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4 199
5 authors, including:
2
between muscle activation relative to
force produced and muscle activation as
any asymmetries (differences from left side to
right side) with startling graphic simplicity. 6
part of an intact skill. In other words, there
is more to performing a skill than just
producing appropriate forces. The forces
The results of the Maltese testing protocol
can be used to determine how close a novice
gymnast is to performing the Maltese. Also,
5
have to be timed, coordinated, and directed the gymnasts strength symmetry can
effectively. Here are some caveats to be be determined along with a potential
aware of: window on fatigue. Strength
1. A gymnast might be able to produce a symmetry assessments may help
similar muscle activation pattern in a diagnose shoulder injury. It was
Maltese drill as in a real Maltese, but the also noted that fatigue might
gymnasts muscles cannot produce the be detected when gymnasts
amount of force necessary to actually are not able to produce as
perform the Maltese. Thus, the EMG much force on one occasion
pattern could be identical, but the as they did on another.
3 4 gymnast still cant perform the skill.
2. A strong individual muscle might be able to CONCLUSION
1) Anatomical images showing the muscles assessed by EMG. 2) Athlete with EMG electrodes attached for produce more than enough force for that The mens gymnastics team
evaluation of the Maltese. 3) Maltese on the low rings with a spot. 4) Computer screen showing the EMG individual muscle to perform its role in a graciously allowed these
signals indicating the level of muscle activations of a gymnast performing a Maltese. The lowest horizontal line Maltese. However, the Maltese requires a tests to help understand the
(Sync) is a synchronization signal that involved a coach pressing a button to indicate when the gymnast was in carefully orchestrated combination of
the correct position for the Maltese. Maltese. Muscle activation
forces provided or generated by a number patterns and a variety of
of muscles. learning drills have been
Figure 1 shows the muscles that were shows the electrical activity that was being 3. There were some assumptions made regarding identified. A promising test
produced by the underlying muscle. The the muscles chosen for assessment. If
8
investigated. is being explored and a means
Figure 2 shows the application and muscles are labeled on the left. Note that these assumptions are incorrect, then the for monitoring progress in the
placement of surface electrodes used to the higher the squiggly lines the more wrong muscles were measured and there Maltese have also been identified.
7
determine the activation level of muscles activity that is being shown by the muscle. may be some other muscles that are more In the future, other still rings strength
during the Maltese. Muscle activation is The EMG analysis showed that the crucial to the Maltese performance than skills need to be tested and these
800
Body Weight
Peak Force
Sum of Forces (2 Arms) Body Weight
detected by the surface electrodes, and primary muscles involved in the Maltese those assessed here. methodologies applied to the study of
700
Mean Force 1s
the signals are then transmitted by a small were, in order of importance: clavicular The use of boxes (like the box shown shoulder injury.
600
transmitter in a belt pack to a receiver pectoralis major, biceps brachii long head, in Figure 8) supporting the entire arm 500
and computer. The transmitter allows the anterior deltoid, upper trapezius, sternal of the gymnast as he raises and lowers 400
Right Arm
athlete to move without being encumbered pectoralis major. Muscles providing little or through the Maltese position, low rings Wm A. Sands, Ph.D. 300 (N)
Force
Left Arm
with a spotter, and the dream machine Head Sport Biomechanics and Engineering
by cables. no contribution included: latissimus dorsei,
200
coaches to help athletes learn to perform total of five athletes were assessed via EMG Maltese muscle activation. However, these Jennifer K. Dunlavy, M.S., Intern
0
0
0.210.420.630.841.051.261.471.681.89
2.1
2.312.522.732.943.153.363.573.783.99
4.2
4.414.624.835.045.255.465.675.886.09
the Maltesespotting. This study found that to determine muscle contributions when all showed deficiencies when compared to Sport Biomechanics and Engineering
-100
Time (s)
8 T E C H N I Q U E M AY 2 0 0 6 M AY 2 0 0 6 T E C H N I Q U E 9
A cautionary note should be included at palms of his hands in the center of two
this point. Although the EMG analyses small force platforms (PASCO, Inc). The forces
indicated which muscles were most produced by each hand/arm are sampled
active in the Maltese and associated and recorded as the gymnast attempts to
drills (of the muscles selected), the rise a few centimeters from the floor. Figure
EMG cannot provide a measurement of 10 shows an example of a force-time record
the actual magnitude of the forces. produced by a gymnast who could perform
From experience and knowledge of the Maltese. The total force is simply the sum
the difficulty of the Maltese it can of the two hands/arms forces. If the gymnast
probably be assumed that the most can produce more force than his body weight,
2
between muscle activation relative to
force produced and muscle activation as
any asymmetries (differences from left side to
right side) with startling graphic simplicity. 6
part of an intact skill. In other words, there
is more to performing a skill than just
producing appropriate forces. The forces
The results of the Maltese testing protocol
can be used to determine how close a novice
gymnast is to performing the Maltese. Also,
5
have to be timed, coordinated, and directed the gymnasts strength symmetry can
effectively. Here are some caveats to be be determined along with a potential
aware of: window on fatigue. Strength
1. A gymnast might be able to produce a symmetry assessments may help
similar muscle activation pattern in a diagnose shoulder injury. It was
Maltese drill as in a real Maltese, but the also noted that fatigue might
gymnasts muscles cannot produce the be detected when gymnasts
amount of force necessary to actually are not able to produce as
perform the Maltese. Thus, the EMG much force on one occasion
pattern could be identical, but the as they did on another.
3 4 gymnast still cant perform the skill.
2. A strong individual muscle might be able to CONCLUSION
1) Anatomical images showing the muscles assessed by EMG. 2) Athlete with EMG electrodes attached for produce more than enough force for that The mens gymnastics team
evaluation of the Maltese. 3) Maltese on the low rings with a spot. 4) Computer screen showing the EMG individual muscle to perform its role in a graciously allowed these
signals indicating the level of muscle activations of a gymnast performing a Maltese. The lowest horizontal line Maltese. However, the Maltese requires a tests to help understand the
(Sync) is a synchronization signal that involved a coach pressing a button to indicate when the gymnast was in carefully orchestrated combination of
the correct position for the Maltese. Maltese. Muscle activation
forces provided or generated by a number patterns and a variety of
of muscles. learning drills have been
Figure 1 shows the muscles that were shows the electrical activity that was being 3. There were some assumptions made regarding identified. A promising test
produced by the underlying muscle. The the muscles chosen for assessment. If
8
investigated. is being explored and a means
Figure 2 shows the application and muscles are labeled on the left. Note that these assumptions are incorrect, then the for monitoring progress in the
placement of surface electrodes used to the higher the squiggly lines the more wrong muscles were measured and there Maltese have also been identified.
7
determine the activation level of muscles activity that is being shown by the muscle. may be some other muscles that are more In the future, other still rings strength
during the Maltese. Muscle activation is The EMG analysis showed that the crucial to the Maltese performance than skills need to be tested and these
800
Body Weight
Peak Force
Sum of Forces (2 Arms) Body Weight
detected by the surface electrodes, and primary muscles involved in the Maltese those assessed here. methodologies applied to the study of
700
Mean Force 1s
the signals are then transmitted by a small were, in order of importance: clavicular The use of boxes (like the box shown shoulder injury.
600
transmitter in a belt pack to a receiver pectoralis major, biceps brachii long head, in Figure 8) supporting the entire arm 500
and computer. The transmitter allows the anterior deltoid, upper trapezius, sternal of the gymnast as he raises and lowers 400
Right Arm
athlete to move without being encumbered pectoralis major. Muscles providing little or through the Maltese position, low rings Wm A. Sands, Ph.D. 300 (N)
Force
Left Arm
with a spotter, and the dream machine Head Sport Biomechanics and Engineering
by cables. no contribution included: latissimus dorsei,
200
coaches to help athletes learn to perform total of five athletes were assessed via EMG Maltese muscle activation. However, these Jennifer K. Dunlavy, M.S., Intern
0
0
0.210.420.630.841.051.261.471.681.89
2.1
2.312.522.732.943.153.363.573.783.99
4.2
4.414.624.835.045.255.465.675.886.09
the Maltesespotting. This study found that to determine muscle contributions when all showed deficiencies when compared to Sport Biomechanics and Engineering
-100
Time (s)
8 T E C H N I Q U E M AY 2 0 0 6 M AY 2 0 0 6 T E C H N I Q U E 9