Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Vehicles
Akram EDDAHECH1, Olivier BRIAT1, Habib AL JED1,2,3, Ramzi CHAARI1, Andr MIEZE2, Rmi SIMON3, Jean-Michel
VINASSA1
1
Laboratoire IMS, Universit de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libration, Bat A31, 33400 Talence, France
2
Ecole dIngnieur La Rochelle (EIGSI), 26 rue Vaux de Foletier, 17041 La Rochelle cedex 1, France
3
La Poste, Direction Technique du Courrier, 10 rue de lle Mabon, 44263 Nantes, France
akram.eddahech@ims-bordeaux.fr
Abstract-In this paper, we present a model for a 100 Ah high- Changes in the demands placed on ESS and the use of
energy-density Lithium Polymer (Li-Po) battery, using innovative components and architectures raise the level of
impedance spectroscopy measurements. This model, based on an uncertainty concerning their aging modes and life-
equivalent circuit approach, is characterized by its simplicity. At expectancy, which remains a crucial problem [2].
the same time it takes into account several important
phenomena that occur in lithium battery, such as the There is obviously an acute need for tools capable of
dependence of the open-circuit voltage and part of the internal simulating the behavior of ESS, based on current
resistance on the state of charge and the temperature. understanding of the phenomena involved.
Simulation results are presented and validated using the real The aim of our investigation is to model the behavior of a
current profile of a fleet of electric mail-delivery vehicles. high-energy-density Li-Po cell with a capacity of 100 Ah
based on impedance spectroscopy measurements. This paper
I. INTRODUCTION
is organized as follow: in the first part, we present some
Electric energy takes more important place with the current researches dealing with the modeling of lithium battery based
development of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) and more on equivalent circuit. Next, we present our approach using
recently the development of Electric Vehicles (EV) for a equivalent circuit modeling based on spectroscopy
large number of applications: measurements to simulate battery behavior. We present
* In the light vehicles domain, the increase of the simulation and results validating the model, comparing actual
electricity demand concerns the equipments (security, battery voltage and model's response to the real current
comfort, assistance, communication) and also the profile and finally we conclude.
motorisation, II. RELATED WORK
* In the urban transports domain, where the electrification
is highly used (trolleybus) some new solutions, based on Several equivalent-circuit models, simulating the behavior
partial autonomy or power demand smoothing, are carried out of the lithium batteries have already been presented in the
too. literature [3], [4]. Depending on the application and the level
EVs are well-suited for be used under urban conditions. of accuracy required, these models present several
Car fleet owners are starting to adopt EV solutions whenever simplifications and do not always consider specific
possible. For example, the oldest mail delivery system in the phenomena that occur inside the cell, such as the nonlinearity
world; the French post office, La Poste, is developing a of some parameters. In fact, for many applications, the saving
fleet of electric vehicles adapted to the varying needs of in computing time may be more important than the loss of
urban, suburban and rural mail delivery. La Postes long-term accuracy [5].
goal is to expand its electric fleet to 10.000 vehicles and Basically, equivalent-circuit models aim to represent all
reduce its transport-related CO2 emissions by 15% by 2012. the phenomena that occur inside lithium batteries, both static
All these technological innovations rely on a common (ohmic behavior) and dynamic (charge transfer and double
component, an Energy Storage System (ESS), designed to layer processes). They also introduce nonlinearity and the
meet the requirements of each application and enhance on- varying dependence of the model parameters on state of
board energy management (auxiliaries, regenerative braking charge (SOC), temperature, current rate, and ageing. Thus,
energy, etc.). However, current systems present several several elements may be introduced to monitor battery
drawbacks: behavior more accurately, such as: simple resistance and
A simulation approach was required to size and optimise capacitance or constant-phase-element (CPE), which
their complex architectures [1]. This global model, covering represents a depression factor, valid between zero and one,
the entire system, from ESS electrochemistry to vehicle responsible for the depression of the semi-circle in a Nyquist
systems and use was unusually complex and extremely plot of the impedance spectroscopy [6].
difficult to construct,
degradation, so they are time-variant and change with Fig. 2. Nyquist diagram of cell impedance for several temperatures at
SOC 50%.
In our case, EIS tests were made in galvanostatic mode at Synthesis of the Nyquist plot is significant for validation,
different SOC and several temperatures. The complex since experimental data may be obtained from tests [11].
impedance spectra were collected in the frequency range of 0.65
10 kHz to 0.01 Hz.
This figure shows a decrease of the ohmic part of the 0.6
impedance with the temperature that is mainly due to the
increase of the electrolyte conductivity. Also, the temperature 0.55
has a strong impact on the diagram shape in the middle
frequency range. 0.5
R2()
-4
x 10
0.45
2
0.4
1 0.35
-Im[Z]()
0 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Temperature (C)
Fig. 5. Evolution of the estimated parameter R2 with temperature at SOC
-1
25% 50%.
40%
55%
-2 70% The next figure presents a comparison between the
85% Nyquist diagram obtained by the model and measurements on
100%
a real cell.
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 -4
Re[Z]() -4 x 10
x 10 2.5
Fig. 3. Nyquist diagram of cell impedance for several SOC at 25C. Exp
Model
0.61
This revealed that our model reproduces the behavior of
R2(m)
200
A comparison between the battery voltage and the model's
response to the real current profile confirmed the accuracy of
Current (A)
150
our model.
100 Bode plot has been limited to a frequency window about
[10 mHz; 5 Hz] due to the sampling period of experimental
50 data. Here, we choose to present a zoom on this window to
make figure clearer.
0
50
-50
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 45
Time (s)
40
Fig. 7. Measured current while executing (idem) mail delivery missions.
35
250
Module
30
U(V)
245 25
20
240
Real
15
Model
235
Voltage (V)
10
230
5
-2 -1
10 10
225 Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 9. Comparison between real voltage and model response to a current
220
profile.
215
V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS
210
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 In this paper we presented a Li-Po battery model based on
Time(s)
the equivalent-circuit approach, using impedance
Fig. 8. Voltage response corresponding to previous current profile. spectroscopy measurements. This model provides an accurate
description of lithium-polymer battery behavior, taking into
The table below is a comparison of the speed statistical account phenomena that occur inside the lithium cell, such as
characteristics with the some standard mission profiles (ECE- open-circuit voltage and part of the internal resistance
15, FTP-75, MODE 10-15, and ARTEMIS). They are used dependence on the state of charge and temperature
to evaluate vehicle performances and to measure emissions dependence. A comparison between the experimental
from conventional cars [14], [15]. measurements and the model simulated behavior confirms the
The mail delivery missions are characterized by the highest accuracy of the developed model.
number of stop (51.76%), the lowest speed average (8.35 In further works, the model can be adjusted with adding the
km/h) and a maximum speed equal to 74 km/h. dependence on other parameters influencing the cell behavior
such as aging effect.
REFERENCES
[1] J. Newman, K.E. Thomas, H. Hafezi and D. R. Wheeler, Modeling of
lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 119-121, pp.
838843, 2003.
[2] B. G. Kim, F.P. Tredeau, and Z. M. Salameh, Performance Evaluation
of Lithium Polymer Batteries for Use in Electric Vehicles, in Proc.
2008 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conf.
[3] L. Gao, and S. Liu, Dynamic Lithium-Ion Battery Model for System
Simulation, IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging
Technologies, vol. 25, n3, pp. 495-505, 2002.
[4] B. Y. Liaw, G. Nagasubramanian, R. G. Jungst, and D. H. Doughty,
Modeling of lithium ion cells-A simple equivalent-circuit model
approach, Solid State Ionics, vol. 175, pp. 835-839, 2004.
[5] S. Buller, M. Thele, E. Karden, and R.W. De Doncker, Impedance
based nonlinear dynamic battery modeling for automotive
applications, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 113, pp. 422-430, 2003.
[6] D. Andre, M. Meiler, K. Steiner, H. Walz, T. Soczka-Guth, and D.U.
Sauer, Characterization of high power lithium ion batteries by
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy .II: Modeling, Journal of
Power Sources, vol. 196, pp.5349-5356, 2011.
[7] Q. C. Zhuang, T. Wei, L. L. Du, Y. L. Cui, L. Fang, and S. G. Sun, An
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Study of the Electronic and
Ionic Transport Properties of Spinel LiMn2O4, Journal of Physical
chemistry, vol. 114, pp. 86148621, 2010.
[8] J. Remmlinger, M. Buchholz, M. Meiler, P. Bernreuter and K.
Dietmayer, State-of-health monitoring of lithium-ion batteries in
electric vehicles by on-board internal resistance estimation, Journal of
Power Sources, vol. 196, pp.5357-5363, 2011.
[9] Y. Zhang and C-Y. Wang, Cycle-Life Characterization of Automotive
Lithium-Ion Batteries with LiNiO2 Cathode, Journal of the
Electrochemical Society, vol. 156, pp. 527-535, 2009.
[10] Y. Hu, S. Yurkovich, Y. Guezennec, and B.J. Yurkovich, Electro-
thermal battery model identification for automotive applications,
Journal of Power Sources, vol. 196, pp. 449457, 2011.
[11] M. W. Verbrugge, and R. S. Conell, Electrochemical and thermal
characterization of battery modules commensurate with electric vehicle
integration, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 149, pp. 45-
53, 2002.
[12] E.-H. El Brouji, O. Briat, J.-M. Vinassa, N. Bertrand, and E. Woirgard,
Impact of Calendar Life and Cycling Ageing on Supercapacitor
Performance, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, issue 8,
pp. 3917-3929, 2009.
[13] H. Al Jed, A. Mieze, R. Simon and J.-M. Vinassa, Mathematical
modeling of aging factors for Li-ion battery cells, in Proc. 2010 IEEE
Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conf.
[14] M. Andr, The ARTEMIS European driving cycles for measuring car
pollutant emissions, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 334-335,
pp. 7384, 2004.
[15] K. Brundell-Freij and E. Ericsson, Influence of street characteristics,
driver category and car performance on urban driving patterns,
Transportation Research D, vol. 10, pp. 213-229, 2005.