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Numerical Simulation of Performance of an Axial Turbine First

Stage
Vincius Guimares Monteiro1,*, Edson Luiz Zaparoli1, Cludia Regina de Andrade1, Rosiane Cristina
de Lima2

1
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2
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Abstract: TKis work KDs prHsHntHd tKH rst stDgH pHrforPDnFH Dt dHsign Dnd offdHsign opHrDting points of Dn DxiDO
turEinH, witK two stDgHs using D nuPHriFDO siPuODtion (xpHriPHntDO PHtKods of prHdiFting tKH pHrforPDnFH of DxiDO
turEinH is FostO\ Dnd tiPH FonsuPing FoPpDrHd to tKH FoPputDtionDO uid d\nDPiFs DpproDFK TKHrHforH, FoPputDtionDO
tHFKniTuHs wHrH DdoptHd to dHtHrPinH tKH stDgH pHrforPDnFH TKis stud\ DnDO\]Hd tKH rst stDgH pHrforPDnFH of Dn
DxiDO ow turEinH, using D FoPputDtionDO tooO for siPuODting tKH stHDd\ stDtH twotKrHHdiPHnsionDO visFous ow $
FoPputDtionDO uid d\nDPiFs softwDrH wDs usHd to soOvH tKH rDns HTuDtions witK tKH spDODrtDOOPDrDs turEuOHnFH
PodHO TKH FoPputDtionDO uid d\nDPiFs rHsuOts wHrH FoPpDrHd witK tKosH oEtDinHd froP tKH PHDn OinH Ooss PodHO
FodH TKH FoPpDrisons KDvH EHHn FonduFtHd to providH D prHtHst pHrforPDnFH for tKH turEinH rst stDgH
Keywords: $xiDO TurEinHs, *Ds TurEinHs, &oPputDtionDO )Ouid '\nDPiFs, 1uPHriFDO SiPuODtion, 3HrforPDnFH

LIST OF SYMBOLS

H: Total enthalpy : Density

S: Scalar measure of the deformation tensor ij: Shear stress tensor
T: Temperature   ,QWHUPHGLDWHYDULDEOH
T2: Temperature at exit of stage   5H\QROGVDYHUDJHRIDJHQHULFYDULDEOH
d: Distance from the wall   )DYUHDYHUDJHRIDJHQHULFYDULDEOH
fv1, fv2, fw: Empirical functions in the turbulence model
 7LPHDYHUDJHRIYDULDEOH
k   &RHIFLHQWRIWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\  7LPHDYHUDJHRIYDULDEOH
K: Constant in the turbulence model i, j, k 8QLWYHFWRULQD&DUWHVLDQFRRUGLQDWHV\VWHP
p: Pressure in, out : Inlet and exit conditions
s   6SHFLFHQWURS\ 0  6WDJQDWLRQYDOXH
t: Time
u: Velocity component in a Cartesian system
x: Cartesian coordinate INTRODUCTION
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   (QHUJ\ORVVFRHIFLHQWLQWKHHQWURS\IRUP In the past, the experimental method was the single tool
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   '\QDPLFYLVFRVLW\ VRXUFHORVVWKDWRFFXUDORQJWKHXLGRZ:LWKWKHDSSHDU-
   .LQHPDWLFPROHFXODUYLVFRVLW\ ance of computational techniques in the last 40 years, another
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3o0DO(GXDUGR*RPHV&(3 at the design point is around 2%, if one takes into account
6mR-RVpGRV&DPSRV63%UD]LO uncertainty in the numerical methods, models, geometry,

J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 2, pp. 175-184, Apr.-Jun., 2012 175
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Dorney (2003) conducted a pretest performance for a
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was to quantify the performance of the turbine at off- design
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tions were performed using a three-dimensional unsteady
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uses a combination of the one-dimensional equations of
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and they were used to help determining the locations of the
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compared with the mean line loss model code ones, which
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hub to tip of stator blade and rotor blade in the region near
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parameters calculated by the 3D CFD simulations was made
against mean line loss model code results generated by the
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COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGY
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design and off-design performances of the 3D computational  7KHRZHOGZDVPRGHOHGXVLQJWKH5H\QROGV$YHUDJHG
results are consistent with the mean line analysis used in the 1DYLHU6WRNHV(TXDWLRQV7DQQHKLOOHt DODVFDQEH
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losses than predicted by the mean line loss correlations and
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the 3D computational results yield good agreement with the
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performance must be done at the beginning of an engine (2)
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satisfy all the operation requirements (design and off-design
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Despite of 2D CFD approach limitations, it is important to

176 J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 2, pp. 175-184, Apr.-Jun., 2012
Numerical Simulation of Performance of an Axial Turbine First Stage

TURBULENCE MODEL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

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blades (Pecnik Ht DO7KH6SDODUW$OOPDUDVWXUEXOHQFH LQOHWZHUHFRQVLGHUHG$WWKHRXWOHWWKHVWDWLFSUHVVXUHZDV
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of the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model are expressed by  7KH'VLPXODWLRQZDVPDGHDWRQO\RQHEODGHSDVVDJH
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computational cost, due to the numbers of blade rows neces-
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reason, it was chosen the mixing plane approach in the stage
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2
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 &ORVXUHFRHIFLHQWV The boundary conditions used in the inlet and outlet of 2D
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c (1 + c ),
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c = 0,3, c = 2, k = 0,41  Total pressure inlet 3D
k w2 w3

Total temperature inlet 1,100 K

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The walls for 2D and 3D approaches are adiabatic and

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J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 2, pp. 175-184, Apr.-Jun., 2012 177
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NUMERICAL METHODS

The 2D approach was simulated by ANSYS Fluent

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is coupled, implicit, with a time marching to reach the steady
state condition, and taking into account the turbulence effects
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The 3D approach was simulated by ANSYS CFX soft-
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CFX software for the 3D simulation, because the software
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the turbulence effects by Spalart-Allmaras one-equation LQFUHDVHVWKHFRPSXWDWLRQDOFRVW7KHUHIRUHWKHUHQHPHQWZDV
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The algebraic multigrid was employed to accelerate the
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MESH GENERATION HOHPHQWV

The mesh was constructed for two sub-domains, one for

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In the 2D model, the mesh is composed by quadrilaterals
elements near to the blade region, in order to capture high
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MEAN LINE LOSS MODEL CODE
The mean line loss model code uses a combination of the
one-dimensional equations of motion in the mean line and
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Figure 1 represents the mesh of all computational domains
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from hub to tip in regions near the leading and trailing edges
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OHIWVLGHDQGWKHURWRUOHDGLQJHGJHULJKWVLGH analysis used by the manufacturer in the conceptual design of

178 J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 2, pp. 175-184, Apr.-Jun., 2012
Numerical Simulation of Performance of an Axial Turbine First Stage

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The loss model is established by means of applying Ncorr N  
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instance, attached blade boundary layers, the loss mechanisms
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the loss mechanisms are still not clearly understood and
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p Te Tip Eb shock   of these parameters calculated by 3D CFD approach was
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PERFORMANCE MAP
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performance maps were constructed, which are the most
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can be attributed to the fact that the design data do not take
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J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 2, pp. 175-184, Apr.-Jun., 2012 179
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distribution along the blade span, as mentioned by Tomita and  7KH PDVVRZ ZDV QRW SUHVHQWHG WR ' &)' UHVXOWV
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The boundary layer effects, in the hub and tip of the blade, are The difference between CFD results and design data is
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Table 2 presents a comparison of design data against 2D Similar conclusion can be obtained when comparing 2D and 3D
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Descriptions
Design 2D CFD Difference 3D CFD Difference DQGVHFRQGDU\RZLQWKHKXEDQGWLSRIWKHEODGH7KHOLPLWD-
data results (%) results (%)
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Pressure ratio     
by empirical correlations (Kacker-Okapuu loss model), which
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180 J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 2, pp. 175-184, Apr.-Jun., 2012
Numerical Simulation of Performance of an Axial Turbine First Stage

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 7KHPDVVRZUDWHRIGHVLJQGDWDLVJUHDWHUWKDQWKDW The present study also focused on the performance maps

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but 3D CFD results are in better agreement with Denton loss
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J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 2, pp. 175-184, Apr.-Jun., 2012 181

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ratios, which produce chocking conditions at some point in
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Chocking conditions happen when the pressure ratio is
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182 J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 2, pp. 175-184, Apr.-Jun., 2012
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CONCLUSIONS
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concludes that the 3D CFD results are consistent with mean line
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by the CFD simulation and mean line loss model using Denton
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results are in better agreement with Denton loss model when
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ison is made against mean line loss model code, is the large
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank 9DOe SoOuo}es eP (nergiD (VSE) for the
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REFERENCES
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