FULLY WORKED SOLUTIONS

CHAPTER

18 CHI-SQUARED TESTS

Focus on EXAM 18
fx 2 H0: The playing time is normally
1 X = distributed with mean 61.5 minutes
f
and standard deviation 1 minute.
1250 H1: The playing time is not normally
=
500 distributed with mean 61.5 minutes
= 2.5 [Shown ] and standard deviation 1 minute.
X ~ Po(2.5)
x m x 61.5
X ~ N(61.5, 12); z =
=
2.5 x s 1
P( X = x ) = e 2.5
, x = 0, 1, 2,
x! P ( x < 60) = P (z < 1.5)
H0: Y is a Poisson random variable.
= 0.06681
H1: Y is not a Poisson random variable.

P (60 < x < 61) = P( 1.5 < z < 0.5)
a = 0.05
= 0.24173
v = 8 1


=7 P(61 < x < 62) = P( 0.5 < z < 0.5)
c 02.05, 7 = 14.07 = 0.38292
2
P (62 < x < 63) = P (0.5 < z < 1.5)
c = 7.15 < c 0.05, 7
2

= 0.24173
Do not reject H0. Y is a Poisson

P ( 63 < x < 64) = P (1.5 < z < 2.5)
random variable.
= 0.06060
(Oi - Ei )2
x P(X = x) Oi Ei = npi P(x > 64) = P ( z > 2.5 )
Ei

= 0.00621
0 0.0821 50 41 1.9756
1 0.2052 98 102 0.2427 (Oi - Ei )2
2 0.2565 120 128 0.5000
Oi Ei = nP
Ei
3 0.2138 113 107 0.3364
33 66.81 17.1100
4 0.1336 61 67 0.5373
225 241.73 1.1579
5 0.0668 29 33 0.4848
380 382.92 0.0223
6 0.0278 19 14 1.7857
280 241.73 6.0588
7 0.0099 10 5
10 7 1.2857 78 60.60 4.9960
8 0.0031 0 2 4 6.21 0.7865
500 500 7.1482
30.1306

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 a = 0.05 4 (a) H0: Age and sex are independent
v = 6 1 factors.
=5 H1: Age and sex are dependent
factors.
c2 = 11.07
0.05, 5 (Oi - Ei )2
c = 30.1 > c 02.05, 5
2
Oi Ei
Ei
Reject H0. The playing time is
normally distributed with mean 61.5 781(387)
205 = 202.1719 0.0396
minutes and standard deviation 1 1495
minute.
714(387)
182 = 184.82280 0.0433
3 H0: The number of defective screws 1495
per box follows a Poisson random
variable with mean 1. 781( 499)
248 = 260.6816 0.6169
1495
H1: The number of defective screws
per box does not follows a Poisson 714( 499)
251 = 238.3183 0.6748
random variable with mean 1. 1495

1x 781(609)
X ~ Po(1) P( x = x ) = e 1 , x = 0, 1, 2, 328 = 318.146 0.3052
x! 1495
714(609)
(Oi - Ei )2 281 = 290.8535 0.3338
x P(X = x) Oi Ei = npi 1495
Ei
0 0.3679 35 36.79 0.0871
a = 0.05
1 0.3679 44 36.79 1.4130 v = 6 1

2 0.1839 14 18.39 1.0480
=5
c 2
= 11.070
3 0.0613 1
0.05, 5

4 0.0153 0.0803 37
c = 2.01 < c 02.05, 5
2

8.03 0.1321
5 0.0031 3
Do not reject H0. Age and sex are
0.0006
independent factors for insulin
6 0
dependent diabetes in children
2.6802
under the age of 15.

a = 0.05 (b) Let p = probability of male in the

v=41 proportion of diabetics
=3 H0: p = 0.5
c 0.05, 3 = 7.815
2
H1: p > 0.5
c 2 = 2.68 < c 02.05, 3 Level of significant = 5%
Do not reject H0. The number of  et X be the number of diabetics who
L
defective screws per box follows a are males.
Poisson random variable with mean 1.
X ~ B(800, 0.5) since np > 5, np > 5, hence X ~ N(400, 2

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 np > 5, np > 5, hence X ~ N(400, 200)
~ B(800, 0.5) since
(b) H0: The data are random observations
~ Po(0 9)
X 400
Z
H1: The data are not random
200 observations ~ Po(0 9)
425.5 400
Test statistic = = 1.80
P(X = 0) = 0.4066
200

P(X = 1) = 0.3659
Reject H0 if z > 1.645.
P(X = 2) = 0.1647
 ince 1.80 > 1.645, H0 is rejected.
S
P(X = 3) = 0.0494
It is conclude that there are more
P(X 4) = 1 P(X 3)

diabetics who are males than
females. = 0.0134

5 (a) X ~ B(4, 0.21) (Oi - Ei )2

P(X = x) = n C x p x q n x Oi Ei
Ei
P(X = 0) = 0.3895 E1 = 77.90
79 81.32 0.0662
P(X = 1) = 0.4142 E2 = 82.83
81 73.18 0.4627
34 32.94 0.0341
P(X = 2) = 0.1651 E3 = 33.03

9.88
P(X = 3) = 0.0293 E4 = 5.86
5
6 12.56 3.4262
1 2.68
P(X = 4) = 0.0019 E5 = 0.38

3.9891

(Oi - Ei )2
a = 0.05
Oi Ei
Ei
v=41

=3
79 77.90 0.0155
c 2
= 7.815
81 82.83 0.0404

0.05, 3

c 2 = 3.99 < c 02.05, 3

34 33.03 0.0285

Do not reject H0. The data are
6 6.24 0.0092 random observations of a random
0.0936 variable Po(0.9).

c 2 = 0.0942 6 H0: The data is normally distributed with

mean 65 kg and standard deviation 15

v = 4 1 kg.

=3 H1: The data is not normally distributed
c 02.05, 3 = 7.85 with mean 65 kg and standard

deviation 15 kg.

c = 0.0936 < c 02.05, 3
2

Do not reject H0.

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 11
P(9 < X < 11) = 9 0.2 e dx = 0.0545
0.2 x

(Oi - Ei )2
Weight Oi Ei = npi Pi(x)
Ei 13
P(11 < X < 13) = 11 0.2 e
0.2 x
dx = 0.0365
x < 30 0 0.982 0.00982

30 x < 40 3 18 3.79 15.86 0.2888 0.0379 P(X > 13) =

13
0.2 e 0.2 x dx = 0.0743
40 x < 50 15
11.09
0.11090
50 x < 60 25 21.09 0.7249 0.21090
H0: The data is from the same probability
60 x < 70 23 26.09 0.3660 density function.
0.26090
70 x < 80 18 21.09 0.4527 0.11090

H1: The data is not from the same
probability density function.
80 x < 90 12 11.09 0.11090

90 x < 100 4 16 3.79 15.86 0.0012 0.0379 (Oi - Ei )2
Time
100 x 0 0.982 0.00982 Oi Ei = np P(X)
(seconds) Ei
1.834
0<x<3 26 45.12 8.1023 0.4512

a = 0.025 3<x<5 19 18.09 0.0458 0.1809
5<x<7 16 12.13 1.2347 0.1213
v = 5 1

7<x<9 15 8.13 5.8053 0.0813

=4
9 < x < 11 10 5.45 3.7986 0.0545
c 2
= 11.14
0.025, 4 11 < x < 13 14 3.65 0.0365
14 11.08 0.7695

c 2 = 1.83 < c 02.025, 4 x > 13 0 7.43 0.0743
Do not reject H0. The data is normally
19.7565
distributed with mean 65 kg and
standard deviation 15 kg.
a = 0.05

e 0.2 x
0

7 E(X) = x f ( x ) dx =

0 0 . 2 x
dx v=51

0 + e
0.2 x
= ( xe ) 0.2 x
dx =4
0

e 0.2 x

c 2
= 9.488
= 0 0.05, 4
c 2 = 19.8 > c 02.05, 4
0.2 0
Reject H0. The data is not a good fit
1
= 0 0 model.
0.2
= 5 [Shown] 8 H0: The data is normally distributed with
mean 48.7 and standard deviation 14.9.
3
P(0 < X < 3) =
0
0.2 e 0.2 x dx = 0.4512 H1: The data is not normally distributed
with mean 48.7 and standard
5
P(3 < X < 5) = 3 0.2 e deviation 14.9.
0.2 x
dx = 0.1809
X ~ N(48.7, 14.92)
7
P(5 < X < 7) = 3 0.2 e
0.2 x
dx = 0.1213 a 48.7 b 48.7
P(a < x < b) = P
<Z<
9
14.9 14.9
P(7 < X < 9) = 7 0.2 e
0.2 x
dx = 0.0813

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a = 0.05
(Oi - Ei )2
Marks Oi Ei
v=51
Ei

=4
09 0 2.15 c 2
= 9.488
19 12.50 3.380 0.05, 42
10 19 19 c = 7.09 < c 0.05, 4
2
10.35
20 29 50 36.85 4.693 Do not reject H0. The data is normally

30 39 47 84.95 16.954 distributed with mean 180 cm and
40 49 125 126.45 0.017 standard deviation 3 cm.
50 59 132 122.10 0.803
10 H0: The number of babies born in I, II, III
60 69 100 76.45 7.254
and IV quadrant are in the ratio
70 79 27 31.00 0.516 4 : 2 : 1 : 3.
80 89 0 9.70 9.700
H1: The number of babies born in I, II, III
43.317 and IV quadrant are not in the ratio 4
: 2 : 1 : 3.

a = 0.05

v=81 (Oi - Ei )2

=7 Quadrant P(X) Oi Ei
Ei
c 2
= 14.07
0.05, 7 I 0.4 142 120 4.0333
c = 43.3 > c 0.05, 7
2 2
II 0.2 52 60 1.0667
Reject H0. The data is not normally
III 0.1 34 30 0.5333
distributed with mean 48.7 and
IV 0.3 72 90 3.6000
standard deviation 14.9.
9.2333
9 H0: The data is normally distributed with
mean 180 cm and standard deviation 3 cm. a = 0.01
H1: The data is not normally distributed v=41
with mean 180 cm and standard deviation =3
3 cm
c 0.01, 3 = 11.35.
2

X ~ N(180, 32)
c 2 = 9.23 < c 02.01, 3

(Oi - Ei )2 Do not reject H0. The number of babies

Height Oi Ei = Pi P(X)
Ei born in I, II, III, and IV quadrant are
in the ratio 4 : 2 : 1 : 3.
2
x < 175 4.78 0.00956
17 15.87 0.0805
175 x < 177 15 11.09 0.02218 11 X ~ B(5, 0.5)
177 x < 179 29 21.09 2.9667 0.04218
(Oi - Ei )2
179 x < 181 25 26.09 0.0455 0.05218 Pi O2 Ei = mp
Ei
181 x < 183 12 21.09 3.9179 0.04218
183 x < 185 10 11.09 0.02218 0.0313 2 3.13
17 18.76 0.1651
x 185 7
17 15.87
4.78
0.0805
0.00956 0.1563
15 15.63

7.0911 ( 31.25) 2
0.3125 S 31.25
31.25

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 (37.75 ) 2 27 27.750 0.0203
0.3125 69 S 31.25
31.25 26 24.500 0.0918
0.1563 12 15.63 13 13.130 0.0013
14 18.76 1.2078
0.0313 2 3.13 31 30.380 0.0588
6 10.500 1.9286
(Oi Ei ) 2 8 5.620 1.0079
c =
2
= 1.3729 +
Ei 16 13.880 0.3238
( 31.25) 2 (37.75 ) 2 4.3111
+
31.25 31.25

v = (3 1)(2 1)

a = 0.1

=2
v = 4 1

c 2
0.05, 2 = 5.991


=3
c = 4.31 < 5.991
2
c 2
0.1,3 = 6.251

We reject H0 if c 2 c 0.1,3
2
Do not reject H0. The colour of a

H0 not being rejected if c < 6.251.

2 lost button is not associate with the
schoolboys form.
( 31.25) 2
1.3729 +
+ 13 H0: The sample is from the Po(1.5)
31.25
distribution.
(37.75 ) 2
< 6.251 H1: The sample is not from the Po(1.5)
31.25 distribution.
22 138 + 3.95 < 0

{ = 26.39 < < 42.60}
(Oi - Ei )2
The smallest value of is 27.
x P(X = x) Oi Ei = 100P
Ei
12 H0: The colour of a lost button is 0 0.2231 25 22.31 0.3243
independent of boys form 1 0.3347 31 33.47 0.1823
H1: The colour of a lost button is 2 0.2510 23 25.10 0.1757
dependent of boys form 3 0.1255 13 12.55 0.0161
24(21.00) 9(11.25) 27(27.75) 60 4 0.0471 5 4.71
8 6.57 0.3112
5 0.0186 3 1.86
26(24.50) 13(13.13) 31(32.38) 70
1.0096
2(5.25) 5(2.81) 8(6.94) 15


Combine





4(5.25) 3(2.81) 8(6.94) 15

a = 0.01
160

v=51
=4

(Oi - Ei )2 c 0.01, 4 = 13.28

2
Oi Ei
Ei
c 2 = 1.01 < c 0.01,4
2


24 21.000 0.4286 Do not reject H0. The sample is from

9 11.250 0.4500 the Po(1.5) distribution.

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 14 H0: The number of cars of each colour of
that model is the same. (Oi - Ei )2
Oi Ei
H1: The number of cars of each colour of Ei
that model is not the same. 450 441.72 0.1552
547 544.60 0.0106
(Oi - Ei )2 230 240.68 0.4739
Oi Ei
Ei 18 26.28 2.6088
13 15 0.2667 30 32.40 0.1778
14 15 0.0667 25 14.32 7.9653
16 15 0.0667 11.3916
17 15 0.2667

a = 0.01
0.6668
v = (3 1)(2 1)

a = 0.05

=2
v=41
c20.01, 2 = 9.210

= 3
c2 = 11.392 > c20.01, 2
c
2
0.05,3 = 7.82 Reject H0. The level of education

c = 0.667 < c 0.05,3
2
2 and the opinion on the social issues are
Do not reject H0. The number of cars dependent.

of each colour is the same.
16 In hypothesis testing, the significance
15 H0: The level of education and the level is the criterion used for rejecting the
opinion on the social issues are null hypothesis. Test statistic c2 = 19.38
independent. v=7
H1: The level of education and the Reject H0 if c2 c2a, 7.
opinion on the social issues are From table, c20.01, 7 = 18.475 and c20.005, 7 =
dependent. 20.278 > c20.01, 7.
Hence, the smallest value of a is
Level of Opinion on Social issue estimated as 0.05.
Total
Education Agree Disagree
17 (a) P(X = x) = e0.92 0.92x
468(1227) 468(73)
University = 441.72 = 26.28 468 x!
1300 1300
X P(X) E = np
577(1227) 577(73)
College = 544.60 = 32.40 577 0 0.3985 238.30
1300 1300
1 0.3666 219.23
High 255(1227) 255(75) 2 0.1687 100.88
= 240.68 = 14.32 255
School 1300 1300 3 0.0517 30.92
Total 1227 73 1300 4 0.0119 7.12
5 0.0026 1.55

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Chapter 18.indd 7 03-08-2017 15:20:32


(b)
H1: The educational level is not related to
the opinion on caning.
(Oi - Ei )2
Oi Ei Education Yes No Not Sure
Ei
Level
241 238.30 0.0306 High (323)(290) 213( 290) 284( 290)
211 219.23 0.3090 school 820 820 820
104 100.88 0.0965 = 114.2317 = 75.3293 = 100.4390

35 30.92 0.5384
College 323( 230) 213( 230) 284( 230)
7 7.12 39.59
42
0.0020 0.1467
820 820 820
0 1.55 1.5500 = 90.5976 = 59.7439 = 79.6585
University 323(300) 213(300) 284(300)
c =  (Oi Ei ) = 0.0306 +
2 6
2

(i) 820 820 820
i =1 Ei = 118.1707 = 77.9268 = 103.9024
0.3090 + 0.0965 + 0.5384
+ 0.0020 + 1.55
(Oi - Ei )2

= 2.5265 2.53 Oi Ei
Ei
4
(Oi Ei ) 2
(ii) c = 
2
= 0.0306 + 125 114.23 1.0154
i =1 Ei
98 90.60 0.6044
0.3090 + 0.0965 + 0.1467 100 118.17 2.7938


= 0.5828 0.583 65 75.33 1.4166

The value of test statistic obtained from 68 59.74 1.1420
the combined frequencies is very much 80 77.93 0.0550
lower then the value of test statistic 100 100.44 0.0019
without combining any frequency. 64 79.66 3.0785

(c) H0: The data fits the Poisson 120 103.90 2.4948
distribution with mean 0.92.
12.6024

H1: The data does not fit the Poisson
distribution with mean 0.92. a = 0.01
a = 0.05
v = (3 1)(3 1)
v = 4 1 = 3
= 4
c20.05 = 7.82
c 0.01, 4 = 13.28
2

c2 = 0.583 < c20.05, 2 c20.02, 4 = 11.14

Do not reject H0. The data fits the
Poisson distribution with mean 0.92.
18 H0: The educational level is related to the
opinion on caning.
c2 = 12.6 < c20.01, 4, c2 = 12.6 > c20.02, 4
Do not reject H0 at 1% level of
significant. But reject H0 at 2% level of
significant.

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 19 (a)
(Oi - Ei )2
(Oi - Ei ) 2 Oi Ei
P(X = x) Oi Ei = 50Pi Ei
Ei
25 17.50 3.2143
0.08 10 4.0 10 17.50 3.2143
25 9.0 28.4444
0.10 15 5.0 30 27.50 0.2273
0.15 8 7.5 0.0333 25 27.50 0.2273
0.25 5 12.5 4.5000 45 55.00 1.1818
0.42 12 21.0 65 55.00 1.1818
3.8571
9.2468
36.8348

a = 0.05

(b) H0: The data fits the probability
v = (3 1)(2 1)
distribution as suggested.
=2

 H1: The data does not fit the probability c20.05, 2 = 5.991

distribution as suggested.
c2 = 9.25 > c20.05, 2

 c 0.05,3 = 7.82. Since c 2 = 36.8 >
2
Reject H0. The condition of the

patient is dependent on the type of
c 0.05,3
2
, reject H0. The data does not fit cream used.
the suggested probability function.

(c) The result in (a) agrees with the
calculation in (b).
30 + 45
20 (a) Cream A: 100% = 75%
100 21 (a) Long Ailment
Smoker Total
25 + 65 Mild Severe

Cream B: 100% = 90%
100 Light smoker 23 14 37
Heavy smoker 20 39 59

(b) 
H0: The condition of a patient is
independent of the type of cream used. Total 43 53 96

 H1: The condition of a patient is
dependent of the type of cream used.
(b) H0: The severity of lung ailment and
the smoking habit are independent.
Patients
H1: The severity of lung ailment and
No Partial Complete the smoking habit are dependent.
Cream Recovery Recovery Recovery
Smoker Lung Mild Ailment Severe
100(35) 100(55) 100(110) 43(37) 53(37)
A 200 200 200 100 Light = 16.5729 = 20.4271
96 96
= 17.50 = 27.50 = 55.00
43(59) 53(59)
Heavy = 26.4271 = 32.5729
100(35) 100(55) 100(110) 96 96
B 200 200 200 100
= 17.50 = 27.50 = 55.00

Total 35 55 110 200

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Chapter 18.indd 9 03-08-2017 15:20:36

 ( O E ) (Oi - Ei )2
2
i i 0.5 Weight Ei = 100 P
Oi Ei Ei
Ei
23 16.5729 2.1198 x 30 0.98

14 20.4271 1.7198 30 x < 40 3.79 15.86 0.2888
20 26.4271 1.3293 40 x < 50 11.09

39 32.5729 1.0785
50 x < 60 21.09 0.7249
6.2474
60 x < 70 26.09 0.3660

a = 0.05 70 x < 80 21.09 0.4527

v = (2 1)(2 1) 80 x < 90 11.09


= 1 (Yates correction) 90 x < 100 3.79 15.86 0.0012

c 02.05, 1 = 3.841 100 x 0.98

1.8336
c2 = 6.25 > c 02.05, 1, reject H0. The severity

a = 0.05
of lung ailment and the smoking habit are

V=51
dependent.

=4
22 H0: The normal distribution with mean 65 c 02.05, 4 = 9.488


kg and standard deviation 15 kg is an
c = 1.83 < c 0.05, 4
2 2

appropriate model.
Do not reject H0. The normal

H1: The normal distribution with mean 65
distribution with mean 65 kg and
kg and standard deviation 15 kg is not
standard deviation 15 kg is an
an appropriate model.
appropriate model.
X N(65, 225)
24
Weight P(X = x) Oi
(Oi - Ei )2
x 30 0.0098 0 Oi Ei
Ei
30 x < 40 0.0379 18 3
8 p2 = p q2
40 x < 50 0.1109 15 pq
8p p
50 x < 60 0.2109 25
60 x < 70 0.2609 23 8 p2 = p q2
p+q
70 x < 80 0.2109 18 8p p
80 x < 90 0.1109 12 8 p2 = p r2
pr
90 x < 100 0.0379 16 4
8p p
100 x 0.0098
0
8 p2 = p r2
p+r
8p p

16 p 2 = 2p ( q + r )2
2p + q + r
8p 2p

16 p 2 ( q + r )2
2p q r = 2p
8p 2p

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 6
(Oi Ei ) 2 q2 r2
c2 = = 2 + 2 (Oi - Ei )2
Ei p p P(X = x) Oi E2 = 250P
i =1 Ei
( q + r )2 0.0002 0 0.050
+2
2p 0.0186 3 15 4.650 22.200 2.335
3q + 3r + 2qr
2 2 0.0700 12 17.500
=
p 0.1795 52 44.875 1.131
0.2763 74 69.075 0.351
= 3( q + r ) + 2qr
2 2
0.2557 67 63.925 0.148
p 0.1419 26 35.475 2.531
3( q + r ) 2 4 qr 0.0472 12 11.800
=
p
0.0105 4 16 2.625 14.450 0.166
(Shown)
0

0.0001 0.025
H : The rate of germination and the type
0 6.662
of corn seeds are independent.
H1: The rate of germination and the type a = 0.05

of cord seeds are dependent. v=61
=5
(Oi - Ei )2 = 11.070.
c 0.05, 25
2
Oi Ei
Ei c = 6.66 < c 2 0.05, 5
20 25 1.00 Do not reject H0. The blood pressure
30 25 1.00 follow a normal distribution with mean
29 25 0.64 128.46 and standard deviation 13.69.
21 25 0.64 26 H0: The data fits a Poisson distribution
51 50 0.02 with a mean of 2.5
49 50 0.02 H1: The data does not fit a Poisson
3.32 distribution with a mean of 2.5
a = 0.05

p ( x = xi )

(0i - Ei )
2

v = (2 1)(3 1) Ei = 72

=2 xi 0i
Probability Ei
c 02.05, 2 = 5.991

c = 3.32 < c 02.05
2
,2 0 0.08208 0 5.9098 5.9098
Do not reject H0. The rate of
1 0.20521 14 14.7751 0.0407
germination does not depends on the 2 0.25652 17 18.4694 0.1169
types of corn seeds.
3 0.21376 12 15.3907 0.7470
25 H0: The blood pressure follow a normal 4 0.24243 8 17.4550 5.1216
distribution with mean 128.46 and
Total 1 72 72 11.936
standard deviation 13.69.
H1: The blood pressure does not follow a V = 5 1 = 4
normal distribution with mean 128.46 At 1% significance level, from table
and standard deviation 13.69. the critical value is, c 02.01, 4 = 13.28. Since
11.94 < 13.28, do not reject H0. Thus at
X ~ N(128.46, 13.692) 1% Significance level, we have evidence

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Chapter 18.indd 11 03-08-2017 15:20:40

 to conclude that the data fits a Poisson Air Quality
distribution with a mean of 2.5. Unhealthy Total
Temperature
27 H0: There is no association between Low 11 (17.080) 56
species and size Moderate 16 (21.655) 71
H1: There is an association between High 34 (22.265) 73
species and size Total 61 200

Size Small Medium Big Total

Species (Oi - Ei )2
0i Ei
A 35 22 20 77 Ei
(28.875) (26.950) (21.175) 25 19.880 1.3186
B 10 20 13 43 28 25.205 0.3099
(16.125) (15.050) (11.825)
18 25.915 2.4174
Total 45 42 33 120
20 19.040 0.0484
27 24.140 0.3388
(0i - Ei )2 21 24.820 0.5879
0i Ei
Ei 11 17.080 2.1643
35 28.875 1.2992 16 21.655 1.4768
10 16.125 2.3266 34 22.265 6.1851
22 26.950 0.9092 200 200 14.8468
20 15.050 1.6281 V = (3 1)(3 1) = 4, at 5% significance
20 21.175 0.0652 level, from table c 02.05, 4 = 9.488
13 11.825 0.1168 Since x 2 = 14.847 falls in the critical region,
120 120 6.3451
H0 is rejected. Thus there is some association
between temperature and air quality at 5%
V = (2 1)(3 1) = 2 significance level.
At 5% significance level, from table the
29 H0: The preferred mobile phones and
critical value c 02.05, 2 = 5.991
genders are independent.
Since 6.345 > 5.991, we reject H0. Hence H1: The preferred mobile phones and
we conclude that at 5% significance level, genders are not independent.
there is an association between species
and size of the durian yield. Brand X Brand Y Brand Z Total
28 H0: There is no association between Male 28 (41.25) 43 (33.00) 39 (35.76) 110
temperature and air quality. Female 47 (33.75) 17 (27.00) 26 (29.25) 90
H1: There is an association between Total 75 60 65 200
temperature and air quality. c 2 statistics:
Air Quality
Good Moderate c2 =
(28 41.25)2 + (43 33)2 + (39 35.75)2 + (47 33.75)2 + (1
Temperature
41.25 33 35.75 33.75
Low 25 (19.880) 20 (19.040)
28 41.25) ( 43 33) (39 35.75) ( 47 33.75) (17 27) ( 26 29.25)
Moderate c 2 = (
2 2 2 2 2 2

28 (25.205)
+ 27 (24.140)
+ + + +
High
41.18
25 (25.915) 33
21 (24.820)
35.75 33.75 27 29.25
Total 71 68 = 16.8486

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Chapter 18.indd 12 03-08-2017 15:20:41

 V = (2 1)(3 1) = 2
H1: Number of hours spent on computer
At 0.1% significant level, from table games in a day and gender are not
c 02.001, 2 = 13.83 independent.
Since c 2 = 16.849 > 13.82, it falls in Less than 3 to 8 More than
the critical reject, H0 is rejected. Thus, Total
3 hours hours 8 hours
we conclude that at 0.1% of significance
Male 33.00 38.50 38.50 110
level, the preferred mobile phone brands
and genders are associated. Female 27.00 31.50 31.50 90
Total 60 70 70 200
30 H0: Symptom of hypertension and
(Oi Ei )
2
smoking habit are not associated. k

H1: Symptom of hypertension and c =

2

i =1 Ei
smoking habit are associated.
=
(40 33)2 + (20 38.50)2 + (50 38.50)2 + (20 27)2 + (50
Heavy Moderate Non-
Total 33 38.50 38.50 27
Smokers Smokers Smokers
(40 33) +25(20 38.15
Symptom Presence = 22
2
50 ) (62
2

+
50 38.50 ) ( 20 27) (50 31.50 ) ( 20 31.50 )
2

+
2

+
2

+
2

of 33 (28.217) 38(20.150)
(19.633) .50 38.50 27 31.50 31.50
Hyper Absence 16 18 24 58 = 19.894
tension (18.367) (20.783) (18.850)
V = 2 1) (3 1) = 2
Total 38 43 39 120 (
c 2 = 10.60
0.005, 2
(Oi - Ei )2
0i Ei Since c 2 = 19.984 > 10.60, reject H0. We
Ei have enough evidence to conclude that
there are some associations between
22 19.633 0.2854
hours spent on computer games in a day
25 22.217 0.3486 and gender.
15 20.150 1.3163
16 18.367 0.3050 32 H0: Sinus and average of hours slept per
night are independent
18 20.783 0.3727
H1: Sinus and average of hours slept per
24 18.850 1.4070 night are not independent
120 120 4.0350 The expected value Ei is as follows.

c 2 = 4.035 Less More

4-6
V = (2 1)(3 1) = 2 than 4 than 6 Total
hours
At 5% significance level, reading from hours hours
Chisquared table c 02.05, 2 = 5.991. Since Sinus 29.92 38.13 19.95 88
4.035 < 5.991, do not reject H0. Thus Non sinus 21.08 26.87 14.05 62
at 5% significance level, symptom of Total 51 65 34 150
hypertension and smoking habit are not
associated.
(Oi Ei )
2
k

31 H0: Number of hours spent on computer c = 2

Ei
games in a day and gender are i =1

independent.

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Chapter 18.indd 13 03-08-2017 15:20:44

 ( 30 29.92) ( 40 38.13)
2 2

= + Since c 02.005, 2 = 5.365 < 5.991 , thus do

29.92 38.13 not reject the H0. At 5% significant level,

+
(18 19.95) 2

+
( 21 21.008)
2
we have enough evidence to conclude
that road accidents and years of driving
19.95 21.08
experience are not associated.
+
(25 26.87) 2

+
(16 14.05)
2

26.87 14.05 (Oi Ei )

2
n n
[Oi 2 2Oi Ei + Ei 2 ]
= 0.6836
34 (a) Ei
= n
i =1 Oi
2
En
OE
i =1
= + 2i i i
V = ( 2 1) (3 1) = 2 i =1 Ei i =1 Ei

n
Ei 2
c 2
0.005, 22
= 10.60 +
i =1 Ei
Since c = 0.6836 < 10.60, thus do not
reject H0. n
Oi 2 n

At 5% significant level, we have enough = + 2Oi

i =1 Ei i =1
evidence to conclude that there is no n
association between sinus and average + E i
hours slept in a night. i =1

Oi 2
n
33 H0: Road accident and years of driving = 2n + n
experience and not associated. i =1 E
H1: Road accident and years of driving n
Oi 2
experience are associated. = n
i =1 Ei
Yes No Total
(b) H0: The data follows Poisson
Less than a year 66.72 53.28 120
distribution with a mean of 0.9
1-5 years 44.48 35.52 80 H1: The data does not follow Poisson
More than 5 27.80 22.20 50 distribution with a mean of 0.9
years
If H0 is true then
Total 139 111 250
e 0.9 (0.9)
x

(Oi - Ei )2
( X = x) = , x = 0,1, 2,
Ei
x!
Oi
Ei
xi Pi (X = xi ) Ei = 60 Pi
73 66.72 0.5911
47 53.28 0.7402 0 e 0.9 = 0.4066 24.40
36 44.48 1.6167
44 35.52 2.0245 1 e 0.9 (0.9) = 0.3659 21.95
30 27.80 0.1741
e 0.9 (0.9)
2
20 22.20 0.2180 2 = 0.1647 9.88
250 250 5.3646 2!
1 0.4066 0.3659
V = ( 2 1) (3 1) = 2 3
0.1647 = 0.0628
3.77

Total 1.000 60
a = 0.05, c 02.005, 2 = 5.991

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Chapter 18.indd 14 03-08-2017 15:20:53

 n
O2 In In
c2 = i n
i =1 Ei
favour of favour of No
Total
imported national preference
282 152 122 52 car car
= + + + 60
24.4 21.95 9.88 3.77 Male 29.40 21.00 9.60 60
= 63.5879 60 = 3.5879 Female 19.60 14.00 6.40 40
df = V = K 1 Total 49 35 16 100

= 4 1 = 3 Calculation of c statistic value

2

At 5% significance level, c 02.05,3 = 7.815

(Oi - Ei )2
Since 3.588 < 7.815, do not reject H0. Oi Ei
Thus at 5% significance level, we have Ei
enough evidence that the students who 35 29.40 1.0667
are late for school per week fits the
15 21.00 1.7143
Poisson distribution with a mean of 0.9.
10 9.60 0.0167
35 H0: The data fits the Poisson distribution 14 19.60 1.6000
with a mean of 2
20 14.00 2.5714
H1: The data does not fit the Poisson
distribution with a mean of 2 6 6.40 0.0250
Calculation of c statistic value;
2
100 100 6.9941

c = 6.9941
2
(Oi - Ei )2
ci P (X = c i ) Oi Ei = 72 Pi
Ei df = V = ( r 1) ( c 1)

0 0.1353 14 9.7416 1.8615 = ( 2 1) (3 1)
1 0.2707 21 19.4904 0.1169 =2
2 0.2707 17 19.4904 0.3182 At 1% level of significance, the critical
3 0.1804 12 12.9888 0.0753 value from table is c 02.01, 2 = 4.605
4 0.1429 8 10.2988 0.5092 Since c 2 = 6.994 > 4.605, reject H0. We
Total 1.0000 72 72 2.8811 have enough evidence to show that gender
and preference of car have some association.
c = 2.88
2

df = V = K 1 37
= 5 1 = 4 Time taken to Expected
Probability,
Thus from table c = 13.28
2 complete the test, frequency,
0.01, 4
x in seconds Pi 100 Pi
Since c = 2.88 < 13.28 , do not reject H0.
2

x 154.5 0.0033 0.33

Hence, we have enough evidence that
the distribution of lightning strike per 154.5 < x 160.5 0.0283 2.83
week fits a Poisson distribution with a
160.5 < x 166.5 0.1270 12.70
mean of 2.
166.5 < x 172.5 0.2845 28.45
36 H0: Gender and preference of car is not
associated 172.5 < x 178.5 0.3193 31.93
H1: Gender and preference of car is 0.1795 17.95
associated 178.5 < x 184.5

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Chapter 18.indd 15 03-08-2017 15:20:57

 184.5 < x 190.5 0.0505 5.05 H1: Science and Mathematics results are
associated.
x > 190.5 0.0076 0.76
Science grade
H0: The time taken to complete the IQ A B C Total
test follows a normal distribution with A 18.88 23.60 16.52 59
mean 173.5 seconds and standard Maths
B 33.28 41.60 29.12 104
deviation 7 seconds. grade
C 27.84 34.80 24.36 87
H1: The time taken to complete the
IQ test does not follow a normal Total 80 100 70 250
distribution with mean 173.5 seconds
Calculation of the c statistic value
2

and standard deviation 7 seconds.

Calculation of c value
2
(Oi - Ei )2
Oi Ei
Ei
(Oi - Ei )2
Oi Ei
Ei 15 18.88 0.7974
20 23.60 0.5492
20 15.86 1.0807 24 16.52 3.3868
25 28.45 0.4184 37 33.28 0.4158
30 31.93 0.1167 48 41.60 0.9846
20 17.95 0.2341 19 29.12 3.5170
5 5.81 0.1129 28 27.84 0.0009
100 100 1.9628 32 34.80 0.2253
27 24.36 0.2861
df = V = 5 1 = 4, thus at 10%
250 250 10.1631
significance level, c 0.1, 4 = 7.779
2

The c statistic value = 10.163

2

Since c = 1.963 < 7.779 , do not reject

2
H0. Hence we have enough evidence to
conclude that the time taken to complete
the IQ test follows a normal distribution
with mean of 173.5 seconds and standard
deviation of 7 seconds.
38 H0: Science and Mathematics results are
not associated.
V = 3 1) (3 1) = 4
(
At 10% significant level, from table,
c 02.10 , 4 = 7.779
Since c 2 = 10.163 > 7.779, reject H0. So
at 10% significant level, we have enough
evidence to conclude that Science and
Mathematics results are associated.

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