Vierendeel Bridge Grammene Belgium

Vierendeel girder and frame

Vierendeel structures Prof Schierle 1
 Arthur Vierendeel (18521940) born in
Leuven, Belgium was a university
professor and civil engineer.
The Vierendeel structure he developed
was named after him.
His work, Cours de stabilit des
constructions (1889) was an important
reference during more than half a
century. His first bridge was built 1902
in Avelgen, crossing the Scheldt river

Vierendeel structures Prof Schierle 2

 Berlin Pedestrian Bridge

Vierendeel structures Prof Schierle 3

Berlin HBF: Vierendeel frame Vierendeel elevator shaft Vierendeel detail

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 Vierendeel girder and frame
Named after 19th century Belgian inventor, Vierendeel girders and frames are bending resistant
1 1-bay girder 5 3-bay girder 1 Base girder 6 Pin joints One-way girders Space frames
2 Gravity load 6 Gravity load 2 Global shear 7 Strong web 1 Plain girder 4 2-way
3 Lateral load 7 Lateral load 3 Global moment 8 Strong chord 2 Prismatic girder 5 3-way
4 Articulated 8 Articulated 4 Bending 9 Shear 3 Prismatic girder 6 3-D
Inflection points Inflection points 5 Chord forces 10 Chord shear

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 Salk Institute, La Jolla Viernedeel girders of 65 span, provide adaptable
Architect: Louis Kahn interstitial space for evolving research needs
Engineer: Komendant and Dubin

Perspective section and photo, courtesy Salk Institute

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 Yale University Library
Architect/Engineer: SOM

1 Vierendeel facade
2 Vierendeel elements
3 Cross section

The library features five-story Vierndeel frames

Four concrete corner columns support the

frames

Length direction span: 131 feet

Width direction span: 80 feet

Faades are assembled from prefab steel

crosses welded together at inflection points

The tapered crosses visualize inflection points

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 Commerzbank, Frankfurt
Architect: Norman Foster
Engineer: Ove Arup

Floors between sky gardens are

supported by eight-story high
Vierendeel frames which also
resist lateral load

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 Commerzbank, Frankfurt
Architect: Norman Foster
Engineer: Ove Arup
Vierendeel elevation / plan

Vierendeel / floor girder

Vierendeel / floor girder

joint detail

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 Hong Kong Shanghai Bank
Architect: Norman Foster
Engineer: Ove Arup
Gravity / lateral load support:
Hanger / belt truss
Vierendeel towers

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 Vierendeel steel girder
Assume:
10 tubing, allowable bending stress Fb = 0.6x46 ksi Fb= 27.6 ksi
Girder depth d = 6, span 10 e = 10x10 L = 100
DL= 18 psf
LL = 12 psf
= 30 psf
Uniform load w = 30 psf x 20 / 1000 w = 0.6 klf
Joint load P = 0.6 x 10 P= 6 k
Max shear V = 9 P/2 = 9 x 6/2 V = 27 k
CHORD BARS
Shear (2 chords) Vc = V/2 = 27/2 Vc = 13.5 k
Chord bending (k) Mc = Vc e/2 = 13.5x5 Mc = 67.5 k
Chord bending (k) Mc = 67.5 k x12 Mc = 810 k
Moment of Inertia
I = Mc c/Fb = 810 k x 5/27.6 ksi I = 147 in4
2nd bay chord shear Vc = (VP)/2 = (27-6)/2 Vc = 10.5 k
2nd chord bending Mc = Vc e/2 = 10.5 x 5 Mc = 52.5 k
2nd chord bending Mc = 52.5 k x 12 Mc = 630 k
WEB BAR (2nd web resists bending of 2 chords)
Web bar bending Mw = Mc end bay + Mc 2nd bay
Mw = 810 + 630 Mw=1,440 k
Moment of Inertia
I = Mw c/Fb = 1440 k x 5/27.6 ksi I = 261 in4
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Compare Multiframe vs. schematic results

MF load

MF shear

MF bending

Schematic results
 A B
20 6x10 = 60 20

Vierendeel with overhangs

MAL= (2x10/2)(5) = 50 k (Multiframe MAL = 61.3
MAR= (5x10/2)(5)-50 = 75 k (Multiframe MAR = 73.63
Bars @ B are symmetrical

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 Chord bars
Moment of Inertia required I= 147 in4
Use ST10x10x5/16 I= 183>147

Web bars
Moment of Inertia required I= 261 in4
Use ST10x10x1/2 I= 271>261

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 Sport Center, University of California Davis
Architect: Perkins & Will
Engineer: Leon Riesemberg

Given the residential neighborhood, a major objective was to

minimize the building height by several means:
The main level is 10 below grade
Landscaped berms reduce the visual faade height
Along the edge the roof is attached to bottom chords
to articulates the faade and reduce bulk
Assume
Bar cross sections 16x16 tubing, 3/16 to 5/8 thick
Frame depth d = 14 (max. allowed for transport)
Module size: 21 x 21 x 14 ft
Width/length: 252 x 315 ft
Structural tubing Fb = 0.6 Fy = 0.6x46 ksi Fb = 27.6 ksi
DL = 22 psf
LL = 12 psf (60% of 20 psf for tributary area > 600 ft2)
= 34 psf
Note: two-way frame carries load inverse to deflection ratio:
r = L14/(L14+L24) = 3154/(3154+2524) r = 0.71
Uniform load per bay
w = 0.71 x 34 psf x 21/1000 w = 0.5 klf
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 Design end chords
Joint load
P = w x 21 = 0.5klf x 21 P = 10.5 k
Max. shear
V = 11 P /2 = 11 x 10.5 / 2 V = 58 k
Chord shear (2 chords)
Vc = V/2 = 58 k / 2 Vc = 29 k
Chord bending
Mc = Vc e/2 = 29x 21x12/2 Mc= 3654 k
Modules:
Moment of Inertia required
21x21x14 I = Mc c /Fb = 3654 x 8/27.6 ksi I = 1059 in4
Check mid-span compression
Global moment
M = w L2/8 = 0.5 x 2522/8 M = 3969 k
Compression (d=1416=12.67)
C = M/d= 3969 k/ 12.67 C = 313 k

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 Chord bars
Moment of Inertia required I= 1059 in4
Use ST16x16x1/2 I= 1200

Check mid-span chord stress

Compression C = 313 k
Allowable compression Pall = 728 k
313 <<728
Note:
End-bay bending governs

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 Commerzbank, Frankfurt
Design edge girder
Assume:
Tributary area 60x20
End bay width e = 20
Loads: 70 psf DL+ 30 psf LL =100 psf
Allowable stress Fb =0.6 x36 Fb = 21.6 ksi

Girder shear
V = 60x20x 100 psf/1000 V = 120 k
Bending moment
M = V e/2 = 120x20/2 M = 1200 k
Required section modulus
S = M/Fb = 1200 k x 12/ 21.6 ksi S = 667 in3
Use W40x192 S = 706 in3

Note: check also lateral load

Variable bay widths equalize bending stress
Load at corners increases stability

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 Vierendeel steel girder
Assume:
10 tubing, allowable bending stress Fb = 0.6x46 ksi Fb= 27.6 ksi
Girder depth d = 6, span 10 e = 10x10 L = 100
DL= 18 psf
LL = 12 psf
= 30 psf

Uniform load w = 30 psf x 20 / 1000 w = 0.6 klf

Joint load P = 0.6 x 10 P= 6 k
Max shear V = 9 P/2 = 9 x 6/2 V = 27 k
CHORD BARS
Shear (2 chords) Vc = V/2 = 27/2 Vc = 13.5 k
Chord bending Mc = Vc e/2 = 13.5 x (10x12)/ 2 Mc = 810 k
Moment of Inertia
I = Mc c/Fb = 810 k x 5/27.6 ksi I = 147 in4
2nd bay chord shear Vc = (VP)/2 = (27-6)/2 Vc = 10.5 k
2nd chord bending Mc = Vc e/2 = 10.5 x 120/2 Mc = 630 k
WEB BAR (2nd web resists bending of 2 chords)
Web bar bending Mw = Mc end bay + Mc 2nd bay
Mw = 810 + 630 Mw=1,440 k
Moment of Inertia
I = Mw c/Fb = 1440 k x 5/27.6 ksi I = 261 in4
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 Scheepsdale Revolving Bridge Bruges, Belgium 1933
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 Railroad Bridge
Vierendeel structures Prof Schierle 21
Dallvazza Bridge Swiss, 1925
Gellik Railroad Bridge Belgium
Anderlecht Railroad Bridge Belgium
Osera de Ebro Bridge, Zaragoza, Spain, 2002
 Pedestrian Bridge Irvine, CA
by Excel Bridge Manufacturing
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 Vierendeel girder and frame endure
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