SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERINGR
normally not flowing full, w/c carries sewage.
Need For a Sewage System
It is the primary duty of any govt to preserve
health, to improve the standard of living to enhance the
mental and physical capabilities, to elevate the socio-
economic standards of its citizen.
Health and living standards of the People are
connected w/ the ff.
a. Availability of potable and palatable water
b. The removal, treatment and disposal of all the
waste that are produced
c. Improved sanitation of overall envt
Important terms
1. Sewage- liquid waste containing suspended,
colloidal and dissolved solids.
2. Domestic- Sewage liquid waste coming from
latrines and urinal.
3. Sewer- a pipe or conduit w/c carries sewage.
4. Sewerage- network of sewers or pipes used for
the purpose of transporting sewage.
5. Raw water- untreated waste w/c is in the fresh
state.
6. Sullage- liquid waste flowing from kitchen and
bathrooms.
Sewerage refers to the collection, treatment and
disposal of liquid waste. Sewerage works or sewage
works include all the physical structures reqd for that
collection, treatment and disposal.
Sewage is the liquid waste conveyed by sewer and
may include:
1. Domestic or sanitary sewage- originates in the
sanitary convenience of dwellings, commercial
or industrial facilities and institutions.
2. Industrial Waste- include the liquid discharge
from industrial processes such as manufacturing
and food processing.
3. Storm sewage- flow derived from rainfall
events and deliberately introduced into sewers
intended for its conveyance.
4. Infiltration- w/c enters the sewers from the
ground through leaks.
A sewer is a pipe or conduit, generally closed, but
A common sewer serves all abutting properties:
A sanitary sewage carries sanitary sewage and is
designed to exclude storm sewage and infiltration.
Industrial wastes may be carried in sanitary sewers
depending upon its characteristics. A storm sewer
carries storm sewerage and any other waste w/c may
be discharge into the streets or onto the ground
surface. A Combined Sewer/Combined System carries
both domestic and storm sewage. While one w/c
segregates the storm water is called a separate system.
House Sewer- pipe conveying waste eater from
an individual structure to a common sewer or
other point of disposal.
Lateral Sewer- a common sewer w/ no tributary
flow except from house sewer.
Submain Sewer- collects flow from one or more
laterals as well as house sewer.
Main or Trunk sewers- collects flow from
several submains as well as house sewers.
Force Main- air pressurized sewer lines w/
conveys sewage from a pumping station to
another main or to a point of treatment
disposal.
Intercepting sewers- intersects otherwise to
separate the dry weather flow from storm-
water flow w/c they may carry.
Relief sewer- sewer w/c has been built to carry
a portion of the flow in the system w/
otherwise inadequate capacity.
Outfall sewer- sewer w/c carries the collected
waste to a point of treatment or disposal.
SEWAGE PROJECT
Points of Consideration:
1. Population of the city to be served
2. Available funds for the purpose
3. Quality of sewage to be handled
4. Rainfall in the locality
5. Rate of sewage to be expected
6. Source of sewage
7. Present arrangement of disposal
8. Topographical features of the area
9. Treatment methods
10. Trend of town development
 Project Drawing The DWF depends on:
1. Population
1. Contour plan 2. Type of area
2. Detailed drawing of the project 3. Rate of water Supply
3. Site plan and location 4. Ground Water Infiltration
4. Topographical 5 5
= 1 & = 1
5. Flow diagram
6 6
6. Existing arrangement
7. Nature of sewage
SEWER APPURTENANCE
8. Detailed design
Various accessories on the sewerage system and
9. Outline of specs of construction work
are necessary for the efficient operation of the system.
10. Future population
11. Quality of sewage mode of disposal
IMPOTANT APPURTENANCES

Collection and Conveyance of sewerage

1. Manholes
- Openings of either circular or rectangular in
System of sanitation
shape, constructed on the alignment of a sewer
1. Conservancy system
line to enable a person to enter for inspection,
2. Water carriage system
and flushing.
System of sewage
- Permit inspection, cleaning and maintenance of
1. Separate system of sewage
sewer line and flushed material collected and
2. Combined system
removed from a manhole.
3. Partially Combined or Partially Separate
- Allows joining of sewer, or changing of direction
System
or both. Serves as ventilation of sewers,
facilitate the laying of sewers in convenient
Pattern of Sewerage Layout
length.
1. Perpendicular Pattern- shortest path
Location
2. Interceptor Pattern - Backflow
- All junction of two or more sewer
3. Zone Pattern- Elevation Dependent
- Whenever diameter of sewer changes
4. Fan pattern- Outward-inward
- Whenever direction of sewer line changes
5. Radial Pattern- inside out
- When sewer of diff. Elev. Join together
Manhole Details
QUANTIFYING
- Cover and frame : 50 55 cm
- Access shaft
Dry Weather Flow (DWF)
- Steps and ladder : 30 cm interval
- Working Chamber : 1.2 m min , 0.9x1.2 m min
- The flow only sanitary sewage in the absence of
- Bottom shaft : 15 30 cm thick
storm in dry Season
Classification of Manhole
=
Shallow Manhole
- Depth of 0.75m to 0.9m w/ tight cover
= ( )() Normal Manhole
If population data is not available the following - Depth of 1.5m w/ heavy cover at top
densities can be used for different sizes of town Deep Manhole
- Depth greater than 1.5m w/ heavy cover
Residential Areas, Special Manholes
100 250 persons/ha
Detached Houses Junction Chamber
Multi Story Apartment 500- 1000 persons/ha Drop Manholes
Mercantile Area 30-70 persons/ha Flushing manholes
Industrial Ares 15-30 persons/ha
2. Lamp Hole
- Opening constructed on the straight sewer
lines bet. Manholes w\c are far apart and
permit the intersection of lamp into the
sewer to find out obstruction if any inside
the sewers from the next manhole.
3. Clean outs
- It is a pipe like lamp holes the only
difference being that clean out pipe is not
vertical but inclined.
- One end is of the inclined pipe is
connected to the sewer while other end is
brought up to the ground level.
- Generally provided at the upper end of
lateral sewer and is used for flushing.
4. Catch basins
- Used to interrupt the velocity of storm
water before it enters the sewer
- Cause retention of suspended grit, sullage,
and floating rubbish from rain water w/c
otherwise might have entered the sewer
and close it.
- They are small settling chamber s of
diameter 60-90cm and 60-75cm deep.
5. Inlets/street inlets
- Openings through w/c surface runoff is
admitted and conveyed to the storm sewer
or combines sewer.
- The inlets are located by the side of the
pavement and has a maximum 30m
spacing.
Based on position
Curb inlets vertical opening in the road
curb, w/ grating at the top and curb side
through w/c storm water flows into the
sewer and they are preferred where heavy
traffic is anticipated.
Gutter inlets these are horizontal
openings in the gutter w/c are lifted w/
gratings or bars through w/c flow passes.
6. Oil & Grease Trap
- Device w/c is provided on the sewer lines
coming from kitchen, hotel etc. to intercept
oil and grease from sewage before it enters
the main sewer line.
7. Flushing tanks
- Provided to flush the sewers. They are not
always reqd they are provided to suitable
intervals to clean the sewers of chocking
and obstruction.
8. Inverted siphons
- Sometimes called or depressed sewers.
- A sewer that runs full under gravity flow at
a pressure above atmosphere.
- Used to pass sewer lines under obstacles
such ass buried pipes, subways and stream
bed.
9. Storm water Regulators & weirs
- Used to divert a part of the flow of sewage
from a combined sewer. This is reqd to
prevent the overcharging of the sewer
mainly to allow only that much sewage to
flow to sewage treatment.
Commonly used Regulator
1. Leaping Weir
2. Over-flow or side weir
3. siphon spillway
Ventilation of sewers
a. laying sewer lines at proper gradient
b. running sewer at 2/3 full
c. providing manholes w/ gratings
d. proper house drainage
e. Providing ventilation columns or shaft.
WASTEWATER ENGINEERIN
- Branch of Environmental Engineering in which
the basic principles of science and engineering
are applied to the problems of water pollution
control, and issues associated with the
treatment and reuse of wastewater (Metcalf &
Eddy).
Wastewater
- The spent or used water of a community or
industry containing dissolved and suspended
matters.
- Any liquid wastes collected in sewer system and
conveyed to a treatment plant for processing.
- Also termed as sewage.