipate events by
interpreting them
2. Individuality each person construes events
differently
3. Organization people develop an organized system of
constructs
4. Dichotomy constucts are of a bipolar nature
5. Choice people choose from among alternatves the
most useful construct
6. Range each construct has a limited range or focus
7. Experience construction are changed in the light of
experience
8. Modulation constructs are open to change and
alteration
9. Fragmentation people may use constructs that seem
to b incompatible
10. Communality is based in similar personal constructs
11. Sociability social interaction entails understanding
contructs
The Reconstruction of Old Concepts
Self Construct based primarily on what we percieved as
consistencies in our own behaviour
Role process or behaviour that people engage in based on
their understanding of the behaviour and constructs of others
Development based on ones choice of constructs and views
Learning & Motivation built into the very structure of the
system
Emotions subsumed under the general frameworks of
personal constructs
Anxiety recognition of the events with which one is
confronted lie outside the range
Guilt perception of ones apparent dislodgement from his
core role structure in which we construe ourselves in certain
ways, such as loving or responsible
Aggression active elaboration of ones perceptual field
Hostility conflicted effort to extort validational evidence in
favor of a type of social prediction which has already proven
itself failure

Albert Ellis
3. Clinician (together w/ Becks and Lazarus) who have
developed techniques and strategies for helping
people cope better with their problems
4. Devised counseling methods that are often brief,
client-centered, and to the point
5. Empasizes and cultivate conscious forces: The
primary goal in life and analysis is to become more
aware and conscious
6. Second Most influential Psychotherapists
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
7. First primarily cognitive-behavioral therapy
Musturbatory Belief Systems absolute musts
Dysfunctional beliefs beliefs that are not only unrealistic
and illogical but also, and primarily self-defeating was not the
wisest choice
Rational Emotive Behavior Psychotheraphy
Cognitive therapy attempts to show cllients how to
recognized their should and must thoughts, how to rational
from irrational beliefs, and how to accept reality
Emotive-evocative therapy - employs role-playing,
psychodrama, humor, and other ideas such as unconditional
acceptance to reduce disturbance-creating ideas to absurdity

Behavior Therapy employed in REBT not only to help clients

The Theory of REBT suggest that human beings create their
change maladaptive petterns of behavior but also to help
own emotional consequences
change their cognitions

Human beings are sign, symbol, and language-creating Desentizations a process whereby anxieties and fears are
animals who use four fundamental processes: reduced by gradual, repeated, imagines, or real exposure to
8. Perception the noxious stimuli paired w/ relaxation, skill training and
9. Movement other behavioral techniques
10. Thinking
11. Emotion KINDS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Emotion - combination of related phenomena
1. Economy of Time and Effort
- type of evaluative thinking
2. Rapid symptom reduction
3. Effectiveness with a large cross-section of cllients
Emotion and thinking overlaps
4. Solution-oriented discussions
Thinking and emoting are closely related
5. Long term results that last
Thinking and emotion tend to develop into a cause-
and-effect relationship RET is realistic and unindulgent
Ones thinking becomes ones emotion and emoting
becomes ones thought

Self-talked intenalized sentences that shape our thoughts

and emotions.
Emotional disturbance caring too much about what others
think and stems for their believing thay can accept
themselves only if others think well of them | results from
the interdependence of cognition, emotion and action

A-B-C theory of personality when a highly charged

emotional consequence (C) |such as being frightened|
follows a significant activating event (A) |such as being
chased by a large dog as a child |, A may seem to but actually
does not cause C, instead, in subsequent situations,
emotional consequences are largely created by (B)
individuals belief system | all dogs are dangerous |(D) =
disputing |