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Gears - belts and pulleys -

chains and sprockets
Gears
Gear types and their application
Two gears with teeth on their outer edges act like a first class lever when one
gear drives the other
The gear with input force is called the drive gear, the other gear is called the
driven gear
The effort arm is the diameter of the driven gear
The resistance arm is the diameter of the drive gear
When large gear turns small gear we have increase in rpm of the driven gear
When small gear turns large gear we have increase in force gain in the driven
gear.
Mechanical advantage of force = effort arm / resistance arm
Mechanical advantage of distance (rpm) = resistance arm / effort arm
Gear types and their application
Gear types and their application
1. SPUR GEARS
The two gears turn in opposite directions.
The gear on top is 9 inches in diameter and
has 45 teeth
The gear on bottom is 12 inches in diameter
and has 60 teeth
The larger gear is driving the smaller one
The mechanical advantage of force will be
effort arm divided by resistance arm I.e
9/12 = 0.75. This is fractional disadvantage.
The mechanical advantage of distance will
be resistance arm divided by effort arm I.e
12/9 = 1.33. This is fractional advantage.
Gear types and their application
2. BEVEL GEARS
Used to change the plane of rotation
I.e a shaft turning horizontally can
make a vertical shaft rotate.
Size of the gear and their number of
teeth determines the mechanical
advantage.
If each gear has same number of teeth
there would be no change in force or
rpm.
Gear types and their application
3. WORM GEARS
Has extremely high mechanical
advantage. Force gaining machine.
The input force goes to the spiral
worm gear which drives the spur gear
One complete revolution of the worm
gear only makes the spur gear turn
one tooth.
Thus the mechanical advantage of
force is much higher that corresponds
with the number of teeth.
Gear types and their application
4. PLANETARY SUN GEARS
Found in a propeller reduction gear box.
Consists of a sun gear, three planetary
gears and one ring gear.
Power output shaft of the engine would
drive the sun gear in the middle, which
rotates the planetary gears and ultimately
the ring gear.
Calculate now! Sun gear has 28 teeth, each
planet gear has 22 teeth and ring gear has
82 teeth. Find mechanical advantage of
force and rpm.
Three types - Spur Planetary, Bevel
Planetary, Spur and Pinion Video 1 - HOW IT WORKS_ Planetary Gears
Video 2 - Planetary gear animation
Gear Nomenclature
1. Gear Ratio - the number of teeth each
gear represents in a two gear aircraft
component.
2. Speed Ratio - it is the inverse of the
gear ratio. Increase in number of teeth
rotational speed decrease and vice 1. Gear Ratio
versa.
3. Backlash (lash) - clearance exists
between gear teeth at the point of
mesh.
4. Idle gear - interposed between drive
gear and driven gear. Function is to
connect the drive between two shafts.

2. Speed Ratio
Gear Nomenclature
1. Gear Ratio - the number of teeth each 3. Backlash
gear represents in a two gear aircraft
component.
2. Speed Ratio - it is the inverse of the
gear ratio. Increase in number of teeth
rotational speed decrease and vice
versa.
3. Backlash (lash) - clearance exists
between gear teeth at the point of
mesh.
4. Idle gear - interposed between drive
gear and driven gear. Function is to
connect the drive between two shafts.
4. Idler gear
Gear Nomenclature
5. Intermediate gear - positioned
between drive gear and one or 5. Intermediate gear
more driven gears. May function
as a idle gear or transmit drive
through its own shaft.
6. Compound gear - has more than
one driving face. May formed
integrally or comprise two or
more gears bolted or splined
together.
7. Pinion - smaller of the two mating
gears.

6. Compound gear
Gear Nomenclature
5. Intermediate gear - positioned
between drive gear and one or
more driven gears. May function
as a idle gear or transmit drive
through its own shaft.
6. Compound gear - has more than
one driving face. May formed
integrally or comprise two or
more gears bolted or splined
together.
7. Pinion - smaller of the two mating
gears.

7. Pinion
Gear Nomenclature 8. Lay-shaft
8. Lay-shaft - supports the idler gear
or intermediate gear. May be
integral with the gear or fixed and
provide bearing surface.
9. Rack and Pinion - toothed rod
meshes with mating pinion to
translate rotary movement into
linear movement.
10. Step-Up Drive - speed of the
output shaft is increased.
11. Step-Down Drive - speed of the
output shaft is decreased.

8. Rack and Pinion

Gear Nomenclature
8. Lay-shaft - supports the idler gear
or intermediate gear. May be
integral with the gear or fixed and
provide bearing surface.
9. Rack and Pinion - toothed rod
meshes with mating pinion to
translate rotary movement into
linear movement.
10. Step-Up Drive - speed of the
output shaft is increased.
11. Step-Down Drive - speed of the
output shaft is decreased.
10. Step-Up
11. Step-down drive
Chains and Sprockets
Chains and Sprockets
Chains in aircraft use are simple roller type that consists of outer and inner
plates, bearing pins, rollers and bushes.
Main purpose is to transfer motion from one point to another remote point
where the input motion is replicated.
Typical example is control lever movement in flight deck has a subsequent
output action in control surface
For aircraft installations the manufacturer dictates the type and size of chains
used.
Chains must comply with British Standards BS 228: 1984, equivalent to ISO
606 - 1982.
Chain assemblies are produced to standards prepared by SBAC. (Society of
British Aircraft Constructors).
Chains and Sprockets
Chains and Sprockets
Chains and Sprockets
Chains and Sprockets
Belts and Pulleys
Belts and Pulleys
Belts and pulleys are used to transmit movement/power in place of cables.
Flat belts and pulleys use friction to transmit power whereas V-section belts
use engagement rather than friction to provide the drive.
Belts are used in a step down situation as well as a simple connection between
input and output shafts which are dispersed by some distance.
Simple belt and pulley system has a step-up or step-down facility depending on
which pulley is driven.
Used in driving the propellers on micro-light aircraft.
Another application is on certain piston engined helicopters. Number of place
inside piston engines where toothed belts are used to drive camshafts and
other accessories from the crankshaft.
Belts and Pulleys