Noun: A noun is a word that identifies:

A person (woman, boy, doctor, neighbor)

A thing (dog, building, tree, country)

An idea, quality or state (truth, danger, birth, happiness)

Countable nouns: these refer to something that can be counted, they have both, singular and
plural forms (cat/cats; woman/women; country/countries). In the singular form they can be
preceded by a or an:

He ordered a coffee (countable because its referring to a cup of coffee)

The fundamental truths about human nature (countable because its referring to facts or
beliefs that are true)

Uncountable nouns: they refer to things that cant be counted an so they do not regularly have a
plural form (rain, flour, earth, wine, wood). These cant be preceded by a or an. Many abstract
nouns are typically uncountable (happiness, truth, darkness, humor)

Would you like some coffee? (uncountable because its referring to the drink in general)

Theres no truth in the rumors (uncountable because it refers to the quality or state of being
truth)

with countable with uncountable

word examples
noun? noun?

fewer students; few

few, fewer cars

little, less, least less food; little time

several books; many

many, several changes

much pleasure; much

much sleep

Common noun: refers to people or things in general (boy, country, bridge, city, birth, day,
happiness)
Proper noun: Its a name that identifies a particular person, place or thing (Steven, Africa,
London, Monday)

Concrete noun: refers to people and things that exists physically and can be seen, touched,
smelled, heard, or tested (dog, building, coffee, tree, rain, beach, tune)

Abstract noun: refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions - things that cant be seen or touched
and things which have no physical reality (truth, danger, happiness, time, friendship, humor)

Collective nouns: refer to groups of people or things (audience, family, government, team, jury).
Most collective nouns are treated as singular, with a singular verb:

The whole family was at the table.

The government is doing a good job.

He prefers an audience that arrives without expectations.

There are a few collective nouns that are always used with a plural verb, the most common of
which are police and people:

Shes happy with the way the police have handled the case.

Its been my experience that people are generally forgiving.

Pronouns: Pronouns are used in place of a noun that has already been mentioned or that is
already known, often to avoid repeating the noun:

Kate was tired so she went to bed.

Michael took the children with him.

Kierans face was close to mine.

That is a good idea.

Anything might happen.

Personal pronouns: these are used in place of nouns referring to specific people or things (I, me,
mine, yours, his, her, hers, we, they, them). They are divided into various categories depending to
their role in a sentence.

Subjective pronouns: they act as the subjects of verbs (I, you, we, he, she, it):

She saw Catherine.

We drove Nick home.

I waved at her.

Objective pronouns: they act as the objects of verbs and prepositions (me, you, us, him, her,
it):

Catherine saw her.

Nick drove us home.

She waved at me.

SINGULAR PLURAL

subjective objective subjective objective

first person I me we us

second person you you you you

third person he/she/it him/her/it they them

Possesive pronouns: they refer to something owned by the speaker or by someone or

something previously mentioned (mine, yours, her, his, ours):

That book is mine.

Johns eyes met hers.

Ours is a family farm.

Reflexive pronouns: they are used to refer back to the subject of the clause in which they are
used (myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves):

I fell and hurt myself.

Daisy prepared herself for the journey.

The children had to look after themselves.

Present tense: There are two tenses in English: past and present.

The present tenses are used:

To talk about the present.

To talk about the future.

To talk about the past when we are telling a story in spoken English or when we are
summarizing

There are four present tense forms:

Tense Form

Present simple: I work

Present continuous: I am working

Present perfect: I have worked

Present perfect continuous: I have been working

Simple present: its used to describe habits, unchanging situations, general truths, and fixed
arrangements. To form a simple present tense you use the base form of the verb.

Uses:

Habits:

He drinks tea at breakfast.

She only eats fish.

They watch television regularly.

 Repeated actions, unchanging situations:

We catch the bus every morning.

It rains every afternoon in the hot season.

They drive to Monaco every summer.

General truths:

Water freezes at zero degrees.

The earth revolves around the Sun.

Her mother is Peruvian.

Instructions or directions:

Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.

You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.

For fixed arrangements:

His mother arrives tomorrow.

Our holiday starts on the 26th March.

With future constructions:

Shell see you before she leaves.

Well give it to her when she arrives.