Power Flow Solutions

EE 740
Spring 2013
 Introduction
A power flow study (load-flow study) is a steady-state
analysis whose target is to determine the voltages,
currents, and real and reactive power flows in a system
under a given load conditions.
The purpose of power flow studies is to plan ahead and
account for various hypothetical situations. For example, if
a transmission line is be taken off line for maintenance, can
the remaining lines in the system handle the required loads
without exceeding their rated values.
 Power-flow analysis equations
The basic equation for power-flow analysis is derived from
the nodal analysis equations for the power system: For
example, for a 4-bus system,

Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1 I1

Y Y24 V2 I 2
21 Y22 Y23

Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 V3 I 3

Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4 I 4

where Yij are the elements of the bus admittance matrix, Vi are
the bus voltages, and Ii are the currents injected at each node.
The node equation at bus i can be written as
n
I i YijV j
j 1
 Power-flow analysis equations
Relationship between per-unit real and reactive power
supplied to the system at bus i and the per-unit current
injected into the system at that bus:

Si Vi I i* Pi jQi

where Vi is the per-unit voltage at the bus; Ii* - complex

conjugate of the per-unit current injected at the bus; Pi and Qi
are per-unit real and reactive powers. Therefore,

I i* ( Pi jQi ) / Vi I i ( Pi jQi ) / Vi *
n n
Pi jQi Vi *
ij j ij j i
Y
j 1
V Y V V *

j 1
 Power flow equations

Let Yij | Yij | ij and Vi | Vi | i

Then Pi jQi | Yij || V j || Vi |( ij j i )

j 1
n

Hence, Pi | Yij || V j || Vi | cos( ij j i )

j 1
n
and Qi | Yij || V j || Vi | sin( ij j i )
j 1
 Formulation of power-flow study

There are 4 variables that are associated with each bus:

o P,
o Q,
o V,
o .
Meanwhile, there are two power flow equations associated
with each bus.
In a power flow study, two of the four variables are defined
an the other two are unknown. That way, we have the
same number of equations as the number of unknown.
The known and unknown variables depend on the type of
bus.
 Formulation of power-flow study

Each bus in a power system can be classified as one of three types:

1. Load bus (P-Q bus) a buss at which the real and reactive
power are specified, and for which the bus voltage will be
calculated. All busses having no generators are load busses. In
here, V and are unknown.
2. Generator bus (P-V bus) a bus at which the magnitude of the
voltage is defined and is kept constant by adjusting the field
current of a synchronous generator. We also assign real power
generation for each generator according to the economic
dispatch. In here, Q and are unknown
3. Slack bus (swing bus) a special generator bus serving as the
reference bus. Its voltage is assumed to be fixed in both
magnitude and phase (for instance, 10 pu). In here, P and Q
are unknown.
 Formulation of power-flow study

Note that the power flow equations are non-linear, thus cannot
be solved analytically. A numerical iterative algorithm is
required to solve such equations. A standard procedure
follows:
1. Create a bus admittance matrix Ybus for the power system;
2. Make an initial estimate for the voltages (both magnitude
and phase angle) at each bus in the system;
3. Substitute in the power flow equations and determine the
deviations from the solution.
4. Update the estimated voltages based on some commonly
known numerical algorithms (e.g., Newton-Raphson or
Gauss-Seidel).
5. Repeat the above process until the deviations from the
solution are minimal.
 Example
Consider a 4-bus power system below. Assume that
bus 1 is the slack bus and that it has a voltage V1 = 1.00 pu.
The generator at bus 3 is supplying a real power P3 = 0.3 pu to the
system with a voltage magnitude 1 pu.
The per-unit real and reactive power loads at busses 2 and 4 are P2
= 0.3 pu, Q2 = 0.2 pu, P4 = 0.2 pu, Q4 = 0.15 pu.
 Example (cont.)

Y-bus matrix (refer to example in book)

Power flow solution:

By knowing the node voltages, the power flow (both active

and reactive) in each branch of the circuit can easily be
calculated.
 Problems
Manually download the EasyPower 9.0 demo from the following link:
http://www.easypower.com/downloads/EasyPowerDemo90200.exe
This demo is a real working copy with the print and save functions
disabled. the web demo password is .. (case-sensitive).