UBATUBA, BRAZIL, 2008

HYDROCLIMATOLOGY
WATERSHEDS, RUNOFF, FORECASTING, AND
PREDICTION 42 HOURS

Evapotranspiration 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTOR: Daniel Ruiz Carrascal

April 29, 2013

 OUTLINE

MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

GLOBAL WATER RESERVOIRS AND FLUXES

WATER PHASES

EVAPORATION

SST LONG-TERM TRENDS AND OCEAN EVAPORATION

TRANSPIRATION

MEASUREMENTS

INDIRECT METHODS
MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
 GLOBAL WATER RESERVOIRS AND FLUXES

16

59,000 1,400,000
GLOBAL WATER RESERVOIRS AND FLUXES
 WATER PHASES

ENERGY REQUIRED
[ COOLING EFFECT - ENERGY USED BUT NOT TO INCREASE TEMP ]

EVAPORATION MELTING

WATER LIQUID ICE

VAPOR Latent heat of Latent heat of
evaporation fusion
2.45 x 106 J/kg 3.3 x 105 J/kg

CONDENSATION FREEZING

ENERGY RELEASED
[ HEATING EFFECT ]
 EVAPORATION

CHANGE OF A SUBSTANCE IN THE ATMOSPHERE FROM LIQUID PHASE

TO GASEOUS/VAPOR FORM. In this course we will specifically refer to
EVAPORATION OF WATER because other liquids can also evaporate into the
air. Also note that SOLIDS CAN BE TRANSFORMED INTO GAS, but in
meteorology, this is generally referred to as SUBLIMATION.

Water molecules that exist in the liquid phase are free-flowing and in no
particular fixed position. Once energy is added to liquid water by heat from
the sun, the bonds between the water molecules gain kinetic energy.

Source: http://weather.about.com/od/e/g/evaporation.htm
 EVAPORATION - PRECIPITATION

E>P H2O flux, P>E

salt stays behind

AIR

SALTIER FRESHER
WATER

Excess of rain Deficit of rain

 EVAPORATION - PRECIPITATION

SUBTROPICAL SUBTROPICAL
EVAPORATIVE INDUCED EVAPORATIVE INDUCED
SALINITY-MAX ITCZ INDUCED SALINITY-MAX
SALINITY-MIN

E>P

ARCTIC RUNOFF
P>E INDUCED SALINITY-MIN

LATITUDE

SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

SST LONG-TERM TRENDS AND OCEAN EVAPORATION

FIELD OF ANNUAL
MEAN E

ANNUAL MEAN
TIME SERIES OF E
AND SST

(Source: Lisan Yu)

 SST LONG-TERM TRENDS AND OCEAN EVAPORATION

90% confidence
level
SST LONG-TERM TRENDS AND OCEAN EVAPORATION

U
E

qs qa
ANNUAL MEAN
TIME SERIES OF
E, (qs-qa) AND U

(Source: Lisan Yu)

MULTI-MODEL CHANGES (2080-2099)-(1980-1999)

Source: IPCC AR4, WGI, Figure 10.12

 TRANSPIRATION

PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION

CO2 + H2O O2 + org C

 MEASUREMENTS

LYSIMETER

EVAPORIMETER

Source:
http://www1.inea.it/isa/agrisolar/evaporimetropiccolo.jpg
Source:
http://www.braseq.com.br/produto.php?id=108
 INDIRECT METHODS (1 of 4)

- ENERGY BALANCE

lv: latent heat of evaporation; w: water density; Rn: net

radiation; Hs: sensible heat; G: heat conducted to the ground

- AERODYNAMIC

- ENERGY BALANCE AERODYNAMIC COMBINED

- DALTONS LAW

- TURCS EQUATION

P/L>0.316
ETR [mm/year]; P [mm]; L=300+25 T+0.05 T3; T[C]

P/L<0.316
 INDIRECT METHODS (2 of 4)

- MODIFIED TURCS EQUATION

Mean monthly RH > 50%

Mean monthly RH < 50%

ETP [mm/month]; K=0.37 for February and K=0.40 for the other months; T[C]; Rg
monthly incident solar irradiance [cal/cm2/day]

- COUTAGNES EQUATION
 INDIRECT METHODS (3 of 4)

- CENICAFES EQUATION

ETR [mm/day]; z [masl]

- THORNTHWAITES EQUATION

ETR [cm/month]; T [C]: mean annual temperature; I: annual heat index

- GARCA AND LPEZS EQUATION

Valid only for T>10C; ETP [mm/day]; T [C]; RH [%]: mean daily relative humidity,
as an average of the 08:00 a.m. and 02:00 p.m relative humidities
 INDIRECT METHODS (4 of 4)

- MEYERS EQUATION

- HOLDRIDGE METHOD

- PENMAN-MONTEITHS EQUATION

- BUDYKOS EQUATION

ETR, ETP and P in mm

- BOUCHETS HYPOTHESIS

- MORTONS METHOD