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4-1 Applicability:
Regular Structures:
Regular structures are structures having no significant
physical discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration or
in their lateral force resisting.
Irregular Structures:
Irregular structures are structures having significant
physical discontinuities in configuration or in their lateral
force resisting systems (See Table 4.1.a and 4.1.b for
detailed description of such structures).
Load Combinations:
The total design forces are calculated from the following
cases of loading.
U =1.4 ( D + L E ) (4.1)
U = 0.9 D 1.4 E (4.2)
Where
U = Ultimate design force
D = Service dead load
L = Service live load
E = Service earthquake load
96
Concept of Method:
The 1994 UBC equivalent static method considers
only horizontal movement and neglects effects of
vertical ground movement.
Statically models the inertial effects using Newtons
2nd Law of Motion given by Eqn. (4.3).
F =Ma (4.3)
Where
F = resulting force on structure
M = building mass
a = acceleration of ground
W
But M =
g
And Eqn. (4.3) can be written as
a
F =W (4.4)
g
Minimum Design Lateral Forces:
The design seismic forces may be assumed to act non-
concurrently in the direction of each principal axis of the
structure.
The total design base shear in a given direction is to be
determined from the following Eqn.
97
Z I CW
V= (4.5)
Rw
Where
Where
hn = total height of building in meters
Ac = effective cross-sectional area of shear walls
99
De
2
Ac = Ai 0.2 + De / hn 0.9 (4.10)
hn
Fx =
(V F )w
t x hx
(4.11)
n
wi hi
i =1
Where
n
Vx = Ft + Fi (4.12)
i=x
Where
n = number of stories above the base of the building
Ft = the portion of the base shear, concentrated at the top
of the structure to account for whiplash effects
Fi , Fn , F x = lateral forces applied at levels i , n , or x ,
respectively
hi , hn , hx = height above the base to levels i , n , or x ,
respectively
Vx = design shear in story x
Horizontal Distribution of Force:
The design story shear in any direction Vx , is distributed to
the various elements of the lateral force-resisting system in
proportion to their rigidities.
Horizontal Torsional Moment:
To account for the uncertainties in locations of loads, the
mass at each level is assumed to be displaced from the
101
M sec ondary Px x
= (4.14)
M primary Vx hx
Px = total seismic weight at level x and above
= drift of story x
Vx = shear force of story x
hx = height of story x
In seismic zones no. 3 and 4, P effects are neglected
when the story drift 0.02 / Rw times the story height.
Design of Cantilevers:
Horizontal cantilever components are to be designed for a
net upward force of 0.2 w p , where w p is the weight of the
cantilevered element.
Story Drift Limitations:
Story drift is the displacement of one level relative to the
level above or below due to the design lateral forces.
Calculated drift is to include translational and torsional
deformations. Calculated story drift shall not exceed
0.04 / Rw or 0.005 times the story height for buildings with
periods < 0.7 second. For structures with periods 0.7 sec.,
the calculated story drift is not to exceed 0.03 / Rw or 0.004
the story height.
Design of Diaphragms:
Floor and roof diaphragms are to be designed to resist the
forces determined from the following formula
103
n
Ft + Fi
i=x
F px = n wpx (4.15)
w
i = x i
Where
w px = weight of the diaphragm at level x
F px = diaphragm lateral design force at level x
104
Vertical Irregularities
106
Zone 1 2A 2B 3 4
Z 0.075 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40
Example 1:
A seven-story building frame system (residential) with
shear walls has the dimensions shown in the figure. The
total sustained dead load is 800 kg/m2. This building is
located in Gaza Strip and lies on top of a deep clayey
deposit. Eight shear walls, each 3 m long and 0.2 m thick
are used as a lateral force resisting system. Determine the
seismic loads at the floor levels of the building in a
direction perpendicular to axis 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, and 4-4 using
the 1994 UBC.
7x3 = 21m
1 A 2 3 B 4
4.5m
C D
4.5m
4.5m
E F
G H
4.5m
1 2 3 4
6m 6m 6m
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Solution:
Z = 0.075, I = 1, S = 2.0, R w = 8
Weight of floor = 0.8(18)(18) = 259.2 tons
Total seismic weight = 259.2(7 ) = 1814.4 tons
Building natural period, T
0.0743(hn )
3
4
T=
Ac
D
2
Ac = Ai 0.2 + e De / hn 0.9
hn
4 3
2
Story shears:
Vx = Ft + i =1 Fi
7
Overturning moment:
M x = Ft (hn hx ) + i = x+1 Fi (hi hx )
n
Lateral displacement:
g T 2 Fi 9.81 2 Fi
i = = (1) = 0 .248
Fi
4 2 wi 4
2
wi wi
Story drift:
0.03hn
i = i i 1 0.004 hn
Rw
P effects:
Px i
When < 0.1 , P effects are to be neglected.
Vx hx
Lateral force distribution:
Px i
level wi hx wx hx Fx Vx Mx i (mm) i Px Vx hx
7 259.2 21 5443.2 9.89 12.86 - 12.33 4.21 259.2 0.028
6 259.2 18 4665.6 8.48 21.33 38.57 8.12 1.35 518.4 0.011
5 259.2 15 3888 7.06 28.40 102.57 6.77 1.35 777.6 0.012
4 259.2 12 3110.4 5.65 34.05 187.76 5.42 1.36 1036.8 0.014
3 259.2 9 2332.8 4.24 38.28 289.89 4.06 1.36 1296 0.015
2 259.2 6 1555.2 2.83 41.11 404.74 2.70 1.35 1555.2 0.017
1 259.2 3 777.6 1.41 42.52 528.06 1.36 1.35 1814.4 0.019
0 0 42.52 655.62 0
21772.8
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Example 2:
A seven-story reinforced concrete special moment-resisting
frame (SMRF) has the dimensions shown in the figure. The
total sustained dead load is 800 kg/m2 and the live load is
250 kg/m2. The building which is characterized as a
residential building is located in Gaza City and lies on top
of a deep clayey deposit. Evaluate the seismic loads at the
floor levels of the building in a direction perpendicular to
axis 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, and 4-4 using the 1994 UBC.
115
Solution:
Z = 0.075, I = 1, S = 2.0, R w = 12
Since the building is residential, no live load is to be used
in seismic weight calculation
Weight of floor = 0.8(18)(22.5) = 324 tons
Total seismic weight = 324(7 ) = 2268 tons
1.25S 1.25(2 )
C= = = 3.12 sec > 2.75 N.O.K
T 2/3
(0.716)2/3
C 2.75
= = 0.229 > 0.075 O.K
Rw 12
(V Ft )wx hx
Fx =
7
i =1
Fi
116
level wi hx wx hx Fx Vx Mx
7 324 21 6804 9.26 11.21 -
6 324 18 5832 7.93 19.14 33.63
5 324 15 4860 6.61 25.75 91.05
4 324 12 3888 5.29 31.04 168.3
3 324 9 2916 3.97 35.01 261.42
2 324 6 1944 2.64 37.65 366.45
1 324 3 972 1.32 38.97 479.40
0 0 38.97 596.31
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