CHAPTER 1

MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

What is Matter?
Anything that has mass and occupies space (volume)
For eg. Stone, Furniture, Water, Steam, Clouds etc.

Non-Matter: Gravity, Emotions, Sound, Heat etc.

Matter is classified into two types based on Physical Nature and Chemical Nature (properties).

Physical Nature (property) of Matter:

Matter is made up of PARTICLES

Characteristics of Particles:
Particles of matter have space between them.
Particles of matter are continuously moving.
Particles of matter attract each other.

Particles of matter have space between them.

Here water level remains same.

When we dissolve salt in water, the
particles of salt get into spaces
between particles of water.

Particles of mater are continuously moving.

Particles of matter are continuously moving, that is, they possess the kinetic energy.

(Brownian Movement: The random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a liquid which is
caused by the collision with the molecules of the surrounding medium.)

As the temperature rises, particles move faster.

Increase in temperature the kinetic energy of the particles also increases.
The intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion.

Particles of matter attract each other.

Particles of matter have force acting between them.
This force keeps the particles together.
The strength of the force of attraction varies from one kind of matter to another.

Textual Questions:
1. Which of the following are matter?
Matter: Chair, air, almonds, cold-drink
Non-matter: love, smell, hate, thought, cold

2. Give reasons for the following observation: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you
several metres away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close.
When the food is hot, the temperature is high, that means the kinetic energy is high which
results into the faster diffusion. More the kinetic energy more the distance is covered.
When the food is cold, the temperature is low, the kinetic energy is low which results into
the slower diffusion. So to get the smell from cold food we have to go close.

3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter does
this observation show?
Particles of matter have space between them. In water, the inter particle space is more
because of this a diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool.

4. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?

The characteristics of the particles of matter are:
The particles of matter are very small in size.
The particles of matter have space between them.
The particles of matter are continuously moving.
 The particles of matter attract each other.
Define States of Matter
State of Matter is one of the distinct forms that matter takes on.

Why does the matter take distinct forms (states)?

The matter takes different states due to the variation in the characteristics of the particles of matter.

States of Matter:
There are different types of matter around us.
Matter around us exists in three different states. They are SOLID, LIQUID and GAS

The Solid State:

Solids have a definite shape, distinct boundaries and fixed volumes.

Pen

Glass
Books

Characteristics of Solid
Solids have a definite shape.
Solids have a definite volume.
Solids do not tend to flow.
Solids have negligible compressibility. i.e. incompressible.
Solids are rigid.
Solids have a tendency to maintain their shape when subjected to outside force.
Solids may break under force but it is difficult to change their shape.
Solids have their melting and boiling points above room temperature.

Exceptional cases:
1. A rubber band changes shape under force and regains the same shape when the force is
removed. If excessive
force is applied, it
breaks.

2. The shape of each individual sugar or salt crystal remains fixed, whether we take it in our
hand, put it in a
plate or in a jar.

3. A sponge has minute holes, in which air is trapped. When we press it, the air is expelled out
and we are able to compress it.
The Liquid State:
Liquids have no fixed
shape but have a fixed
volume.
For eg. Juice, Milk, Water, Oil

Characteristics of Liquid
Liquids have no fixed shape but have a fixed volume. They take up the shape of the container
in which they are kept.
Liquids flow and change shape, so they are not rigid but can be called fluid.

Solids, Liquids and Gases can diffuse into liquids.

The rate of diffusion of liquids is higher than that of solids.
In the liquid state, particles move freely and have greater space between each other as
compared to particles in the solid state.

Solid Liquid

The Gaseous State:

Gaseous have no fixed shape and no fixed volume.

Eg. Balloons, Gas cylinder,

steam etc.