Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Manual On Design
Guideline Of Longitudinal
Traffic Barrier
7.0m
5.0m
Roads Branch
Public Works Department Malaysia
Jalan Sultan Salahuddin
50582 Kuala Lumpur
ARAHAN TEKNIK (JALAN) 1/85
PREFACE
This manual updates the Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 1/85 published in 1985 with few
minor changes.This issue omits the Chapter on Specification and Bill of Quantities which
was included in the earlier publication and the guardrail specification is now incorporated
into the Standard Specifications for Road Works. Departmental policy on guardrail
installation has been included in this issue.
This Arahan Teknik will be continually updated from time to time and in this respect
any feedback from users will be most welcomed. Any comments should be sent to
Cawangan Jalan,Ibu pejabat JKR, Kuala Lumpur.
Page 1
ARAHAN TEKNIK (JALAN) 1/85
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
valid regardless of whether one or one ii. Semi-rigid Barriers which are used where
thousand vehicles leave the highway at a point. small to moderate lateral deflection is
acceptable. It can be classified into two
Hence accident frequency is not a principal groups:
factor in determining barrier warrants. (a) strong beam/strong post and
However,accident frequency factors do assist in (b) strong beam/weak post.
establishing a preferred order of construction of
two or more warranted installations. The strong beam/weak post concept,is that
the posts near the point of impact are
However, it is noted that the installation of purposely designed to break away so that
highway barrier itself forms a road hazard as the force of impact is distributed by beam
the system is usually an elongated target which action to a relatively larger number of posts.
is located closer to the roadway than the object Attributes of this system are (1) barrier
itself. For this reason,the highway designer performance is independent of impact point
should make every effort to design without at or between posts and of soil properties,
guardrail. This can be done by and (2) vehicle snagging on a post is
virtually eliminated.
a) providing wide shoulders, verges and
medians; iii. Flexible Barriers which relies on large
b) providing adequate clearances to dynamic deflections to redirect errant
structures; vehicles gradually. This system either
c) flattening embankment slopes with firm weak beam/strong post or weak beam/weak
even surfaces; post types generally consists of posts
d) clearing the roadside of fixed objects. connected by steel cables.
It may be necessary to consider the The flexible barrier system is the multiple
provision of safety barriers where the above wire rope beam mounted via
measures cannot be applied or are offset brackets to post. Tests have shown
considered impracticable. that vehicles become pocketed or
snagged.
1.4 TYPES OF HIGHWAY TRAFFIC
BARRIER Some examples of each type of barrier
system are as shown in Figures 1.1, 1.2 and
The traffic barrier systems, generally 1.3. The most common barrier system in used
tailored for specific highway requirements at a is the semi-rigid barriers of strong beam/strong
given site, are commonly classified according post, a balanced design, consisting of a
to lateral stiffness into the corrugated steel beam mounted on various
following three categories. types of posts.
i. Establish "point of need" or "length of ii. On highways with roadside obstacles and
need" by warranting consideration as in hazards such as structures and
sub-section 2.2. appurtenances,
ii. Based on the unobstructed space available iii. Divided highways with narrow medians,
for system deflection, select a barrier carrying large volume of traffic,
system as in sub-section 2.3. For bridge
rail selection, the system must be iv. Other conditions such as sharp horizontal
structurally compatible with the bridge. curves, pedestrian protection and severe
accident experience.
iii.Determine design particulars for the
selected system, such as terminal The three principal features are (A) slopes
treatments and adjustments for highway embankment, (B) roadside obstacles, and (C)
curvature. opposing traffic which are discussed in more
detail in the following. Other factors are
iv.Make installation layout drawings. Note dependent on site conditions, traffic character-
that for guardrails and median barriers, istics and accident experiences
installations should be extended to a which are considered individually.
reasonable distance upstream beyond the
warranted area to prevent vehicle access to (A) Slopes Embankment
a warranting feature. A method for
establishing this necessary extension is Height and slope of roadway embankments
presented in sub-section 2.4. are basic factors in determining traffic
barrier needs for embankment. For low, flat
v.Make a field review, near the completion embankments, out of control vehicles can "ride
of highway construction, before setting the out" a slope with a hazard less than that
final installation limits. Short gaps associated with striking a barrier. For high,
between installations should be avoided. steep embankments, the hazard of being
redirected by a guardrail is less than that of the
2.2 WARRANTS CONSIDERATION vehicle being permitted access to the slope.A
dividing line between these extremes is as
Traffic barrier warrants are decision criteria shown in Figure 2.1. This curve is independent
that identify sites along highway needing traffic of accident frequency and embankment slope
barrier installations. These warrants are delin- material.
eated in terms of geometry and location of
roadside features; and for the case of median
barriers traffic volume is also a decision factor.
Warranting criteria presented below have been
developed from analysis of run-off-the-road
accident statistics and are applicable to
highways in general.
For warranting purposes, a 10m zone (i) narrowing of roadway (loss of shoulder)
adjacent to the travelled way is over structure,
recommended as the minimum for being clear
of roadside obstacles. If the 10m zone cannot (j) street lighting poles,
be cleared of roadside obstacles such as bridge
piers or permanent buildings, due to practical (k) railway tracks.
or economic reasons, a traffic barrier may be
warranted. As most of these hazards extend a consider
able length along the roadway, the probability
Examples of roadside hazards that warrant of errant vehicles striking the hazards is higher.
traffic barriers are: Where feasible, these roadside obstacles that
warrant the traffic barrier should be moved
(a) rough rock cuts, from the 10 m wide zone adjacent to the
roadway. If this is not possible,traffic barriers
(b) large boulders, are to be installed.When guardrails are used on
embankments along shoulders they should be
(c) permanent bodies of water with placed at a minimum distance of 1.5 metres
depth > 0.6 m (2 ft), beyond the edge of the road pavement.
2.3
\
2.3.1 Deflection
The major factor in selecting a traffic barrier systems are presented in Figures 2.3, 2.4 and
system is matching dynamic lateral deflection 2.5 respectively. Deflection, an important
characteristics of a system to the space system characteristic, is the maximum lateral
available at the highway site. For the systems deflection that a system experiences during
to perform in a similar manner in actual impact and redirection of a selected vehicle.
service, minimum unobstructed distances Deflections of systems vary from 0 to 3.6
behind guardrails and median barriers must be metres (12 ft) for guardrails and median
equal to or greater than this deflection. barriers and from 0 to 0.6 metre (2 ft) for
Summaries of basic characteristics of bridge rails.
guardrails, bridge rails and median barriers
Rigid barriers requires the least amount of The most economical barrier, corrugated sheet
lateral space, because of their minimal steel guardrail, requires the greatest lateral
deflection under impact, whereas semi-rigid space of the types commonly used.
barriers, which suffer greater deflections under
impact require more lateral space.
Roadway and bridge cross-section can Figure 2.6 shows the clearance required to
significantly affect traffic barrier performance. minimise any potential for vehicles to vault the
Kerbs, sloped shoulders and stepped medians guardrail after hitting the kerb. Where barriers
can cause errant vehicles to vault a barrier or to are installed on superelevated sections of
strike it so that the vehicle overturns. Optimum highway, the vertical axis of the barrier should
barrier system performance is provided by a be inclined in order to remain perpendicular to
level surface in front of the barrier. Preferably, the pavement surface. This is particularly
face of barrier should be aligned above the face important for slope-face.This is particularly
of kerb; if however kerbs must be in front of important for slope-face concrete barriers.
the barrier, they should be of the low,
mountable type to avoid dynamic jump by
vehicles.
Installation should be extended upstream from A method to establish the length-of-need of the
the warranted limits to prevent vehicle access installation is based on a 100 metres
behind the protective system. It is not necessary encroachment distance. The length-of-need is
to extend the installation downstream past the calculated by: L=(1-A)x100m
hazard on highways with one way traffic. For where
highways with two way undivided traffic, the L=Lenght-of-need
installation should extend downstream. A=Distance of barrier from the edge of
pavament
B=Distance of objet from the edge
pavament
i. flares,
ii. ramps, and
iii. straight extensions. 2.5.1 Flared
Guardrail end treatment is an important safety i. Rigid guardrail adopts the New
consideration and an improper designed end Jersey design as shown in Figure 2.11.
treatment present a hazard to traffic. Guardrail
ends must be strengthened to prevent excessive ii. Semirigid guardrail follows the existing
deflection and the possibility of the rail end practice of corrugated sheet steel beam
penetrating the vehicle occupant compartment. guardrail mounted on blocked-out steel
It should be noted that the ramps tends to posts. In rural areas, timber posts of
launch an errant vehicle and the flare increases either Chengal or Berlian can be used.
the angle of impingement. To remove this
danger, the approach ends must be anchored to iii. For terminal sections, flared terminal
the ground to give the needed stability to treatment is used. In case where space is
adjoining sections and should be flared well not available, ramped terminal can be
away from the travelled way to prevent used. Straight extension terminal is used
vehicles from striking the anchored ends with a only where terminal is pointing away
resulting over-ride or roll-over. If the approach from one directional traffic flow. Return
ends are not flared back, then they should be section terminal is used at narrow
blended into the approach environment. median installation.
e) The posts eventually yield and the rail This barrier can be constructed either in-situ or
tears away from the bolt heads and restrains of 6 metres long precast units and sits on the
the vehicle by tension. base course material and restrained by a
minimum of 50 mm thick layer of wearing
The guardrail deflection lessens the rate of course on both sides.
change of momentum of the impacting vehicle
and its occupants which can significantly GLOSSARY
reduce vehicle damage and personal injury.
Barrier -
Sometimes, however, a stiffer barrier is See 'Traffic barrier'
required, capable of giving more restraint to
heavy vehicles, or of limiting deflections on Crash cushion.
impact; narrow medians on roads with A safety barrier or terminal designed primarily
restricted cross-section. Corrugated sheet steel to resist and-on impacts,and consisting
beam guardrail may not be appropriate in such generally of a partly confined bundle of
situations. expendable,crushable,elements to absorb the
energy of an impacting vehicle.
3.2 NEW JERSEY CONCRETE
BARRIER Errant vehicle.
A vehicle that enters a roadside during a
The New Jersey barrier is considered to be a generally unplanned manoeuvre, e.g. because
'rigid' barrier as it is designed not to deflect the driver lost control or swerved to avoid
significantly under impact. A vehicle, hitting another vehicle or obstacle.
the barrier at a low angle, first strikes the lower
sloping face of the barrier, rides up the slope, Guardrail.A semi-rigid safety barrier, generally
and then is redirected along the travelled way consistingof steel rails supported on steel or
by the upper, nearly vertical, face. Energy is timber posts, designed primarily to resist lateral
absorbed on lifting the vehicle and by impacts.
deformation of the vehicle's suspension and
body. Hazard.
See Roadside hazard.
Generally, it is desirable that this type of
barrier be located within about 1.0 to 3.0 Length of need.
meters of the adjacent edge of the traffic lane to The total length of a longitudinal barrier
minimise the potential for large angle impacts, needed to prevent errant vehicles colliding"
while maintaining adequate lateral clearance with roadside hazards. The length is measured
for normal traffic movements. 'parallel' to the road and should allow for both
directions of travel.
This barrier is narrower than a double-sided
corrugated sheet steel beam guardrail, and has Rigid barrier.
the ability to withstand more severe impacts, A safety barrier, generally constructed of con-
making it better suited for use in confined situ- crete, which undergoes no perceptible
ations. Sometimes this barrier can be made deflection or deformation under normal
wider to support lighting posts, or other vehicular impact.
engineering services.