CITATION AND REFERENCING

A. Citation Styles

To attribute information to authoritative sources, you can either quote directly or

paraphrase (write in your own words). This unit will describe the use of direct quotations
while the next unit (1c) will deal with paraphrasing.

For citations involving direct quotations, the amount of text quoted determines the style
used. When citing, ALWAYS provide the author, year, and specific page number(s). Study
the following examples of direct quotations.

(1) Short quotations

Quotations fewer than 40 words are incorporated into the paragraph. For example:

Example A

Marketers know that toddlers and preschool children have considerable purchase influence
and can successfully negotiate purchases through what marketers term the nag factor or
pester power (McNeal, 1999, p. 75).

Example B

McNeal (1999) reported that marketers know that toddlers and preschool children have
considerable purchase influence and can successfully negotiate purchases through what
marketers term the nag factor or pester power (p. 75).

Reference
McNeal, J. (1999). Thekidsmarket:Mythandrealities. Ithaca, NY: Paramount Market
Publishing.

The sample citation is taken from:

Story, M., & French, S. (2004). Food advertising and marketing directed at children and
adolescents in the US. InternationalJournalofBehavioralNutritionandPhysical
Activity,1(3), 109-142.

WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE QUOTATION ABOVE?

Note:
Double quotation marks are used.
The page number must be indicated. Use pp. if the quotation is found on two
pages.Leave a space after p. Or pp.
The full-stop is at the end of the sentence after the citation.
(2) Long quotations

Long quotations of 40 words or more are placed in a paragraph, indented inch from the
left margin.

Example A
In the history of higher education research, one of the more intriguing ways of
dealing with context has been phenomenography, which by treating the data as a
single transcript consciously attempts to strip out context from the analysis. As
Ashwin (2009) explains,

This research focuses on examining the qualitatively different ways of experiencing

these phenomena within a group. Thus it does not examine individuals conception of

these phenomena but rather examines the number of qualitatively different ways in

which a particular phenomenon is experienced within a group. (p. 32)

Reference
Ashwin, P. (2009). Analyzing teaching-learning interactions in higher education. London,
UK:Continuum.

The sample long quotation is taken from:

Clegg, S., &Stevenson, J. (2013): The interview reconsidered: Context,genre, reflexivity and
interpretation in sociological approaches to interviews in higher educationresearch,
HigherEducationResearch&Development,32(1), 5-16.

Example B

In forming multiple national identities, it is thought that transmigrants will also be better
equipped to withstand sometimes overwhelming social, economic and political pressures
encountered in their daily lives. Engaging in transnational practices may result in

an institutional expression of multiple belonging, where the country of origin becomes

a source of identity, the country of residence a source of rights, and the emerging

transnational space, a space of political action combining the two or more countries.

(Kastoryano, 2000, p. 311)

Reference
Kastoryano, R. (2000). Settlement, transnational communities and citizenship.International
SocialScienceJournal,52(165), 307-312.

The sample long quotation is taken from:

Lam, T., &Yeoh, B. S. A. (2004). Negotiating home and national identity: Chinese-
Malaysian transmigrants in Singapore.AsiaPacificViewpoint,45(2), 141-164.
WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE QUOTATION ABOVE?
Note:
No quotation marks are used.
Begin the quotation on a new line from the text as indented block
paragraph (inch from margin).
Text quoted is double-spaced.
The full-stop is at the end of the sentence before the citation.

(3) Citingsame author(s) several times in the same paragraph

When the same author is cited multiple times in the same paragraph and the authors
name is part of the narrative, you do not have to include the year in subsequent author-
focus (non-parenthetical) citation. However, you must include the year in all parenthetical
citations.

Example A

A study by Tunon and Brydges (2007) found that the quality of the two sets of citations
were comparable. The subjective rubric developed by Tunon and Brydges helped establish
this. The study went on to show a difference between academic programs. Their results
indicated clearly that some academic programs were better in highlighting the need to
acknowledge others works while some failed miserably (Tunon&Brydges, 2007).

Example B
Contextual knowledge is another dimension of teacher knowledge (Richards, 2010).
According to Richards (2010), this dimension is significant as it concerns teachers
understanding of how language teaching is influenced by the context in which the learning
activity occurs. This context concerns the social and the physical which involves the rules,
infrastructure, standards, expectations, and personal backgrounds that function as the
means, constraints, and direct influences that affect teaching and learning (Richards, 2010).
Richards believes that teachers therefore, have to be aware of the societal, communal, and
institutional forces that can have a bearing over their classroom teaching practices. As
language teachers teach in a variety of contexts, Richards argues that they need to acquire
the relevant contextual knowledge to be effective teachers in the classroom. Teachers need
to socialise into the culture of the context to understand the norms, values, and practices
(Richards, 2010).

(4) Citing two or more works within the same parentheses

When several research articles have similar information, you can write a general
statement that covers the results of those articles and put the studies in the same
parenthesis, as shown in the box below.

A survey of recent articles published on AIDS shows a growing interest in developing reliable
research methods to test high-risk groups, such as drug abusers and prostitutes (Broadhead
&Heckathorn, 1994; Carlson et al., 1994; Steiner, Lemke, &Roffman, 1994).

Note:
List the works by different authors in alphabetical order but do not change the
order of names for a particular article. E.g., Do NOT change Steiner, Lemke
and Roffman (1994) to Lemke, Roffman and Steiner (1994).

If the works are by the same author, you can write something like this:
Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Singh, 1983) have been conducted on
(5) Citing and Referencing Malay names

The APA publication style does not specifically deal with Malay names but Malay
researchers who publish internationally usually follow APA conventions and use their fathers
name as the surname. Note that btand bin are not included.

Wiantoro, S., Maryanto, I., & Abdullah, M. T. (2012). Phylogeny and phylogeography of
Myotismuricola(Gray, 1846) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the West and East of
Wallaces Line inferred from partial MtDNA cytochrome b gene. Journal of Tropical
Agricultural Science, 35(2), 271-292.

*Abdullah, M. T. is actually MohdTajuddin bin Abdullah.

However, for some Malaysian publications, the Malaysian convention may be used. In this
case, cite the Malay names in full in the text and in the reference list.
In

the text and the reference list, MazmiMaarof would be written in full. She would be cited as
(MazmiMaarof, 2012).

B. Referencing Styles
For APA style, the cited sources are listed alphabetically at the end of the article.

Each entry takes the form of hanging indent the first line of every entry is always aligned
with the margin. If the entry covers two (or more lines), the second (and subsequent) line(s)
are indented.

REFERENCE STYLE: AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) 6thEdition

In this ARW course, the reference style is based on the American Psychological
Association Sixth (6th) edition.
Here are samples of how referencing and in-text citation are done using the APA style (6th
edition). Study each type carefully and think about the unique characteristics.

(a)Books
Variants Citations Reference List
(Used in the text) (Appears at the end in alphabetical order)

1 author The theory was first General format:

propounded in
1993 (Comfort, 1997).
OR
Comfort (1997) claimed
that the theory was first
propounded in 1993.
Author, A. (Year). Titleofthebook. Place of
publication: Publisher name.
(Note: Only the first letter of the first word in the
title and subtitle are capitalised except for
proper nouns or acronyms e.g. Malaysia, Asia,
AIDS; italicise the title of the book)
Comfort, A. (1997). Agoodage. London, UK:
Mitchell Beazley.

Daft, R. L. (2012). Neweraofmanagement

(12thed.).Nashville, TN: Cengage Learning.

(Note: Place of publication MUST include

city/town/state (where applicable) and
country. However, for the United States
ONLY the city/town and State are required
Do NOT write the country. The name of the
state MUST be abbreviated. For example
CA(California), TN (Tennesse), TX(Texas).
For a list of the U.S. states and the
abbreviations please refer to:
http://www.50states.com/abbreviations.htm
#.UvB1eftJeJ6)
2 authors Madden and Hogan (1997, Madden, R., & Hogan, T. (1997). The
p.17) stated that the
definitionofdisabilityinAustralia:
method should be used to
achieve consistency. Movingtowardsnational
OR consistency.Canberra, Australia: Australian
The method should be Institute of Health and Welfare.
used to achieve
consistency (Madden &
Hogan, 1997, p. 45).

Cohen and Cohen (1983)

suggested that when the
missing pattern is non-
systematic the missing rate Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied
should be kept under 10%
multipleregression/correlationanalysis
Researchers should keep forthebehaviouralsciences. Hillsdale, NJ:
the non-systematic Erlbaum.
missing patterns below
10% (Cohen & Cohen,
1983, p. 25)

3 to 5 For citation (3 to 5 authors) For referencing 3 to 5 authors

authors
Cite all authors the first Guerin, M., Labor, K., Morgan, B., Reesman,
time the reference occurs. L., & Willingham, P. (2005). Introductionto
Guerin, Labor, Morgan,
chemicalengineering. New York, NY:
Reesman, and Willingham
(2005) found McGraw-Hill.

OR (List the last names of all the 5 authors)

(Guerin, Labor,
Morgan, Reesman, &
Willingham , 2005)

In subsequent citations,
include only the surname
of the first author followed
by et al. and the year.

Guerin et al. (2005) found

Or
. (Guerin et al., 2005)
6 or more Immediately use et al. 6 or more authors [List the first six authors,
authors without listing the authors. and the last author No & is used]

Rodgers et al. (1996) Rodgers, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L.,

Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S.
OR T., . . . Rubin, L. H. (2009). Website
usabilityfortheblindandlowvisionuser.
(Rodgers et al., 1996, p.
35) Mason, OH: Thomson South Western.

No author .(Employment the Employment the professional way: A

 Professional Way, guide to understanding the Australian
2000) job search process for professionally
qualified migrants. (2000). Carlton,
OR Australia: Australian Multicultural
Foundation.
the book Employment
the Professional Way (When no author is present, the title of the book
(2000) replaces the authors place. The title should be
written in full in the reference list)
(Choose the first few
words of the title or the
whole title if it is short,
and it should be
italicised the letters of
main words are
capitalised)

Author - Foo (1983) Foo, V. H. K. (1983). Sarawak:Miniepisodes

Chinese
ofthepast.Selangor, Malaysia: FajarBakti.
and E.g.
English Name: Vincent Foo
names HiapKhian.
Cite the surname only

Author - Chu (1995) Chu, C. N. (1995). Simulatedcountercurrent

Chinese
adsorptionprocesses:Acomparisonof
Names E.g.
Name: Chu Chin Ning modelingstrategies. Oxford, UK: Oxford
Cite the surname only University Press.

Multiple University research Brown, P. (1982). CoralsintheCapricorn

works by (Brown, 1982, 1988) has
group.Rockhampton, Australia: Central
same author indicated that
cited at the Queensland University.
same time
Brown, P. (1988). Theeffectsofanchoron
corals.Rockhampton: Central Queensland
University.

Order chronologically in the reference list (the

older comes first).
Multiple In recent reports (Napier, Napier, A. (1993a). Fatalstorm. Sydney,
works 1993a, 1993b) Australia: Allen & Unwin.
published in
the Use a/b etc. to differentiate
Napier, A. (1993b). Survivalatsea. Sydney,
same year between works in same
by the year. Australia: Allen & Unwin.
same author
Order alphabetically by title in the reference list
(e.g. F comes first before S).
Author as Berndt (1999) Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friendsinfluenceon
sole author
studentsadjustmenttoschool.New York,
in one Berndt and Keefe (1995)
citation, and NY: Pearson.
first author of
a group in Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends
another influenceonadolescentsadjustmentto
citation
school. New York, NY: Pearson.
List the entry with one author first.
Authors with (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, E. (2001). Importantrulesin
the same last Johnson, 1998)
negotiating.Chicago, IL: University of
name but
different Use first initials with the Chicago Press.
works last names to prevent
confusion. If same last Johnson, L. (1998). ThenewGrovedictionary
name but belongs to the ofmusicandmusicians. New York, NY:
same work, the initials are Grove.
not needed.

Kastenbaum (1993) Kastenbaum, R. (Ed.). (1993). Encyclopediaof

Books with
adultdevelopment. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx
Editor(s) OR
Press.
(Kastenbaum, 1993)
(If multiple editors, use Eds. Note: E is
capitalised)
Renton, N. (2004). Compendiumofgood
Different Renton (2004)
writing(3rd ed.). Milton, Canada: John
Editions
OR Wiley & Sons.

(Renton, 2004) (Note: No full stop after the title. The full stop
comes after the edition. The edition should be
in number format and not spelled out)
Article or General Format:
chapter As discussed by Blaxter Author, A., & Author, B. (Year of publication).
in an edited (1976) Title of chapter. In F. Editor & G. Editor
book (Eds.), Titleofbook (pages of chapter).
Location: Publisher.
(Different
chapters Blaxter, M. (1976). Social class and health
written by inequalities. In C. Carter,& J. Peel (Eds.),
different
Equalitiesandinequalitiesinhealth(pp.
authors)
120-135). London, UK: Academic Press.

Take note of the list of names of editors for the

edited book. The initial comes before the last
name. E.g., C. Carter.

For authors, the initial comes after the last

name, as usual. e.g. Blaxter, M.

Italics are used to highlight the important

information. The title of the edited book is
italicised, not the book chapter because if the
edited book can be found, then the chapter can
be easily located.

The page number of the chapter is provided

after the title with p. (single page) or pp.
 (multiple pages).

Electronic DeHuff (2011) mentions DeHuff, E. W. (2011). Taytaystales:

Book that
TraditionalPuebloIndiantales. Retrieved
(eBooks)
OR from http://digital.library.upe
nn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html
DeHuff (2011)
Ensure the link to the eBook is provided.
EBooks should be in proper format with pages
and not merely a webpage.

Book by Ministry of Health Malaysia Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2011). AIDS

Organisation (2011) reported that.
preventionmanual.Putrajaya, Malaysia:
s or OR
Institutions (Ministry of Health Pelanduk Publication.
Malaysia, 2011).
Department of Statistics Malaysia, Sarawak
(The name of the (2012). Monthlystatisticalbulletin
organisations or Sarawak:May2012. Kuching, Malaysia:
institutions is used as the Department of Statistics Malaysia.
author)
American Psychological Association (2009).
PublicationmanualoftheAmerican
PsychologicalAssociation(6th ed.).
Washington, DC: The American
Psychological Association
(b). Journals

Variants Citations Reference List

(Used in the text) (Appears at the end in alphabetical order)

Journal - Whitmeyer (2000) General format:

Article in OR Author, A. (2000). Title of the article. Journal
print version (Whitmeyer, 2000)
Name,Volume(Number), pages of the
(Note: the article.
listing of
multiple Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through
authors is appointment. SocialScienceResearch,
the same as 29(3), 535-555.
books)
Note: For journal articles, Journal Name and
Volume are italicised and not the title of the
article. As for the journal number, not all
journals provide number, in such case, provide
volume only.
Potter, H. (2000). Marketing principles
Journal - Potter (2000) InternationalEconomics,29, 535-555.
Article in OR
printand (Potter, 2000)
electronic
version
Journal - (Sopensky, 2002) Sopensky, E. (2002). Ice rink becomes hot
Internet- OR business. AustinBusinessJournal,3(4).
Only Sopensky (2002) Retrieved
Article fromhttp://www.bizjournals.com/austin/storie
s/2002/10/14/small b1.html

Article no Its a growing problem in Anorexia nervosa. (1969). BritishMedical

Author the U.K.
Journal, 1, 529-530.
(Anorexia Nervosa, 1969)

When no author, cite the

title with quotation marks.
(c)Secondary Sources

Variants Citations Reference List

(Used in the text) (Appears at the end in alphabetical order)

Book including neuralgia Thibodeau, G. A., & Patton, K. T. (Eds.).

(Carini& Hogan as cited (2002).Thehumanbodyinhealthand
inThibodeau& Patton,
disease.St. Louis, MO: Mosby Publishing.
2002, p. 22)

OR
Record the book that you actually sourced and
Carini and Hogans study NOT the reference for the secondary sources.
(as cited in I
Thibodeau& Patton, 2002)

OR

According to Cariniand
Hogan (as cited
inThibodeau& Patton,
2002)

Journal Carini and Hogans study Patton, K. T. (2002). Neuralgia and

article (as cited in Patton, 2002). headaches. Science, 400, 2153-2155.
OR
origins of neuralgia
(Carini& Record the journal that you actually sourced.
Hogan as cited in Patton,
2002, p. 214).

(d). Encyclopaedias

Variants Citations Reference List

(Used in the text) (Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
Printed Ho (1993) Ho, R. (1993). Singapore. In The new
encyclopaedia Britannica(Vol. 26, pp.
OR 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia
Britannica.
(Ho, 1993)

Online Feminism (n.d.) Feminism. (n.d.) In Encyclopaedia

Britannica online. Retrieved from
OR http://www.britannica.com/EB
checked/topic/724633/feminism
(Feminism, n.d.)
Note: italicise the title of the encyclopaedia
(n.d. is used for documents
without publication date)
(e). Dictionary

Variants Citations Reference List

(Used in the text) (Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
Sadie (1980)
Printed OR Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove
(Sadie, 1980) dictionary of music and musicians (6th
ed., Vols. 1-20). London, UK: Macmillan.

Wiki Accuracy of information in

Wikis (e.g. Wikipedia) OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d.). Retrieved from the
cannot be verified OLPC Wiki:
http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_Peru/Arahua
Citation from Wiki is y
discouraged.

(f). Thesis.

Variants Citations Reference List

(Used in the text) (Appears at the end in alphabetical order)

Thesis from (Biswas, 2008) Biswas, S. (2008). Dopamine D3 receptor:

online OR A neuroprotective treatment target in
Database Biswas (2008) Parkinson's disease. Retrieved from
ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (AAT
3295214)

Unpublished (Santini, 2008) Santini, S. N. (2008). Research methods for

Thesis OR business: A skill building approach.
Santini (2008) (Unpublished masters thesis). University of
Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Healey, D. (2005). Attention

deficit/hyperactivity disorder and
creativity: An investigation into their
relationship. (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand.

Note: Italicise the title of the thesis.

(g). Magazines.

Variants Citations Reference List

(Used in the text) (Appears at the end in alphabetical order)

1 author Posner (1993) Martinez-Conde, S., &Macknick, S. L. (2007,

August). Windows on the mind. Scientific
(Note: listing OR American, 297(2), 56-63.
of multiple
authors is (Posner, 1993) Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the
the same as mind. Science, 262, 673-674.
books) (Do not provide
month/date as given in the For magazines that are published MONTHLY,
reference list) the date of publication consists only of year
and month

Italicise the name of the magazine and

volume, not the title of the article

For magazines that are published WEEKLY,

the exact date of publication is provided.

In the case when exact date is not given,

provide the year and the month. If volume is
not given (e.g. 262 in the example above) then
you can omit it.

(h). Newspapers

Variants Citations Reference List

(Used in the text) (Appears at the end in alphabetical order)

1 author Scultz (2005) Scultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to

strengthen state energy policies. The
(Note: listing Country Today, pp.1A-2A.
of multiple
authors is Note: pp. is used for multiple pages and p. is
the same as used for single page.
books)
Note: Italicise the name of the Newspaper, not
the article.
No author New drug appears (1993) New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death
from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The
(New drug appears, Washington Post, p. A12.
1993)

(Use the full title of the web

page if it is short or
choose the first few words
if it is long, and enclose it
in quotation marks)
Online Parker-Pope (2008) Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry
handbook linked to drug industry. The
New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com
(i). Reports

Variants Citations Reference List

(Used in the text) (Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
Government Malaysia Department of Malaysia Department of Health. (1992). The
report Health (1992) health consequence of smoking. Kuala
Lumpur: JabatanPercetakan Negara.

Report from American Psychiatric American Psychiatric Association. (2000).

a private Association (2000) Practice guidelines for the treatment
organisation of patients with eating disorders(2nd
ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
Report from Dearing Committee (1997). Dearing Committee (1997). Higher education
a special in the learning society. Report of National
committee Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education.
London, UK: Oxford
Online Ministry of Education (n.d.) Ministry of Education. (n.d.). KBSM
curriculum specification. Retrieved from
http://www.moe. edu.my/kbsmcs.html

Lecture or Ministry of Education (n.d.) Ministry of Education. (n.d.). KBSM

publicly curriculum specification. Retrieved from
delivered http://www.moe. edu.my/kbsmcs.html
paper

(j) World Wide Web documents.

Variants Citations Reference List

(Used in the text) (Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
General Format:
Document
with author, .. (Dawson, Smith, Author. (Year). Title of the webpage.
published Deubert, & Grey-Smith, Retrieved from
date and 2002). http://www.website.com/fullpage.html
title.
OR
Pease Dawson, J., Smith, L., Deubert, K., & Grey-
ensure Dawson, Smith, Deubert Smith, S. (2002). Trek 6: Referencing,
validity and and Grey-Smith (2002) not plagiarism.Retrieved from
reliability of mentioned http://www.academicworld.com/
information. that referencing-not-plagiarism.html

Html .. (United Nations United Nations Educational, Scientific and

addresses Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) (2012).
that end Cultural Organisation Graduate employability in Asia. Bangkok,
with .edu, (UNESCO) (2012) Thailand: UNESCO Bangkok Asia and
.org. are Pacific Regional Bureau for Education.
generally OR Retrieved from
more reliable http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/00
According to United 2157/215706e.pdf
Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO)
 ..

When citing organisations

with official abbreviations
to the title for the first time,
state the full name of the
organisation with the
abbreviation in
parentheses (followed by
the year of publication). In
the subsequent citations
state the abbreviation only.

In the example of United

Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO)
(2012), state UNESCO
(2012) the second time.
Document (Royal Institute of British Royal Institute of British Architects. (n.d.).
with no Architects, n.d.) Shaping the future: Careers in
published architecture. Retrieved from
date OR http://www.careersinarchitectur
e.net/articles/124.html
Royal Institute of British
Architects (n.d.)

("All 33 Chile Miners," 2010).

Website with
no author. 40 amazing hacks (2015)
Use the title . 40 amazing hacks to save you money. (2015,
as the author August 29). Retrieved from
OR http://www.msn.com/en-
Cite in text my/money/news/40-amazing-hacks-to-
the first few ..(40 Amazing Hacks, save-you-money/ss-BBmf821
words of the 2015)
reference list
entry (usually Use the full title of the web Note: Articles found on the web, like the
the title) and page if it is short for the example above, are not italicized in the
the year. Use parenthetical citation and reference entry.
double enclose it in quotation
quotation marks
marks
around the
title or
abbreviated
title.

Pease
ensure
validity and
reliability of
information
before
citing /
referencing

(k). Conference Papers

Variants Citations Reference List

(Used in the text) (Appears at the end in alphabetical order)

Published in Gibson (2005) Gibson, C. C. (2005). Impact of the larger

proceedings social context on the distance learner. In S.
OR Allsop (Ed.), InternationalConferenceon
(Note:
DistanceEducation:Oneworldmany
Similar to (Gibson, 2005)
Chapter in a voices:Qualityinopenanddistance
book) learning(pp. 279-282). Chicago, IL: Milton
Keynes.

Armstrong, D. B., Fogarty, G. J., &Dingsdag,

D. (2007). Scales measuring characteristics
of small business information systems. In
Tan, W-G (Ed.), ProceedingsofResearch,
RelevanceandRigour:Comingofage:
18thAustralasianConferenceon
InformationSystems (pp. 163-171).
Toowoomba, Australia: University of
Southern Queensland.
Unpublished Portman (2000) General Format:
conference OR Author, A. (Year, Month). Title of the paper.
paper. (Portman, 2000) Paper presented at the Conference Name,
Location, Country.

Portman, J. (2000, May). Teaching learners

English using video games. Paper
presented at the 3rd International
Conference on Computer-Assisted
Language Learning, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.

If the paper is taken from online source,

Include the URL/web address after the
location.

Taylor, J. A. (2006). Assessment: A tool for

development and engagement in the first
year of university study. Paper presented at
the 9th Pacific Rim in Higher Education
Conference, Griffith, Australia. Retrieved
from
http://www.fyhe.com.au/past_papers/2006/
Papers/Taylor.pdf
(l).Figures

Variants Caption (in text) Reference List

(Placed under the figure) (Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
Book General Format

Figure X. Descriptive
phrase that serves as title
and description. Reprinted
[or adapted] from Book
Title (page number), by
Author First Initial. Second
Initial. Surname, Year,
Place of Publication:
Publisher. Copyright [Year]
by the Name of Copyright
Holder. Reprinted [or
adapted] with permission.

Example:
Figure 1. Short-term
memory test involving Pike, K. M. (2008). Short-term memoryloss.
pictures. Reprinted from New York, NY: Mackerlin Press.
Short-term MemoryLoss
(p. 73), by K. M. Pike,
2008, New York, NY:
Mackerlin Press.
Copyright 2008 by the
Association for Memory
Research. Reprinted with
permission.
Journal General Format
article
Figure X. Descriptive
phrase that serves as title
and description. Reprinted
[or adapted] from Title of
Article, by Author First
Initial. Second Initial.
Surname, Year, Journal
Title, Volume (issue), page
number. Copyright [Year]
by the Name of Copyright
Holder. Reprinted [or
adapted] with permission.

Example:
 Figure 1. Schematic
drawings of a bird's eye
view of the table (a) and
the test phase of the Wang, S. H., &Kohne, L. (2007). Visual
choice task (b). Numbers experience enhances Infants' use of task-
represent the dimensions relevant information in an action task
in centimeters. Adapted Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 1510 -
from Visual Experience 1524
Enhances Infants' Use of
Task-Relevant Information
in an Action Task," by S.-h.
Wang and L. Kohne, 2007,
Developmental
Psychology, 43, p. 1515.
Copyright 2003 by the
American Psychological
Association.
Website General Format

Figure X. Descriptive
phrase that serves as title
and description. Reprinted
[or adapted] from Title of
Website, by Author First
Initial. Second Initial.
Surname, Year, Retrieved
from URL. Copyright [year]
by the Name of Copyright
Holder. Reprinted [or
adapted] with permission.

Example:

Figure 1. An example of
the cobra yoga position.
Reprinted from List of
Yoga Postures, by D. K. Dawson, D. K. (2000). List of yoga postures. ,
Dawson, 2009, Retrieved Retrieved from
from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_yoga_po
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ stures
List_of_yoga_postures.
Copyright 2007 by
Pearson. Reprinted with
permission.

*All informationprovided above are as accurate as possible to the APA requirements for referencing and citation.
In the event of any error(s), information provided in the APA manual and/or the official website is considered
accurate.

References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6thed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
American Psychological Association.(2015). APA website.Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association. Retrieved from: http://www.apastyle.org/

Task 2
The passage below contains NINE(9) errors in citation. Choose the correct answer from the
options provided below.

Internet use during childhood is meaningfully organized in terms of common online activities
such as playing games, communicating, and visiting websites. 1Marie Johnson (2005)
explained that child development refers to the processes by which children becoming
increasingly capable of complex social, emotional and cognitive behaviours. Findings from
several studies2(Simon, 2003; Jason & Adams, 2004; Yamamoto, 2008) indicated that
children who used the Internet more had higher scores on standardized tests of reading
achievement and higher grade point averages than the children who used the Internet less.
Alternatively, a recent survey that correlated behavioural and psychological aspects of
childrens life with the number of hours spent online, found that those who used the Internet
the most had the weakest interpersonal connections 3 (Sanders, Diego, & Kaplan, 2008).

Approximately one-third of the time that children are online, they report playing games 4
(Livingston &Bober 2002, as cited in Rider, 2004). Highly proficient 10- and 11-year-old
video gamers were noted to possess extremely high levels of self-monitoring, pattern
recognition, and visual memory. DeBell, Henry, and Chapman (2006) concluded that Internet
use promotes cognitive development in children, specifically in the area of visual intelligence
where certain computer activities particularly games may enhance the ability to monitor
several visual stimuli at once, to read diagrams, recognize icons, and visualize spatial
relationships.

Apart from playing games, children are using communication tools such as email, chat, and
instant message frequently when they are online 5(DeBell, Henry, & Chapman, 2006).
Socially anxious children were found to communicate online less thannon-socially anxious
respondents. In addition, a qualitative analysis of adolescent second language learning
using real-time text-based practice revealed that adolescents, who communicated online,
compared to those who did not, used more complex sentences or sentencing involving
auxiliaries beyond expected grammar levels 6(Jason, 1994; 1995). Based on interviews with
girls and analysis of chat room archives, 7Michael, Wong, Kim, Langston, Ang and Hunt
(2001) concluded that female adolescent use of popular electronic communication is
resulting in linguistic innovation within new, virtual social networks in a way that reflects
more wide-reaching changes in the communication landscape.

Several studies have concluded that context (i.e., home, school, and community
characteristics) mediates the developmental impact of Internet use during childhood. For
example, 8Cho and Cheon (a2005, b2005) surveyed families and found that parents
perceived control reduced childrens exposure to negative Internet content. Following
detailed interviews and repeated observations, 9Burnett & Andy (2005) concluded that
creative problem solving was evident in home-based, but not necessarily school-based, use
of the Internet. Hence, the paths of influence between Internet use and child development
appear complex and mediated by ecological forces. There is a need to devise a model to
uncover those forces clearly.(adapted from Johnson, 2008)

1. A. Johnson (2005)
B. Johnson, M. (2005)
 C. Marie (2005)
D. Marie, J. (2005)

2. A. (Adams & Jason, 2004; Simon, 2003; Yamamoto, 2008)

B. (Adams & Jason, 2004; Simon, 2003; & Yamamoto, 2008)
C. (Jason & Adams, 2004; Simon, 2003; Yamamoto, 2008)
D. (Jason & Adams, 2004; Simon, 2003; & Yamamoto, 2008)
3. A. (Sanders, Diego, and Kaplan, 2008)
B. (Sanders, Diego, & Kaplan, 2008, p. 7)
C. (Sanders, Diego, & Kaplan, p. 7, 2008)
D. (Sanders, Diego, & Kaplan, 2008, pp. 5)

4. A. (Livingston &Bober, cited in Rider, 2004)

B. (Livingston &Bober 2002 as cited in Rider)
C. (Livingston &Bober as cited in Rider, 2004)
D. (Livingston &Bober, as cited in Rider, 2004)

5. A. (DeBell, 2006)
B. (DeBell et al. 2006)
C. (DeBell et. al, 2006)
D. (DeBell et al., 2006)

6. A. (Jason, 1994, 1995)

B. (Jason, 1994; 1995)
C. (Jason, 1994 & 1995)
D. (Jason, 1994a,1995b)

7. A. Michael et al. (2001)

B. Michael (et al., 2001)
C. Michael...Hunt (2001)
D. Michael ... & Hunt (2001)

8. A. Cho and Cheon (2005ab)

B. Cho and Cheon (2005 & 2005)
C. Cho and Cheon (2005a; 2005b)
D. Cho and Cheon (2005a, 2005b)

9. A. Andy and Burnett (2005)

B. Andy, and Burnett (2005)
C. Burnett and Andy (2005)
D. Burnett, and Andy (2005)

Task 3

The following reference list contains errors (some more than one error).
(i) Identify the parts which are wrong
(ii) Correct each error.

Adams, M. (n.d.). What is SWOT analysis. Retrieved May 25, 2011, from
http://www.swotportal.com/info.html

Chatfield, C. (1993). Neural networks: Forecasting Breakthrough or Passing Fad.

International Journal of Forecasting, 9(1), 1-3.

Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round. American Psychologist, 49(2), pp. 997-1003.
 Jobber, D., Hooley, G., and Sanderson, S. (1985). Marketing in a hostile environment: The
British textile industry. Industrial Marketing Management, 14(2), 35-41.

Rowe, G., & Wright, G. (2001).Expert opinions in forecasting role of the Delphi technique. In
Armstrong, J. S. (Ed.) Principles of forecasting: Handbook for researchers and
practitioners (125-144). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Stevie Gerard, Andy Carol, & Lionel Suarez. (2011). You will never walk alone again.
Blackwell Publishing: Nevada, Texas.

Tan, G., &Lewandowsky, S. (1996, May 26). A comparison of operator trust in humans
versus machines. Paper presented at 5th Cyber Ergonomics Conference, Los Angeles,
California.

NOTE: Always remember that the reference list should be listed in ALPHABETICAL ORDER.
E.g. Starts with Adams, M. (n.d.) and end with Rowe, G. (2001)

Task 4
Each of the reference below contains ONE (1) error. Circle the option with the error.

1. Rawlings, Carla. (2000). Imagining the impossible. Austin, TX: Blackwell Publishing.
A. (2000).
B. Austin, TX:
C. Rawlings, Carla.
D. Imagining the impossible.

2. Marvis, K. J., & Davis, M. (2008). Understanding the causes of posterior cortical
anthropy.Journal of Neurology, 13(4), 222-239.
A. 13(4),
B. 222-239.
C. Journal of Neurology,
D. Understanding the causes of posterior cortical anthropy.

3. Abdullah, S. (1997). Effect of buffer layer and and external stress on magnetic properties
of films. In Miller, H. L., Rice, C., & Pascal, D. (Eds.), Recent research in applied
physics(pp. 167-280). Washington, DC: Springer.
A. (Eds.),
B. (pp. 167-280).
C. Washington, DC: Springer.
D. In Miller, H. L., Rice, C., & Pascal, D. (Eds.),

4. Letchumanan, H. (2012, December 20). No Child Left Behind: Words or Action? The Star
Online. Retrieved from http://thestar.com.my
A. The Star Online.
B. (2012, December 20).
C. Retrieved from http://thestar.com.my
D. No Child Left Behind: Words or Action?

5. Johnson, E. M., Ramanair, J., & Brine, A. (2010). Learning How To Use Technology In
The Classroom. Wellington, New Zealand: Blackwell Publishers.
A. Johnson, E. M., Ramanair, J., & Brine, A.
B. Learning How To Use Technology In The Classroom.
C. Wellington, New Zealand:
D. Blackwell Publishers.