Group Formation

Quaternary volcanic arc

Quaternaty

Cangahua (Bristow & Hoffstetter,

1977; bonifaz, 1977; Clapperton &
Vera, 1986) (U4 of Lavenu et al.,
1992)

Mojanda
Valles (volcanisme
explosive
important)
Chalupas (U3 of Lavenu et al.,
1992)

Chiche (Lavenu et al., 1996)

Guallabamba (Villagomez, 2003)

Cuencas del Norte Yaruquies (U2 of Lavenu et al., 1992)

San Miguel (Lavenu et al., 1996)

To
Latacunga (U1 of Lavenu et al.,
1992)

Santa Rosa (Barragan et al., 1996)

Chota (Winkler et al., 2005)

Sicalpa

Peas Coloradas + Carpuela +

Gavilanes Breccias (Barragan et al.,
1996)
Pisque (Lavenu et al., 1996)
El Altar
Sicalpa (DGGM, 1978; Baldock,
1982 & Eguez et al., 1992)
Plateau Rumichaca
Finaliza el volcanismo en el sur. Rapido enfriamiento y

Angochagua

Pisayambo

Pisayambo
 Pisayambo

Pisayambo

Alausi (Eguez et al., 1992)

Tarqui

Tarqui
Inicia la cada del nivel del mar. Lavenu
Moraspamba (DGGM, 1980;
Baldock, 1982)
Chinchillo

Mangan
Cuencas del Sur
Azoguez
Loyola
Nabon
Biblian
Quillollaco (Baldock et al., 1982)
Late Oligocene bre

Saraguro ss
Saraguro (Bladock
et al., 1992)
Huigra-Tandapi (Eguez et al., 1988)

Unconformy
Unacota
Apagua

Macuchi (DGGM, Macuchi

1980; Baldock,
1982) El Tingo

Socorro

Saquisili
Emersion of the landmass during this period was perhaps caused by isostatic r
Pilalo
CPB
Azucar

Saguangal (Vallejo et al., 2009)

Silante

Silante

Sacapalca

Guayaquil
 Guayaquil
Collision of the Pallatanga Block (Vallejo et al., 2009); Accresion of Pion Block (Luzieux et al., 2006). Paleomagnetic data f
Yunguilla
Cayo
Cayo Rio Cala
San Lorenzo
Las Orquideas

Pujili
La Portada
Portada

Basament of WC & San Juan

coastal (Vallejo et Pion
al., 2009) Totoras
 Litotipo Epoca

Volcanic
Holocene

Loess-like sediments

Volcanics

Volcanics

Ash flow & Volcanics

Pleistocene

Volcaniques (lahas et pyroclastites) subhorizontaux in milieu

lacustre et intercalent des fluviatiles conglomratiques et grseax

Volcanics (Lahars + pyroclastic flows + Avalanches)

Fluvio-Lacustrine & Volcanics; deformation F2

Niveaux fins pricipalement volcaniques deposites en milieu

lacustre tectoniquement unstable
Todas las cuencas se profundiza
Volcano-sedimentary (Lahars) & Volcanics; deformation F1
(intensa)

Volcanic breccia + conglomerated & Volcanic (Barragan et al.,

1996) o fluvial to alluvial fan deposits (Winkler et al., 2005)

Fluvial (conglomerates, tuffacepus sandstone, lignite interbeds)

to Lacustrine (multicolored shales) (Barragan et al., 1996; Winkler
et al., 2005) Pliocene

Grs tuffacs, lahas et coules boueunses (debris flow)

Volcanics

Volcanics (pyroclastites et coules)

Volcanics
Finaliza el volcanismo en el sur. Rapido enfriamiento y exhumacin en CO y CR entre 6 - 4 --> 2.5 Ma (Spiking et

Volcanics

Volcanics

Late Miocene
 Volcanics

Late Miocene
Stock

Volcanics & Volcano-sedimentaries

Volcanics

Inicia la cada del nivel del mar. Lavenu et al., 1996 idica que este es el inicio de las cuencas inter

Conglomerates, volcanic breccias, continental sands and shales

Volcanics Early Miocene - Middle Miocene

Sedimentary Early Miocene - Middle Miocene

Sedimentary
Sedimentary
Volcanics Early Miocene
Volcanics Early Miocene

Late Oligocene breakup of the Farallon plate at about 26-25 Ma

Volcanics Late Eocene - Early Oligocene

Early Oligocene
Late Eocene
Unconformy on top the Socorro: Collision of Macuchi

Turbidites

Volcanics
Early to Middle Eocene

intrusive

Sedimentary Middle Eocene

Emersion of the landmass during this period was perhaps caused by isostatic rebound following rapid exhumation (Spikings et al., 2005
Sedimentary

Turbidites

volcanoclastic and siliciclastic (also hosts metamorphic and

granitiz detritus derived from the EC; Vallejo et al., 2009) Paleocene

high-K, calc-alkaline continental volcanims

Volcanics
Maastrichtian to middle
Paleocene
 Maastrichtian to middle
Paleocene
l., 2009); Accresion of Pion Block (Luzieux et al., 2006). Paleomagnetic data from basement and sedimentary cover rocks in the coasta
et al., 2006).
Late Campanian
Campaniano
Tholeiitic submarine island-arc volcanims

Granite
Santonian - Early Campanian
Boninittes

Coniacian
Amphibolite
 K/Ar (Ma)

Radiocarbon, obsidian-hydration, and thermo-luminiscence data suggest that the Cangahua Formation probably
accumulated during the past 100 ka (Clapperton & Vera, 1986)

K/Ar (WR andesite): 0.6 (Mojanda volcanic Complex) (Barberi et al., 1988)

1.17 0.10 (coules volcaniques, Barberi et al., 1988)

Tuff: 1.21 0.05 (correspondant des missions de la Caldera Chalupas dont elle est issue; Barberi et al., 1988)
1.2 - 1.3 (Boliche and Mangus volcanoes; Barberi et al., 1988)
1.32 0.13 (Ruco Pichincha; Barberi et al., 1988)

K/Ar (rhyolite): 0.98 0.13 (Barberi et al., 1988)

K/Ar (andesite): 1.62 0.16 (OLADE-INECEL, 1980) (Ilalo?)
WR: 1.44 0.29 (Over east flank of Sagoatoa volcano; Lavenu et al., 1992)
1.40 0.29 (Assigned to Fm. Latacunga by Lavenu et al., 1996)

undiza
PLG: 1.73 0.35 (Eastern Ambato, Lavenu et al., 1992 & Lavenu et al., 1996)
WR: 1.85 0.19 (Andesiric Lava Flow located at the base of U1 in Latacunga area; Lavenu et al., 1992 & Lavenu et al., 1996)

ZFTA (ash): 3.5 0.3 (above Gavilanes breccia)

AFTA (ash): 1.1 0.6 (5 - 10 m below lahar) ??

AFTA (ash): 2.9 1.5
ZFTA (ash): 3.2 0.3 (middle - upper)
AFTA (ash): 4.1 1.2 & ZFTA: 4.8 0.4 (5 m below main gastropod horizon)
ZFTA (ash): 4.3 0.4
AFTA: 3.7 1.7 (Andesitic dyke)
ZFTA: 5.4 0.4 (Fine volcano-clastic breccia)
K/Ar: 2.25 0.25; 2.6 1 0.06 & 3.46 0.1 (Basal Lava member correlated with the Casitagua, Cubilche and Chicaloma) (OL
WR: 3.53 0.94 (Lavenu et al., 1992)
PLG: 4.76 0.57 & WR: 2.65 0.21 (Lavenu et al., 1992 & Lavenu et al., 1996)
PLG: 5.14 1.11; WR: 3.59 0.28 & 3.12 0.39 (Lavenu et al., 1992 & Lavenu et al., 1996)
3.65 0.007 in the eastern side of Chota river (Barberi et al., 1988). It was interpreted as the top of the Fm. Chota by Barra
R entre 6 - 4 --> 2.5 Ma (Spiking et al., 2000, 2011 y 2005)
6.31 0.1 & 6.30 0.06 (both sampled along the Chota river in the western side (Barberi et al., 1988)
AFTA (ash): 10 2 (Volcanic basement block)
AFTA (andesite): 11 2 (Volcanic basement between Ambuqui Gr. And chota Fm.)
AFTA (ash): 12 4 (Volcanic basement block)
6.10 0.60 (soubassement du stratovolcan Quilotoa, Barberi et al., 1988); (interpreted as Pisayambo by Lavenu et al., 1996
 PLG: 8.8 0.4; WR: 7.9 0.4 & 12.5 0.9 (Lavenu et al., 1992 interpreted as Pisayambo)
PLG: 9.1 1 0.5 & WR: 10.0 1.3 Ma (Lavenu et al., 1992 interpreted as Pisayambo by Lavenu et al., 1996)
5.2 0.2 & 6.33 0.2 (Barberi et al., 1988)
PLG: 7.1 0.3 (Cojitambo; Lavenu et al., 1992) & (Fm. Alausi; Lavenu et al., 1996)
8.12 0.1 (Barberi et al., 1988) & (interpreted as Alausi by Lavenu et al., 1996)
Tuff: 8.0 0.08 (Barberi et al., 1988)
PLG: 8.2 0.4 (Lavenu et al., 1992)
11.2 0.3 & 12.2 0.4 (Barberi et al., 1988)

ste es el inicio de las cuencas interandinas

14.2 0.5 & 19.5 0.4 (Kennerley, 1980)

15.4 0.7 (Barberi et al., 1988)
Tuff: 16.3 0.7 (Lavenu et al., 1992)

21.4 (Kennerley, 1980)

PLG: 22.0 0.8 & WR: 24.7 0.6 (Lavenu et al., 1992)

te at about 26-25 Ma
26.8 (Kennerley, 1980)
PLG: 35.3 0.9 (Lavenu et al., 1992)
PLG: 27.2 0.9 & WR: 21.0 1.0 (Lavenu et al., 1992) & (Fm. Huigra; Lavenu et al., 1996)
PLG. 35.5 1.3 & WR: 35.9 0.9 (Lavenu et al., 1992) & (Fm. Huigra; Lavenu et al., 1996)
ision of Macuchi

Ar/Ar (plateau): 35.12 1.66 & 32.09 4.29 (Vallejo et al., 2009)
Ar/Ar (plateau): 42.62 1.30 & 39.75 6.19 (Vallejo et al., 2009)
51.5 2.5 Ma (Cotecchia & Zezza, 1969)
50 3 (Kennerly, 1980)

exhumation (Spikings et al., 2005), combined with prolonged compressive stress

Pb/U: 58.8 8.9 (Vallejo et al., 2009)

Ar/Ar (plateau): 58.14 1.95 & Ar/Ar: 52.48 8.45 (Vallejo et al., 2009)
Ar/Ar (plateau): 61.00 1.09 & Ar/Ar: 60.04 2.51 (Vallejo et al., 2009)
Ar/Ar (plateau): 63.96 10.74 (Vallejo et al., 2009)
Ar/Ar (plateau): 65.68 4.36 & Ar/Ar: 67.32 32.14 (Vallejo et al., 2009)
ZFTA: 66.9 5.8 (hungerbulher et al., 2002)
mentary cover rocks in the coastal region indicate a contemporaneous 20 - 50 clockwise rotation during 73-70 Ma (Luzieux
U/Pb: 72.4 6.4 (Vallejo et al., 2009)

ca. 85

U/Pb (SHRIMP): 87.1 1.66 (Vallejo et al., 2006)

Ar/Ar (hornblenda): 88.8 1.6 Ma (Luzieux et al., 2006)
Retrogressed through ~500C at 84.69 2.22 (Vallejo et al., 2006; Vallejo et al., 2007)
 Age
Paleontology

Equus and human artifacts (sediment overlaying the Cangahua; Ficcarelli et al., 1992)

Rumichaca plateau, Haplomastodon; Glossotherium; Mazama rufina?; Smilodon (Upper Cangahua - Late Pleistocene; Fic
Plistocene tardif (Hoffstetter, 1986) (faune puninienne). Le fossile Coprinisphaera ecuadorensis les situe dans le Plistocen
antrieur a l'holocne. La daration par 14C de deux encroutement calcaires sur la cangahua siprieure prs de Bolivar indiq

De nombreaux restes de mammifres du Plaistocene tardif, correspondant la faune de Pun

Guallabamba: Ossemets d'un dent du Pleistocne qui pourrait etre Glossotherium (Muizon, com. Pers.) (Lavenu et al.,

& Lavenu et al., 1996)

Gastropod Liris Aff. Minuscula (Bristow & Parodiz, 1982)

and Chicaloma) (OLADE-INECEL, 1980; Barberi et al., 1988)

e Fm. Chota by Barragan et al., 1996

y Lavenu et al., 1996)

Toxodontidae (Repeto, 1977)

B2-CHX1-1X & Tiburon-1: Retitricolporites Guianensis

Tiburon-1: Cicatricolporites dorogenensis

Maastrichtian to Danian biostratigraphic ages (Savoyat et al., 1970)

Fasciculitus tympaniformis (NP5)

B2-CHX1-1X: Middle Paleocene (NP6): Heliolithus kleinpelli

B2-CHX1-1X: Early Paleocene (NP3): Cruciplacolithus tenuis
 Observations

Units 2 and 3 were assigned to the presumed Pleistocene

Latacunga Formation (Baldock et al., 1992)

Units 1 was previously assigned to the Pisayambo Formation

This unit was interpreted as Tumbatu Formation by Bristow

and Hoffstetter (1977) and interpreted as pre-Angochagua
by Barragan et al., 1996