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40Ar39Ar dating and tectonic implications of

volcanic rocks recovered at IODP Hole U1342A
and D on Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea

Article in Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography March 2015
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008

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40
Ar39Ar dating and tectonic implications of volcanic rocks recovered
at IODP Hole U1342A and D on Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea
Keiko Sato a,b,g,n,1, Hiroshi Kawabata a,h,2, David W. Scholl c,d, Hironobu Hyodo b,
Kozo Takahashi e,f,3, Katsuhiko Suzuki a,g,1, Hidenori Kumagai a,g,1
a
Institute for Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
b
Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Okayama University of Science, Ridai-cho, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
c
U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
d
University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
e
Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
f
Hokusei Gakuen University, Oyachi 2-3-1, Atsubetsu-ku, Sapporo, 004-8631, Japan
g
R & D Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
h
Research and Education Faculty, Kochi University, Kochi, 785-8520, Japan

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

During the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), a total of 41.54 m of basement rock, consolidated
Keywords: volcaniclastic sediment, was recovered beneath a thin sediment cover. The drilled site is at the eastern
Bowers Ridge end of the crestal area of Bowers Ridge, a north and westward sweeping offshoot of the Aleutian Arc into
U1342 the Bering Sea. The volcanic sequence recovered from Holes U1342A and U1342D was divided into six
Laser fusion 40Ar39Ar dating major lithologic units. We used the single grain 40Ar39Ar dating method performed by step-wise heated
Single grain age laser fusion technique to date andesites of Unit 1. Thereby two ages of Oligocene volcanism (3432 Ma,
Aleutian arc 2826 Ma) were distinguished each other according to our 40Ar39Ar data. These ages refute a
hypothesized Cretaceous origin in the North Pacic as an exotic arc massif or sector of the Hawaiian-
Emperor chain and indicate that the Bowers Ridge is a Bering-Sea formed arc or remnant arc that ceased
forming in the latest Oligocene to the earliest Miocene time.
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Active and dormant volcanoes sit atop the narrow crest of the
Aleutian Ridge, which extends westward about 2200 km from tip of
the Alaska Peninsula to near the Kamchatka Peninsula (Fig. 1). Our
understanding of Aleutian arc structure has been improved greatly
by several recent wide-angle along and cross-arc seismic studies (e.g.
Fliedner and Klemperer, 1999; Holbrook et al., 1999; Lizarralde et al.,
2002; Shillington et al., 2004; Calvert and McGeary, 2012).
As an offshooting spur, Bowers Ridge extends northward from
the central Aleutian Ridge, where it bends westward and fades into
a west south western-striking chain of seamounts of the southern
n
Corresponding author at: R & D Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency
for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan.
Tel.: 81 46 867 9759; fax: 81 46 867 9755.
E-mail address: keisato@jamstec.go.jp (K. Sato).
1
Present address: R & D Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for
Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan.
2
Present address: Research and Education Faculty, Kochi University, Kochi
785-8520, Japan.
3
Present address: Hokusei Gakuen University, Oyachi 2-3-1, Atsubetsu-ku,
Sapporo 004-8631, Japan.
end of Shirshov Ridge. Bowers Ridge rises from the abyssal oor
(
3900 m) of the Aleutian Basin to a wave-cut platform overlain by
few hundred meters of water. In 1970, the R/V Melville dredged a
boulder-size piece of volcaniclastic andesitic breccia of calc-alkaline
afnity from the northern slope of Bowers Ridge. The specimen was
too altered to be dated by the KAr method then available (Scholl
et al., 1975). Recently, Wanke et al. (2012) reported new dredge
recoveries collected in 2009 by the R/V Sonne from the northern
anks of the Bowers Ridge. The recovered specimen geochemically
conrmed the island-arc signature from the dredged samples using
trace element and dating data.
In 2009, during IODP Expedition 323 (Exp. 323) to the Bering
Sea Basin, basement rock at Ulm Plateau near the eastern end of
the crest area of Bowers Ridge was drilled and cored at Hole
U1342A (54149.700 N; 176155.000 E; 818.3 m water depth) and
U1342D (54149.700 N; 176155.060 E ; 818.2 m water depth) (Fig. 1).
Recovery of basement rocks provided an unprecedented opportu-
nity to address the origin and evolution of this enigmatic appen-
dage of the Aleutian arc massif.
The origin of Bowers Ridge has been controversial, mainly because
of the limited availability of age and petrologic information from the
ridge (Wanke et al., 2012) and also age data from the connecting

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008
0967-0645/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Sato, K., et al., 40Ar39Ar dating and tectonic implications of volcanic rocks recovered at IODP Hole U1342A
and D on Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008i
2 K. Sato et al. / Deep-Sea Research II ()

70
N

60
N

50
N
160 W
E 150
170 W
E 160
180 170W
Fig. 1. Site U1342 was drilled and cored during IODP Expedition 323 in the Bering Sea, the Bowers Ridge. Samples were taken at two drilled holes, of which coordinates are
as follows. U1342A Latitude: 54149.700 N, Longitude: 176155.000 E; U1342D Latitude: 54149.700 N, Longitude: 176155.060 E.

Aleutian Ridge (Jicha et al., 2006). The oldest dated (40Ar39Ar) arc-
volcanic rocks are known from the crestal area of the Aleutian Arc or
Ridge formed at
46 Ma (Jicha et al., 2006). The Aleutian Arc is thus
believed to have initially formed earlier during the Eocene probably
between 50 and 55 Ma and simultaneously with the formation of the
Bering Sea Basin (Ben-Avraham et al., 1981; Scholl et al., 1987; Scholl,
2007; Chekhovich et al., 2012). Initial Aleutian volcanism was
voluminous at across a wide front of arc
300500 km3/Myr/km
and rapidly (in approx. 10 Myr) built a 150250-km-wide, 2530-km-
thick arc massif above a northwestward dipping subduction zone of
descending Pacic lithosphere (Jicha et al., 2006; Scholl and von
Huene, 2009). Initial voluminous magmatism waned at ca. 40 Ma but
continued at a lower rate (
30 km3/Myr/km of arc) along arcuate
trends of volcanic centers that at approximately 3035 Ma, 1215 Ma,
and 50 Ma migrated progressively northward toward the Bering Sea
in 1525-km-wide jumps (Scholl, 2007). Arc migration is hypothe-
sized to be a manifestation of subduction erosion, a concept recently
advocated and explored by Kay et al. (2005) for the Chilean
subduction zone.
The offshooting spur of Bowers Ridge is anked to the east and
north by a structurally deep, sediment-lled (
810 km) depres-
sion that deepens southward toward the ridge. The presence of
this trench-like structure suggested that Bowers Ridge, although
structurally attached to the Aleutian Ridge, was a separate arc
massif possibly built above a southward-dipping subduction zone
(Cooper et al., 1981).
Based on existing age constraints, Bowers Ridge was hypothe-
sized to have either formed in the Pacic during the Mesozoic or
later in the Paleogene in conjunction with the formation of the
Aleutian Ridge. The arc massif of the Aleutian Ridge is posited to
have formed roughly in its present position at
5055 Ma coin-
cident with a southward shift in the north Pacic rim convergence
zone from the AlaskaSiberian continental margin to the offshore
Aleutian Ridge (Scholl et al., 1986). If Mesozoic in age, Bowers Ridge
would be an exotic terrane unrelated to the Aleutian Arc. An older
Bowers Ridge could have an arc (Seliverstov, 1998; Sukhov et al.,
2004), oceanic plateau (Ben-Avraham et al., 1981), or hotspot origin.
In the case of a hot spot origin, Bowers Ridge may have formed as a
far northern part of the Emperor chain of seamounts because plate-
tectonic reconstructions of the Pacic region suggest that the
Hawaiian hotspot that formed the entire Hawaiian-Emperor chain
may have been positioned beneath the Izanagi-Kula plate until
approximately 7580 Ma (Steinberger and Gaina, 2007). A sector of
the Izanagi-Kula plate may reside beneath the Bering Sea Basin
(Scholl, 2007). At Cape Kamchatka, a
100 Ma fragment of the
Emperor chain has been described as accreted to the Pacic side of
the Kamchatka Peninsula (Portnyagin et al., 2009).
Our study of the Bowers Ridge basement cores from Ulm Plateau
was undertaken to ascertain the age of the nearly continuous
volcaniclastic section recovered by IODP drilling at Site U1342. This
report describes the rst age data, which range from 34 to 26 Ma, for
the recovered core samples. The petrologic characteristics of these arc
magmatic rocks were reported earlier by Kawabata et al. (2011). The
measured ages document that arc volcanism along the western end of
the ridge's shallow summit or crestal plateau was well underway in
the earliest Eocene but terminated in the latest Oligocene to earliest
Miocene. These ages are consistent with the formation of Bowers
Ridge in conjunction with that of the Aleutian Ridge, a determination
that contributes importantly to our understanding of the tectonic
evolution of the larger north PacicAleutian RidgeBering Sea region.
2. Lithological information and sample description
At site U1342, a total of 41.54 m of basement rock was recovered
from the southern side of Ulm Plateau (Fig. 1). Kawabata et al. (2011)
reported that the volcanic sequence cored at Holes U1342A and
U1342D was divisible into six major lithological units (Fig. 2): Unit 1,
a vesiculated andesitic lava ow; Unit 2, interbedded volcanic
sandstones and polymict volcanic conglomerates; Unit 3, monomict
volcanic conglomerates; Unit 4, interbedded volcanic sandstones and
polymict volcanic conglomerates; Unit 5, monomict volcanic con-
glomerates; and Unit 6, polymict volcanic conglomerates. Units 3 and
4 represent volcano-hydroclastic deposits, whereas Units 2, 6, and
also 4 are volcano-epiclastic strata (Kawabata et al., 2011). Samples
were selected and measured from each unit. However, 40Ar39Ar
dating was applied only to Units 1, 3, 4, and 5 and to fresh, unaltered
specimens. The petrologic description of Kawabata et al. (2011) is
summarized in Table 1 and below.
Unit 1 was the uppermost part of the volcanic basement
recovered at Hole U1342A in a core section U1342A-9X, and at
Hole 1342D in core sections U1342D-7X-1 through 8X-1. A small

Please cite this article as: Sato, K., et al., 40Ar39Ar dating and tectonic implications of volcanic rocks recovered at IODP Hole U1342A
and D on Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008i
 K. Sato et al. / Deep-Sea Research II () 3

Unit 1
U1342D 7X-1 32-35 cm
Phenocryst (opened nicol) Phenocryst (crossed nicol)

Matrix (opened nicol)

Unit 3
U1342D 11X-1 60-62 cm
Lithic clast (opened nicol) Lithic clast (crossed nicol)

Matrix (opened nicol)

Lithic clast (opened nicol;
magnified upper-left
photograph)

Fig. 2. Volcanic sequence of basement in Exp. 323, U1342A and U1342D (referred from Kawabata et al., 2011). Photographs of thin sections of core samples are shown as
both opened and crossed nicols for typical samples detailed in Table 1. In Unit 1, andesite lava shows mostly intersertal texture containing abundant plagioclase phenocrysts.
In Unit 3, the occurrence of radial cooling joints in large basaltic clasts suggested a cognate origin of the clasts. The matrix among the clasts was glassy, which suggests that
this unit is hydroclastics.

dyke was observed at U1342A-9X-1W, 4551 cm. This andesitic
lava ow contains phenocrysts (ca. 2030 vol%) of magnetite (Mt),
orthopyroxene (Opx), clinopyroxene (Cpx), and plagioclase (Pl),
and has a groundmass showing intersertal texture. It also includes
elongated vesicles less than 7 mm long. This unit has minimum
thickness of 0.9 m. The samples to be dated were taken from both
Holes U1342A and U1342D including the vicinity of the boundary
between Unit 1 and Unit 2 (Table 1; U1342A-9X-1W, 35 cm;
U1342D-7X-1W, 1014 cm; 7X-1W, 3235 cm; 8X-1W, 18 cm).
Unit 3, monomict volcanic conglomerates, was identied in
Cores U1342D-10X and 11X at Hole U1342D. Clasts in the con-
glomerates are made up of aphyric basalt, in which occur sparse
phenocrysts (o 3 vol%) of clinopyroxene and plagioclase, and
glassy to intersertal groundmass. Clasts are ca. 1.5 cm, with
maximum size greater than 6 cm. The presence of radial cooling
joints in large basaltic clasts, the cognate of the clasts, and the
glassy matrix suggest that this unit is probably hydro clastic. A
small dyke was observed at U1342D-10X-3W, 113117 cm. An
aphyric basaltic clast was selected for dating from this section
(Table 1; U1342D-10X-4W, 1618 cm).
Unit 4 consisted of interbedded volcanic sandstones and polymict
volcanic conglomerates. This unit appears in Cores U1342D-11X
through 14X. The clasts are angular to sub-angular basaltic and
andesitic pebbles. This unit is characterized by the presence of fault
and slump structures, of which dips and displacements were ca. 851
and ca. 7 cm, respectively. A sharp contrast is apparent between the
bottom of this unit and the top of Unit 5. Several small dykes were
observed at U1342D-13X-1W, 124130 cm, 13X-2W, 124130 cm,
and 13X-3W, 133138 cm. Porphyritic basaltic clasts were selected
for dating from this section (Table 1; U1342D-13X-1W, 135136 cm;
14X-2W, 8287 cm; 14X-2W, 9093 cm).
Unit 5, a monomict volcanic conglomerate was identied in Core
U1342D-14X at Site U1342. Several small dykes were observed at
U1342D-14X-2W, 3336 cm and 14X-2W, 8956 cm. Clasts are
angular to sub-angular vesiculated basalt. The clasts reach 7 cm in
size, with average size of 1 cm. The basaltic clasts contain pheno-
crysts (oca. 10 vol%) of completely altered olivine, clinopyroxene,
and plagioclase, and exhibit variable vesiculation up to ca. 15 vol%.
The matrix consists of very ne fragments of glassy basaltic material
identical to that of the clasts. The boundary between Units 5 and

Please cite this article as: Sato, K., et al., 40Ar39Ar dating and tectonic implications of volcanic rocks recovered at IODP Hole U1342A
and D on Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008i
4 K. Sato et al. / Deep-Sea Research II ()

Table 1
Vesicles are excluded to obtain the phenocryst abundances. Major element analyses were conducted using X-ray uorescence spectrometry with ignition loss test.

Hole U1342A U1342D U1342D U1342D U1342D U1342D U1342D U1342D U1342D
Site & Position 9X-1W, 3-5 cm 7X-1W, 10- 7X-1W, 32- 8X-1W, 1-8 10X-4W, 13X-1W, 14X-2W, 82-87 cm 14X-2W, 14X-3W, 25-30 cm
14 cm 35 cm cm 16-18 cm 135-136 cm 90-93 cmb
Unit 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 5
Rock Type Porphyritic Porphyritic Porphyritic Porphyritic Aphyric Porphyritic porphyritic basalt Vesiculated Porphyritic basalt
andesite andesite andesite andesite basalt basalt (in stratied basalt (in monomict
sandstone) contact with volcanic
upper section conglomerate)

wt%
SiO2 57.11 56.43 57.05 57.18 50.99 49.33 50.82 50.02
TiO2 0.97 0.98 0.95 0.98 0.87 0.93 0.90 0.97
Al2O3 15.84 15.84 15.76 16.02 15.41 18.67 15.89 16.79
FeO*a 6.99 7.43 7.19 7.25 10.26 9.69 8.57 8.59
MnO 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.07 0.16 0.12 0.16
MgO 2.59 3.12 3.14 2.80 7.07 5.28 6.40 6.03
CaO 5.57 5.69 6.14 5.62 5.60 11.11 8.22 9.94
Na2O 4.04 3.89 3.89 4.06 1.12 2.43 1.79 2.74
K2O 2.00 1.76 1.89 1.91 0.90 0.31 0.57 0.29
P2O5 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.11 0.21 0.13 0.21
LOI 4.47 4.54 3.71 3.85 7.91 2.48 6.76 4.62
Total 100.05 100.17 100.22 100.15 100.31 100.59 100.17 100.35

Recalculated on water-free basis

SiO2 60.19 59.47 59.56 59.83 55.80 50.78 54.91 52.72
TiO2 1.02 1.04 0.99 1.02 0.95 0.95 0.98 1.03
Al2O3 16.70 16.70 16.45 16.76 16.86 19.22 17.17 17.70
a
FeO* 6.63 7.04 6.76 6.83 10.10 8.97 8.33 8.15
MnO 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.08 0.17 0.12 0.17
MgO 2.73 3.29 3.28 2.93 7.74 5.43 6.91 6.36
CaO 5.87 6.00 6.41 5.88 6.13 11.44 8.88 10.48
Na2O 4.25 4.09 4.07 4.24 1.23 2.50 1.93 2.88
K2O 2.11 1.86 1.97 2.00 0.99 0.32 0.62 0.30
P2O5 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.12 0.21 0.14 0.22
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Volume%
Vesicularity 76 34 30 55 138 13 280 151
Groundmass 167 706 728 680 857 674 590 711
olivine 24 21 27
clinopyroxene 38 69 48 36 74 16 18
orthopyroxene 10 12 3 22
plagioclase 167 169 185 200 5 211 93 93
titanomagnetite 7 10 6 7 4
Calculation
Na2O+K2O 6.36 5.95 6.04 6.25 2.21 2.82 2.55 3.19
Na2O/K2O 2.02 2.20 2.06 2.12 1.24 7.79 3.14 9.53
a
FeO* /MgO 2.42 2.14 2.06 2.33 1.30 1.65 1.20 1.28

a
FeO* indicates total iron as Fe2O3 and FeO.
b
The data are taken from the same core section of the U1342D-14X-2, 8287 cm.

6 was not recovered. A porphyritic basalt was selected for dating
from this section (Table 1, U1342D-14X-3W, 2530 cm).
3. Analytical procedures
3.1. Procedure of major element analysis using XRF
Whole-rock major element composition was determined by X-ray
uorescence spectrometry with ignition loss test (Table 1). Using
fused glass beads, measurement were performed at Institute for
Research on Earth Evolution, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science
and Technology (JAMSTEC) with an XRF apparatus (RIGAKU, Simultix
12). Detailed procedures were reported by Tani et al. (2005).
Prior to whole-rock analysis, rock chips were soaked in warm
water to remove surface salts, then rinsed in acetone and deionized
water in an ultrasonic bath. Dried chips were crushed further using
a tungsten carbide mortar and powdered in an alumina mill to
prevent possible contamination from a tungsten carbide mill.
40
3.2. Ar39Ar procedure with sample leaching treatments
A single-grain, step-wise laser fusion 40Ar39Ar dating technique
requires fresh unweathered grain samples (Hyodo, 2008). We selected
both mineral and groundmass grains for dating that were, least
affected by secondary contamination. Grains were crushed and sieved
into 200500 m sample sizes. Subsequently, carefully hand-picked
grains were leached with diluted HNO3 (typically 5%, 2 min at room
temperature) to remove altered parts (e.g. Kaneoka et al., 2002;
Kumagai et al., 2003). Leaching, however, removes not only alteration
but also Ar-retentive sites, particularly in single-grain samples. Thus
un-acid treated samples were also prepared for comparison of their
age spectra. This point will be discussed later. Samples were followed
by washing in acetone, ethanol, and de-ionized ultra-pure water
(Milli-Q, Millipore Corp). The dried samples were weighed and loaded
into the gas-extraction apparatus.
For irradiation, separated grains were put into aluminum trays,
then sealed and vacuum-packed in quartz glass capsules. Sample
grains were placed in 2 mm holes drilled on 99.999% of
aluminum trays. Six trays were tightened together with bolts.

Please cite this article as: Sato, K., et al., 40Ar39Ar dating and tectonic implications of volcanic rocks recovered at IODP Hole U1342A
and D on Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008i
and D on Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008i
Please cite this article as: Sato, K., et al., 40Ar39Ar dating and tectonic implications of volcanic rocks recovered at IODP Hole U1342A

Table 2
Bower Ridge 39
Ar-40Ar age result with step-wised heating isotope ratios. Errors are attached in 2. Plateau ages of the tests were referred from Baksi (1999).

39 37
Sample & Site Information Analysis No. Temperature (1C) Cumulated Ar Age (Ma) Error Ar(Ca)/39Ar(K) Error 40
Ar 39
rad./ Ar Error Atmospheric (%) MSWD & possibility plateau-chron intercept

EXP323-U1342A CORE
9X-1W2 X100714D10 585 0.188 33.2 1.8 19.9 17.2 3.38 1.85E01 35.6
(matrix) 704 0.410 31.6 1.8 21.2 15.4 3.22 1.88E01 17.9 MSWD 0.18 318270
leached andesite 800 0.645 32.3 1.8 21.1 11.9 3.28 1.80E01 10.4 0.37
897 0.807 25.2 1.3 4.3 19.8 2.56 0.13 25.5
945 0.863 24.8 4.6 0.0 0.0 2.52 0.47 26.7
997 0.892 26.1 7.0 0.0 0.0 2.65 0.71 23.0
1047 0.905 27.9 21.4 0.0 0.0 2.83 2.19 23.1
1097 0.912 38.4 11.5 58.7 387.2 3.91 1.19 -35.0
1129 0.935 30.5 12.0 0.0 0.0 3.10 1.23 32.5
1138 0.977 26.1 4.5 0.0 0.0 2.65 0.45 34.7
U1342A-9X-1W,3-5 1391 1.000 29.2 11.2 0.0 0.0 2.97 1.15 18.9
TOTAL - 30.3 1.3 14.5 10.0 3.08 0.13 23.1
Plateau age 32.4 1.0
9X-1W PL1 X100714D11 514 0.100 52.0 6.9 58.7 146.5 5.32 0.72 -5.0

K. Sato et al. / Deep-Sea Research II ()

(plagioclase) 625 0.210 33.9 13.3 18.0 158.9 3.45 1.37 7.2
unleached andesite 710 0.297 42.4 14.3 210.6 197.9 4.32 1.48 -192.0
875 0.535 34.9 3.1 31.5 88.9 3.55 0.32 -5.5
U1342A-9X-1W,3-5 1120 1.000 18.1 3.1 0.0 0.0 1.83 0.31 40.8
TOTAL - 35.3 2.4 31.7 40.8 3.59 0.24 -2.5
9X-1PL2 X100714D12 517 0.033 87.7 99.1 781.5 2165 9.05 10.48 -402.5
(plagioclase) 630 0.046 55.0 154.5 1318 6276 5.63 16.05 -827.1
leached andesite 713 0.079 27.9 3.8 0.0 0.0 2.83 0.38 0.0
864 0.281 28.0 11.1 0.0 0.0 2.84 1.13 71.5 MSWD 0.11 307 7 260
1095 1.000 25.4 4.0 12.5 56.1 2.58 0.40 13.8 0.21
U1342A-9X-1W,3-5 TOTAL - 38.4 6.7 35.0 75.2 3.91 0.69 14.6
Plateau age 26.8 2.6
9X-1 13-15 X100714E6 500 0.059 42.8 7.9 14.2 35.2 4.36 0.82 59.9
(matrix) andesite 596 0.244 39.0 6.3 16.5 12.0 3.97 0.65 51.0
andesite 705 0.423 34.3 3.4 17.7 9.1 3.49 0.35 40.8
802 0.630 27.3 1.5 1.7 7.0 2.78 0.15 34.5
900 0.781 26.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 2.67 0.18 28.8
1002 0.847 27.2 3.4 0.0 0.0 2.76 0.35 15.9
1069 0.882 16.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 1.62 0.61 62.4
1098 0.972 18.2 1.9 0.0 0.0 1.84 0.19 56.5
U1342A-9X-1W,13-15 1300 1.000 23.3 7.3 0.0 0.0 2.37 0.75 49.1
TOTAL - 30.1 1.6 7.4 4.8 3.06 0.16 44.4
9X-1 13-15 X100714E7 396 0.008 -54.8 149.1 0.0 0.0 -5.44 14.58 113.7
(plagioclase) 501 0.041 -7.5 47.0 22.6 250.3 -0.75 4.72 104.2
andesite 620 0.062 212.2 169.6 731.2 1273.8 22.70 19.23 13.3
709 0.091 -8.7 46.7 0.0 0.0 -0.87 4.69 111.0
846 0.126 12.8 27.5 0.0 0.0 1.29 2.79 65.3
927 0.176 19.8 24.6 0.0 0.0 2.01 2.50 29.8
950 0.462 18.1 4.5 0.0 0.0 1.84 0.46 35.9
U1342A-9X-1W,13-15 1300 1.000 362.6 237.0 1435.0 1656.9 40.49 29.21 -146.3
TOTAL - 175.1 63.8 545.8 417.8 18.53 7.08 -105.6
39 37
Sample & Site Information Analysis No. Temperature (1C) Cumulated Ar Age (Ma) Error Ar(Ca)/39Ar(K) Error 40
Ar rad./39Ar Error Atmospheric (%) MSWD & possibility plateau-chron intercept

5
 6
Table 2 (continued )
and D on Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008i
Please cite this article as: Sato, K., et al., 40Ar39Ar dating and tectonic implications of volcanic rocks recovered at IODP Hole U1342A

39 37
Sample & Site Information Analysis No. Temperature (1C) Cumulated Ar Age (Ma) Error Ar(Ca)/39Ar(K) Error 40
Ar 39
rad./ Ar Error Atmospheric (%) MSWD & possibility plateau-chron intercept

EXP323-U1342D CORE
7X-1W1 X100714D4 705 0.328 29.7 5.5 5.4 3.3 3.02 0.56 65.8
(matrix) 804 0.518 27.7 3.7 5.0 6.7 2.81 0.38 54.3
unleached andesite 897 0.660 28.6 3.8 6.4 7.0 2.91 0.39 48.5
945 0.743 21.5 5.3 0.0 0.0 2.18 0.54 58.7 MSWD 0.47 3327 120
1005 0.805 29.9 7.6 0.0 0.0 3.04 0.78 48.3 2.84
1119 0.926 26.9 4.2 4.7 10.7 2.73 0.43 47.7
U1342D-7X-1W,10-14 1086 1.000 37.4 9.1 9.2 12.7 3.81 0.94 40.6
TOTAL - 28.7 2.6 4.9 3.1 2.92 0.26 56.9
Plateau age 27.7 1.8
7X-1W2 X100714D5 603 0.149 39.3 18.1 56.4 10.2 4.00 1.87 68.8
(matrix) 697 0.311 27.7 6.3 46.5 8.0 2.81 0.65 56.4
leached andesite 795 0.477 40.5 5.3 38.9 8.2 4.13 0.55 45.2
894 0.629 7.3 8.7 0.0 0.0 0.73 0.88 85.3
947 0.714 29.9 13.3 0.0 0.0 3.03 1.36 58.7
995 0.773 26.9 10.4 0.0 0.0 2.74 1.06 64.1
1110 0.876 17.9 10.5 4.2 15.3 1.81 1.07 69.8

K. Sato et al. / Deep-Sea Research II ()

U1342D-7X-1W,10-14 1107 1.000 19.2 7.7 3.0 13.2 1.94 0.78 68.6
TOTAL - 26.4 4.4 22.8 4.4 2.68 0.44 63.8
7X-1W 32-35W1 X100714D13 592 0.217 34.1 2.5 19.3 16.2 3.47 0.26 44.6
(matrix) 704 0.411 33.3 1.9 23.3 20.0 3.39 0.20 16.2
unleached andesite 798 0.590 32.8 2.7 21.8 20.9 3.33 0.27 10.1 MSWD 0.32 329 7 110
895 0.717 35.5 2.4 34.0 24.5 3.61 0.24 -6.7 1.58
947 0.767 36.3 3.7 49.3 67.4 3.69 0.38 -24.1
993 0.832 30.5 5.2 13.8 67.3 3.10 0.53 14.1
1060 0.898 19.8 3.0 0.0 0.0 2.00 0.31 42.5
1102 0.947 19.8 4.9 0.0 0.0 2.00 0.50 42.8
1206 0.958 20.5 23.5 0.0 0.0 2.07 2.40 52.2
U1342D-7X-1W,32-35 1271 1.000 21.0 6.9 0.0 0.0 2.12 0.70 44.3
TOTAL - 32.1 1.7 20.2 11.8 3.27 0.17 24.0
Plateau age 33.9 1.1
7X-1W32-35W2 X100714D14 597 0.379 30.9 1.6 10.8 12.0 3.14 0.16 37.7
(matrix) 704 0.605 25.1 1.9 4.9 16.8 2.55 0.20 27.8
leached andesite 797 0.812 33.7 1.9 24.8 24.2 3.43 0.20 0.0
895 0.930 24.7 2.3 0.0 0.0 2.51 0.23 18.8
946 0.964 26.8 11.1 0.0 0.0 2.72 1.14 7.1
999 0.978 28.3 26.6 0.0 0.0 2.87 2.73 2.8
1103 0.982 34.1 37.9 245.2 1571 3.47 3.89 -256.4
1108 0.989 45.1 26.9 314.6 668.4 4.61 2.78 -270.6
1116 0.996 59.4 73.8 1030.4 1508.8 6.09 7.69 -712.9
U1342D-7X-1W,32-35 1135 1.000 55.3 103.8 1173.7 3365.4 5.66 10.78 -928.2
TOTAL - 33.4 1.8 19.8 14.5 3.39 0.19 15.7
7X-1 52-55W2 X100714D16 584 0.265 29.8 1.4 11.8 9.0 3.03 0.14 40.1
(matrix) 699 0.513 29.1 1.4 12.1 7.2 2.95 0.14 23.3
leached andesite 797 0.731 26.8 1.0 9.2 10.0 2.72 0.10 24.8
898 0.857 25.6 1.4 2.6 14.5 2.60 0.15 24.4
946 0.896 25.2 3.5 0.0 0.0 2.55 0.36 24.8
995 0.914 29.3 8.0 0.0 0.0 2.98 0.82 10.3
1045 0.940 21.4 5.7 0.0 0.0 2.17 0.58 35.2
1094 0.972 25.2 4.1 0.0 0.0 2.56 0.42 28.8
1118 0.986 27.1 10.6 0.0 0.0 2.75 1.08 23.4
1083 0.994 36.8 20.2 0.0 0.0 3.74 2.08 7.4
U1342D-7X-1W,52-55 1118 1.000 39.3 9.2 11.4 298 4.01 0.94 -13.2
TOTAL - 28.0 0.9 8.5 6.9 2.84 0.09 29.2
39 37
Sample & Site Information Analysis No. Temperature (1C) Cumulated Ar Age (Ma) Error Ar(Ca)/39Ar(K) Error 40
Ar 39
rad./ Ar Error Atmospheric (%) MSWD & possibility plateau-chron intercept
 8X-1W1 X100714D6 607 0.093 39.0 3.4 34.6 22.8 3.97 0.35 35.0
and D on Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008i
Please cite this article as: Sato, K., et al., 40Ar39Ar dating and tectonic implications of volcanic rocks recovered at IODP Hole U1342A

(matrix) 698 0.206 33.2 2.2 24.5 19.2 3.38 0.23 25.3
unleached andesite 796 0.337 28.1 2.0 12.7 11.3 2.85 0.20 32.1
895 0.476 27.8 1.8 8.4 10.5 2.83 0.19 31.1
945 0.556 28.2 2.9 7.9 24.8 2.87 0.29 32.8
996 0.608 25.6 5.3 0.0 0.0 2.60 0.55 40.4 MSWD 0.18 218 7390
1049 0.663 26.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 2.64 0.25 37.6 1.09
1090 0.741 26.1 2.9 0.0 0.0 2.65 0.30 41.1
1067 0.806 25.6 3.9 0.0 0.0 2.59 0.40 40.4
1065 0.827 29.1 12.1 0.0 0.0 2.96 1.24 32.1
1064 0.836 43.0 18.6 0.0 0.0 4.38 1.92 2.9
U1342D-8X-1W,1-8 1500 1.000 26.6 1.2 0.0 0.0 2.70 0.12 37.2
TOTAL - 29.0 1.1 9.4 7.2 2.94 0.11 34.1
Plateau age 27.2 1.0
8X-1W2 X100714D7 585 0.044 21.4 6.2 0.0 0.0 2.17 0.63 53.4
(matrix) 701 0.152 23.5 3.0 5.6 40.0 2.39 0.31 43.6
leached andesite 798 0.300 28.9 3.6 15.3 30.1 2.94 0.36 27.6
897 0.444 31.5 3.0 17.1 31.4 3.20 0.30 20.2
947 0.523 42.1 4.7 64.8 68.3 4.29 0.48 -27.8
999 0.600 41.9 3.2 44.3 46.9 4.28 0.33 -3.6
1048 0.683 20.9 4.3 0.0 0.0 2.12 0.43 49.0

K. Sato et al. / Deep-Sea Research II ()

1095 0.785 35.4 5.0 19.9 52.4 3.61 0.52 21.1
1133 0.839 23.0 9.4 0.0 0.0 2.33 0.96 48.7
1175 0.927 24.9 4.1 0.0 0.0 2.52 0.42 41.7
U1342D-8X-1W,1-8 1384 1.000 20.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 2.02 0.49 53.4
TOTAL - 30.0 1.8 15.6 15.8 3.05 0.18 28.5
8X-1 14-20W1 X100714E3 484 0.090 67.9 6.9 19.6 11.8 6.97 0.72 39.7
(matrix) 605 0.218 52.1 5.1 23.3 14.5 5.33 0.52 39.2
leached andesite 698 0.401 28.8 2.6 11.9 6.9 2.92 0.27 44.3
798 0.581 26.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 2.64 0.11 39.2
896 0.706 25.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 2.58 0.14 35.2
1009 0.793 25.8 1.5 0.0 0.0 2.61 0.16 31.5 MSWD 1.22 350 7 170
1028 0.874 26.7 1.8 5.4 13.0 2.71 0.18 33.0 6.10
1023 0.889 23.3 9.4 0.0 0.0 2.36 0.96 35.1
U1342D-8X-1W,14-20 1500 1.000 28.8 1.5 1.1 11.2 2.93 0.15 39.9
TOTAL 33.8 1.2
Plateau age 26.1 0.3
8X-1 14-20W2 X100714E4 486 0.065 43.8 4.5 29.2 14.6 4.47 0.47 47.2
(matrix) 605 0.173 36.9 3.7 15.5 13.0 3.75 0.38 47.2
unleached andesite 700 0.344 26.7 2.4 10.4 6.7 2.71 0.24 42.8
796 0.516 26.8 1.4 4.9 8.3 2.72 0.14 33.4
895 0.647 27.6 1.5 9.6 9.7 2.80 0.16 25.7 MSWD 0.50 278 7270
999 0.758 26.0 2.0 3.0 10.8 2.64 0.20 33.9 1.98
1030 0.882 26.3 1.9 0.7 4.8 2.67 0.19 40.3
U1342D-8X-1W,14-20 1300 1.000 28.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.90 0.21 33.6
TOTAL - 29.1 1.0 7.8 3.2 2.96 0.10 38.8
Plateau age 26.8 0.4

The shortened core-section ID was used, followed by the selected grain IDs: e.g. 9X-1 as for U1342A-9X-1W. J value (5.5000 7 0.0212)  10-3.

7
8 K. Sato et al. / Deep-Sea Research II ()
(%) 3
2 Unit 3
KO
1 Wanke et al., 2012
0
45 50 55
SiO
(%) 8
6
MgO
0
45 50 55
SiO
Fig. 3. SiO2 vs. K2O and MgO graph of Bowers ridge volcanic rocks recalculated as in water-free basis. Dotted lines are boundaries of rock series: HK; high K series, MK;
medium K series, LK; low K series.
Neutron irradiation was conducted at the JRR3 research reactor at
Tokai Research and Development Center, Nuclear Science Research
Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency under a program organized
by Inter-University Laboratory for the Common Use of Nuclear
Facilities. Samples were irradiated at the Hydraulic Rabbit facility (HR-
2) for 6 h. During irradiation, fast neutron ux was 3.7  1016 n/cm2.
Typical J-values for Hb3gr hornblende standard (Roddick, 1983) were
(2.53170.040)  10  4, and correction factors for interfering isotopes
were (40Ar/39Ar)K 0.25670.040 for K, and (36Ar/37Ar)Ca (3.317
1.82)  10  4, (39Ar/37Ar)Ca (1.4670.25)  10  3 for Ca.
A defocused beam of 5-watts of argon ion continuous laser
probe was used for stepwise heating of individual grains. During
heating, the grain temperature was monitored using an infrared
thermometer with precision of 5 1C. A 30-s interval at a given
temperature was applied through a feedback circuit between the
laser and the thermometer. Details of temperature control and
monitoring were described by Hyodo (2008).
The Ar isotopes were measured using a custom-made mass
spectrometer with mass resolution of approximately 400 at
Okayama University of Science. Typical blanks for Ar isotopes in
the extraction system were, respectively, 6.2  10  14, 8.7  10  14,
3.8  10  14, 5.2  10  14 and 2.6  10  12 cm3 STP for 36Ar, 37Ar,
38
Ar, 39Ar and 40Ar. All analytical uncertainties are presented in
Table 2 as 2 values.
The Argon isotope ratios were corrected for mass discrimina-
tion, blank, no correction on radial irradiation gradients (Hyodo et
al., 1999), and interfering neutron reactions on Ca and K. Age data
obtained by stepwise heating were evaluated from the age spectra
obtained on plots of cumulative 39Ar vs. apparent ages and errors
using the following two criteria. First, the age spectrum forms a
plateau that includes three or more consecutive steps, comprising
450% of the 39Ar released and with ages overlapping within 2
errors. Second, the plateau ages are consistent within error with
the weighted mean of the step ages forming the plateaus.
Please cite this article as: Sato, K., et al., 40Ar39Ar dating and tectonic implications of volcanic rocks recovered at IODP Hole U1342A
and D on Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008i
HK
Unit 1
Unit 4
MK
Unit 5
on ridge
LK Wanke et al., 2012
seamount
60 65
(%)
60 65
(%)
Statistical robustness of plateaus and plateau ages are tested by
calculating the mean square weighted deviates (MSWD; expected
to be o o3) and the probability of t; (p expected to be 40.05) at
2, 95% condence levels; (Baksi, 1999).
4. Major element chemistry and 40Ar39Ar age of Bowers Ridge
Major element data show that the core samples are classiable as
medium-K basaltic andesiteandesite (Unit 1), and low-K basalt
(Units 3, 4, 5). The upper strata, Unit 1 (medium-K basaltic ande-
siteandesite) has about 5658 wt%, SiO2, and 5.76.1 wt% of total
alkalis. The MgO contents are in the range of 2.63.1 wt% (Table 1;
Fig. 3). The lower strata, Units 3, 4, and 5 (low-K basaltic andesite
andesite) has about 4951 wt% SiO2, and 2.03.0 wt% of total alkalis,
and is compositionally from a high-alumina basalt (Al2O3 416.5%) to
tholeiitic basalt series. The MgO contents are 5.2-7.0 wt% (Table 1;
Fig. 3). Consequently, the FeO/MgO ratio of our sample was lower
than 1 and it showed no high-magnesian signature (Table 1). Because
the ignition loss of the Unit 3 (U1342D-10X-4W, 1618 cm) and Unit 4
(U1342D-14X-2W, 9093 cm) were larger than 5 wt%, the major
element composition recalculate to the water free basis were plotted
in the medium K series region (Fig. 3).
We distinguished two groups of volcanic activity (age groups):
3432 Ma and 2826 Ma (Fig. 5). Some of the unleached plagio-
clase (pl) of Unit 1 showed signicant perturbation in their age
spectra, but some leached matrixes, a whole rock grain (w), of Unit
1 also showed signicant perturbation in their age spectra
(Table 2, Fig. 4, Supplements 1 and 2). We suspect that some
whole rock samples included altered portions, even after leaching.
These two age groups are consistent with Aleutian arc isochron
ages reported by Jicha et al. (2006) from the Adak Canyon
(3428 Ma; JASON-II Dive 098; 099), and the Murray Canyon
dredge site (4621 Ma). For the older stage (3432 Ma) at Bowers
 K. Sato et al. / Deep-Sea Research II () 9

U1342A-9X-1W 3-5 U1342A-9X-1W 3-5 U1342A-9X-1W 3-5

100 100 100
ID; 9X-1W2 ID; 9X-1PL1 ID; 9X-1PL2
80 (leached) 80 (unleached) 80 (leached)
Apparent Age (Ma)

60 60 60 26.8 2.6Ma
32.4 1.0Ma
40 40 40

20 MSWD=0.18 p=0.37 20 20
MSWD=0.11 p=0.21
intercept = 318270
intercept = 307260
0 0 0
100 500 100
37Ar/ 39Ar

50 250 50
0 0 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
39
Fraction of 39Ar released Fraction of 39Ar released Fraction of Ar released

U1342A-9X-1W 13-15 U1342A-9X-1W 13-15

100 100
ID;
9X-1 13-15 Pl1 ID; 9X-1 13-15 W2
80 80
(unleached) (unleached)
Apparent Age (Ma)

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0
100 100
37Ar/ 39Ar

50 50
0 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
39
Fraction of Ar released Fraction of 39Ar released
Fig. 4. Bowers Ridge 39Ar40Ar age spectra.4(A): Hole U1342A, 4(B): Hole U1342D. Upper panels: Vertical axis indicates apparent 39Ar40Ar age (Ma) in each step. Horizontal
axis indicates cumulative 39Ar released in each step of step-wised heating. Lower panels: 37Ar/39Ar ratio for each fraction is shown as a proxy of Ca/K ratio as indices of
alteration. Here respective 37Ar and 39Ar is generated from 40Ca and 39K by irradiation. Errors are attached 2. Plateau ages of tests were referred from Baksi (1999). Leached
samples used leaching protocol. Unleached samples did not use leaching protocol. The shortened core-section ID followed by the selected grain IDs was used: e.g. 9X-1 as for
U1342A-9X-1W. The apparent 32.4 7 1.0 Ma plateau age of 9X1W2 might have been affected by excess Ar, and that the plateau age of the plagioclase grain dates the
eruption event, close to 26.8 7 2.6 Ma. However, it did not overprint the matrix age completely.

Ridge, a contribution from excess Ar is still probable for sample
9X-1W2 from Hole U1342A. The plateau age spectrum of the
sample 9X-1W2 is narrowly dened at low-temperature steps.
However, an older age was obtained from another Unit 1 sample
from Hole U1342D (7X-1, 32-35W1). These ages are consistent
with those of dredged samples from the submerged north ank of
Bowers Ridge reported by Wanke et al. (2012). The younger stage
(2628 Ma) might represent another volcanic eruption event. It is
also consistent with the dredge sample data of Wanke et al. (2012).
At IODP Holes U1342A and U1342D, we were unable to nd in the
continuously cored section ages matching the much younger, third
stage 2224 Ma event reported by Wanke et al. (2012). This younger
event might be found only at the western deeply submerged end of
Bowers Ridge and seems not to reect island arc volcanism. A
compositional change from tholeiitic to alkaline basalts supports this
view (Fig. 5). Conceivably, the younger or third stage might be a
subduction-related volcanism, and, this late heating event might have
cause some ridge-summit metamorphism or alteration. We cannot
address this problem in detail by the large plateau error and plateau
spectrum of our data (e.g. Iwata and Kaneoka, 2000; Tatsumi et al.,
2010). As Wanke et al. (2012) provided no 40Ar/36Ar intercepts on
their isochron diagrams and/or plateau-chron (plateau age calculated
steps of isochron), further evaluation on the initial 40Ar/36Ar ratios is
not possible. However, it might be that after the main stage of
building a marine strata volcano is over, a younger phase of magmatic
activity occurs 525 Ma (e.g. Jicha et al., 2006).
Detailed 40Ar39Ar age descriptions and discussion are pre-
sented in the following sections. Hereinafter, the shortened core-
section ID followed by the grain IDs selected are used: e.g. 9X-1W2
denotes U1342A-9X-1W, 35 cm (Table 2, Fig. 4, Supplements
1 and 2).
4.1. Unit 1: U1342A-9X-1W, 35 cm and U1342A-9X-1W, 1315 cm
The leached matrix (9X-1W2) provided a 32.47 1.0 Ma plateau
age at low-temperature steps. For an unleached plagioclase grain
(9X-1PL1), the age spectrum did not form any plateau. However,
the leached plagioclase grain (9X-1PL2) dened a plateau at
26.8 72.6 Ma. These ages do not mutually agree but the age
determined from high-temperature steps of the leached matrix
(9X-1W2) is similar to the plateau age of leached plagioclase (9X-1
PL2). At this site, a dyke-like injection was noted (U1342A-9X-1W,

Please cite this article as: Sato, K., et al., 40Ar39Ar dating and tectonic implications of volcanic rocks recovered at IODP Hole U1342A
and D on Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008i
10 K. Sato et al. / Deep-Sea Research II ()

U1342D-7X-1W 10-14 U1342D-7X-1W 10-14 U1342D-7X-1W 52-55

100 100 100
ID; 7X-1W1 ID; 7X-1 52-55W2
(unleached) ID; 7X-1W2 (leached)
80 80 80
(leached)
Apparent Age (Ma)

27.7 1.7Ma
60 60 60

40 40 40

20 MSWD=0.47 p=2.84 20 20
intercept = 332120
0 0 0
50 100 100
37Ar/ 39Ar

50 50
0 0 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
39 39 39
Fraction of Ar released Fraction of Ar released Fraction of Ar released

U1342D-7X-1W 32-35 U1342D-7X-1W 32-35 U1342D-8X-1W 14-20

100 100 100
ID; 7X-1 32-35W1 ID; 7X-1 32-35W2 ID; 8X-1 14-20 W2
80 (unleached) 80 (leached) 80 (unleached)
Apparent Age (Ma)

60 33.9 1.1Ma 60 60
26.1 + 0.3 Ma
40 40 40

20 MSWD=0.32 p=1.58
20 20
MSWD=1.22 p=6.10
intercept = 329110
interept = 350170
0 0
100 0
37Ar/ 39Ar

100 100
50 50
50
0 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
39
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
39
Fraction of Ar released 39
Fraction of Ar released Fraction of Ar released

U1342D-8X-1W 1-8 U1342D-8X-1W 1-8 U1342D-8X-1W 14-20

100 100 100
ID; 8X-1W1 ID; 8X-1W2 ID; 8X-1 14-20 W1
80 (unleached) 80 (leached) 80 (leached)
Apparent Age (Ma)

60 27.2 1.0Ma 60 60
26.8 + 0.4 Ma
40 40 40

20 MSWD=0.18 p=1.09 20 20 MSWD=0.50 p=1.98

interept = 218390
interept = 278270
0 0 0
37Ar/ 39Ar

100 200 100

50 100 50
0 0 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
39 39
Fraction of Ar released Fraction of Ar released 39
Fraction of Ar released
Fig. 4. (continued)

4551 cm). We conclude that the apparent 32.4 71.0 Ma plateau
age of 9X-1W2 might have been affected by excess Ar, and that the
plateau age of the plagioclase grain dates the eruption event, close
to 26.8 72.6 Ma, but it did not overprint the matrix age
completely.
It is noteworthy that the 40Ar/36Ar intercepts of the two samples
on the calculated plateau-chron are higher than atmospheric ratio
in spite of large uncertainties (9X-1W2, 40Ar/36Ar3187270; 9X-
1PL2, 40Ar/36Ar3077260). These basaltic andesites might not be
fully equilibrated with atmospheric Ar during submarine eruption

Please cite this article as: Sato, K., et al., 40Ar39Ar dating and tectonic implications of volcanic rocks recovered at IODP Hole U1342A
and D on Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008i
 K. Sato et al. / Deep-Sea Research II ()
(Ma)
40
Bowers Ridge series
age
35
39Ar-40Ar
30
25
20
U1342D-7X-1W 10-14
U1342D-7X-1W 32-35
U1342D-8X-1W 14-20
U1342D-8X-1W 14-20
leaced ansesite matrix
U1342D-8X-1W 1-8
U1342A-9X-1W 3-5
U1342A-9X-1W 3-5
leaced plagiclase
unleached matrix
unleached matrix
unleached matrix
unleached matrix
leached-matrix
This study
Fig. 5. Age distribution of the Bowers Ridge result. Ages are separated into three stages at Bowers Ridge with other data (Wanke et al., 2012). Bowers Ridge series are
separated into two stages: the dark gray colored range and the gray colored range. The Bowers Seamount, the third stage (Wanke et al., 2012), was not detected in our
samples.
and/or heavier 40Ar remained in basaltic magma under solubility
controlled degassing (e.g. Kumagai et al., 2003). The high vesicu-
larity of the samples supports this idea.
4.2. Unit 1: U1342D-7X-1W, 1014 cm, U1342D-7X-1W, 3235 cm
and U1342D-7X-1W, 5255 cm
The unleached matrix (7X-1W1) gave a plateau age of
27.771.7 Ma. The age spectrum of the leached matrix (7X-1W2) did
not form a plateau; the large contribution from Ca derived isotope
(over the 50 of 37Ar/39Ar ratio as a proxy of Ca/K) is potentially caused
by alteration. These ages do not mutually agree. For this sample, an
unleached protocol is suitable. The 40Ar/36Ar intercept of calculated
plateau-chron intercept (40Ar/36Ar3327120) for this sample is
higher than the atmospheric ratio. This is also the situation for
shallower samples (9X-1W3-5).
The unleached matrix (7X-1 32-35W1) gave a plateau age of
33.97 1.1 Ma. The age spectrum of the leached matrix (7X-1 32-
35W2) did not form a plateau. For this sample, the unleached
protocol is also suitable. Again, the 40Ar/36Ar intercept on the
isochron diagram is higher than atmospheric ratio (329 7110)
similar to the shallower samples. The age spectrum of the leached
matrix (7X-1 52-55W2) did not form a plateau, which is similar to
that of the 20 cm shallower leached matrix (7X-1 32-35W1).
4.3. Unit 1: U1342D-8X-1 -W, 18 cm and U1342D-8X-1 -W,
1420 cm
The age spectrum of the unleached matrix (8X-1W1) formed a
plateau with age of 27.271.0 Ma at its middle temperature steps. The
age spectrum of the leached matrix (8X-1 14-20W2) and unleached
matrix (8X-1 14-20W1) formed plateaus with ages of 26.170.3 Ma
and 26.870.4 Ma at its middle temperature steps; these ages are
consistent with 8X-1W1, within analytical uncertainties. The age
spectrum of the leached matrix (8X-1W2) did not form any plateau.
It is also a case in which the unleached protocol is suitable.
The 40Ar/36Ar intercept of calculated plateau-chron is appar-
ently lower than atmospheric ratio (218 7390) for sample of 8X-
1W2. This basaltic andesite is insufciently equilibrated with
atmospheric reservoir during submarine volcanic eruption. Upon
Please cite this article as: Sato, K., et al., 40Ar39Ar dating and tectonic implications of volcanic rocks recovered at IODP Hole U1342A
and D on Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008i
11
Stage 1
Stage 2 Bowers
Seamount
series
Stage 3
Tracybasaltic andesite-amp
basaltic tracyandesite-amp
basaltic andesite-amp
SO201-1b-DR25-10
SO201-1b-DR25-16
SO201-1b-DR26-1
SO201-1b-DR27-1
SO201-1b-DR28-1
SO201-1b-DR29-1
SO201-1b-DR29-4
andsite-amp
basalt-mt
basalt-pl
basalt-pl
Wanke et al., 2012 Wanke et al.,
westward from U1342 Hole 2012,
seamount
cooling, lighter 36Ar was absorbed kinetically in incompletely
solidied magma. A contact metamorphic signature was noted
for this lava and associated pyroclastic rocks. This sample is less
vesiculated than the other samples of Unit 1 basaltic andesite.
4.4. Unit 3 to Unit 5: Hole U1342D
The pyroclastic ow strata of Units 3,4 and 5 of Hole U1342D,
core samples 8X-1, 33 cm to 14X-3, were not sufciently fresh to
pass the Baksi (1999) plateau age test (Supplements 1 and 2). The
unleached amphibole grains produced interpreted ages (it does
not pass the plateau age test) of 28.7 70.8 Ma, (14X-2 82-87AMP1)
and 28.7 70.8 Ma (14X-2 8287AMP2). These amphibole grains
were very rare and anhedral in thin section, which suggests their
secondary origin or their being xenocrysts derived from crustal
assimilation. We consider that the age of Units 35 strata is
stratigraphically consistent with the second stage (Fig. 5) of Unit
1 (2826 Ma) although the major element composition is changed
from Medium-K into Low-K series. This discrepancy might indicate
that simultaneous activity of two geochemically distinct magma
sources in the studied area. However, these are younger than the
rst stage of Unit 1 (3432 Ma). Therefore we omit these data from
further discussion because of stratigraphic disturbance and the
accuracy of age data.
5. Discussion of hypotheses for the origin of the Bowers Ridge
area
Utilizing our 40Ar39Ar age, three contrasting hypotheses
offered for the origin of the Aleutian Arc and backarc Bering Sea
Basin can be discussed. Model 1 is that the Bowers arc massif
began to form in the north Pacic Basin during the Cretaceous and
migrated northward to its present position. Model 2 states that
Bowers Ridge formed as a part of the Hawaiian hotspot track.
Model 3 posit that as a consequence of plate-boundary tectonism,
the Aleutian Arc began to form in place during the Eocene.
Model 1 implies that, with respect to the Aleutian Arc, Bowers
Ridge is an exotic, far-traveled arc body. In this model, Bowers Ridge
migrated northward with the Kula Plate to enter the area of the Bering
12 K. Sato et al. / Deep-Sea Research II ()
Sea and arrive at its current location. Subsequently, in Paleogene
time, the new Aleutian Arc formed south of Bowers Ridge (e.g.
Ben-Avraham and Cooper, 1981; Seliverstov, 1998; Sukhov et al., 2004).
Model 2 states that Bowers Ridge is as old as 8090 Ma
(Steinberger and Gaina, 2007) and formed as a part of the Hawaiian
hotspot track (extension of present Emperor Seamounts). A sector
of the northern Emperors may have accreted to the Kamchatka
Peninsula at Cape Kamchatka ca. 100 Ma (Portnyagin et al., 2009),
and also preserved in the Bering Sea as Bowers Ridge and Shirshov
Ridge (Steinberger and Gaina, 2007). However, this model does not
involve processes of arc magmatism.
Model 3 posits that, in the Eocene, Bowers Ridge formed in the
Bering Sea north of the Aleutian Arc either above a newly formed
backarc subduction zone (Cooper et al., 1992; Scholl, 2007), possibly
above the Aleutian subduction zone, or as fragment of a remnant arc
massif that was rifted away from the Beringian continental margin
(Stern et al., 2012). In these variations of Model 3, Bowers Basin
opened as a backarc basin in Late Oligocene/Early Miocene time
immediately before the ca. 2010 Ma formation of the Komandorsky
Basin of the western Bering Sea (Baranov et al., 1991). These scenarios
are consistent with the known age range of arc volcanic rock
recovered from Bowers Ridge, 3426 Ma.
Based on geochemical data and the ages of stratigraphically
controlled core samples recovered at IODP Site U1342, the upper
rock framework of Bowers Ridge is constructed of arc magmatic
material of the latest Eocene to the latest Oligocene age (Model 3).
This determination is consistent with the ndings of Wanke et al.
(2012) based on dredge samples from the northern side of Bowers
Ridge. These results accord with the oldest known arc magmatic
material (approx. 46 Ma) reported by Jicha et al. (2006) for the
Aleutian arc massif. However, these results are inconsistent with
the notion that Bowers Ridge formed in the north Pacic as either
a Mesozoic arc or oceanic plateau (Model 1) or is a detached
Mesozoic sector of the Hawaiian-Emperor chain of hotspot-
generated volcanic edices (Model 2).
Additional trace element and isotope data will be utilized to
further explore and address the several formative scenarios for the
origin and evolution of Bowers Ridge.
6. Summary
I. Magmatic rocks of Bowers Ridge sampled by dredging and
drilling are denitively not part of a Mesozoic sector of the
Hawaiian-Emperor chain of seamounts or a Mesozoic arc
massif or oceanic plateau formed in the north Pacic. Our
40
Ar39Ar dating results imply that backarc-arc like volcanism
constructed the upper part of Bowers Ridge in the latest
Eocene through late Oligocene time. Construction was either
above a northwestward-dipping Aleutian or, presently most
likely, a southwestward-dipping Bering subduction zone.
II. Two volcanic episodes (3432 Ma and 2826 Ma) are identi-
able at IODP Holes U1342A and U1342D. These might also have
caused metamorphism and alteration.
III. The latest Oligocene to the earliest Miocene volcanism (24
22 Ma) described for a seamount west of Bowers Ridge was not
found at Ulm Plateau drill Site U1342. It is possible that this
event only occurred at the far western end of Bowers Ridge.
Acknowledgments
We thank the IODP Expedition's 323 scientists, curatorial staff
at IODP Core Repository of Kochi Core Center, Kochi University,
Kochi Institute Core Sample Research and IFREE, JAMSTEC staff for
their support. The neutron irradiation experiment was partially
Please cite this article as: Sato, K., et al., 40Ar39Ar dating and tectonic implications of volcanic rocks recovered at IODP Hole U1342A
and D on Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008i
supported by the cooperative program for Inter-University Labora-
tory of The University of Tokyo at the Tokai Research and Devel-
opment Center, Nuclear Science Research Institute, Japan Atomic
Energy Agency. We also appreciate reviewers of Dr. R. Stern and
Ms. M. Wanke for their constructive comments related to an
earlier version of this paper. This study was supported by a
Grant-in-Aid for Scientic Research on the JSPS Research Fellow-
ships for Kakenhi (No. 24651203) to K.S.
Appendix A. Supporting information
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in
the online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.03.008.
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