Dependent Clause

vs.
Independent Clause
Independent clause: CAN stand alone as a
sentence.
Dependent clause: CAN NOT stand alone as a
sentence.
Practice 17-2

There are 3 kinds of Dependent Clauses.

1. When I was a senior in high school, I broke my
arm playing basketball. WHEN
2. Because Edith could speak English fluently, she
was hired as an interpreter at a foreign company.
WHY
3. Noahs dog follows him wherever he goes.
WHERE
4. She threw the shot put as if it were a tennis ball.
HOW
5. I would help you if I could.
CONDITION
Act as adverbs in a sentence. They
modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or the
whole sentence.
Tell when, where, why, how, or under
what conditions something happens.
Identify Dependent Clauses (DC) in these sentences:

Pizza, which most people love, is not very

healthy.
Students who are intelligent get good grades.
I know someone whose father served in
World War II.
This is the house that Jack built.
The church where my grandparents were
married is old.
Identify Dependent Clauses (DC) in these sentences:

Pizza, which most people love, is not very

healthy. Nonessential / Nonrestrictive Clause

Students who are intelligent get good grades.

I know someone whose father served in

World War II. Essential / Restrictive Clause

This is the house that Jack built.

The church where my grandparents were

married is old.
Modify nouns and pronouns immediately follow the
noun or pronoun they modify.
Begin with the relative pronouns which, whom, that, who,
whose, when, where, why, and how.
REMINDERS for Punctuating Adjective Clauses:
1. If the adjective clause is essential to the meaning of the
sentence, do NOT set it off with COMMAs.
2. If the adjective clause is not essential to the meaning of the
sentence, SET it off with COMMAs.
Identify Dependent Clauses (DC) in these sentences:

1. What Billy did shocked his friends.

2. Billys friends didnt know why Billy was
angry.
3. Billys mistake was that he refused to take
lessons.
4. Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.
 Identify Dependent Clauses (DC) in these sentences:

1. What Billy did shocked his friends.

Subject
2. Billys friends didnt know why Billy was
Object
angry.
3. Billys mistake was that he refused to take
Subject complement
lessons.
4. Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.
Object of a
preposition
Function as subjects, objects, complements.
Usually introduced by words such as that,
who, what, where, how, and why.
Identify Dependent Clauses in these sentences.

What kinds of DC are they? (NC, Adj. C, or

Adv. C)
1. Inner Mongolia, which most Americans have
never seen, is becoming a popular area for U.S.
architects to build mansions.
2. Where we spend our honeymoon will be
determined by how much money we have.
3. Although interest rates on credit cards are
high, many cardholders do not mind paying
hundreds of dollars a year in interest.
4. I had lived in England and France before I
moved to Canada to study medicine.
5. Our teacher told us that we must attend all
classes to make an A in this course.
1. Inner Mongolia, which most Americans have
never seen, is becoming a popular area for U.S.
architects to build mansions.
2. Where we spend our honeymoon will be
determined by how much money we have.
3. Although interest rates on credit cards are
high, many cardholders do not mind paying
hundreds of dollars a year in interest.
4. I had lived in England and France before I
moved to Canada to study medicine.
5. Our teacher told us that we must attend all
classes to make an A in this course.
 COMPLEX SENTENCES
A complex sentence consists of an independent clause
joined by one or more dependent clauses.
A complex sentence always has a Subordinator or a
Relative Pronoun.
Examples:
oI had lived in England and France before I moved
to Canada to study medicine.
oPizza, which most people love, is not very healthy.
 Using Subordinating Conjunctions
(Subordinators)

Main clause + O + Subordinate clause.

Subordinate clause + , + main clause.
 1.Time
- after
- as (=while) - once (=as soon as; when)
- before
- when - whenever
- since
- as soon as - while
- till / until

Examples:
After the train left, we went home.
as soon as you can.
Whenever they eat at this restaurant, .
 2. Reason / Cause
- because - now that (=because now)
- as (=because) - inasmuch as
- since (=because) - why
We had to wait because we arrived early.
Now that Maria has lots of things to do, she doesn't
want to go out.
I will go since .
Inasmuch as he can not come, .
Why he came late,
 3. Result / Purpose
in order that, so (that)
LEST (= for fear that) + S+ (should) + bare inf.
We bring an umbrella so (that) we can avoid
being wet when it rains.
I am saving money in order that .
I watched closely lest (for fear that) he (should)
make a mistake.
He ran away lest .
 4. Condition
- if, unless, only if
- provided / providing (that) = as long as / so long as
- supposing (that) = if, if only
If she is here, we will see her.
You cant go in unless .
As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily.
Travelling by car is convenient provided (that) you have
somewhere to park.
You can use my car providing (that)
He'll come only if ..
Supposing that you won the lottery, ..
I am not an astronaut now.
I wish I ...... would be an astronaut in the
future. (Future wish)
If only I would be an astronaut in the future.
I dont have any extra copy, I can not give it to
you.
I had an extra copy, I'd give it to you.
If only ................................................
(Present wish)
I didnt study hard, I failed the exam.
I had studied hard, I could have
If only
passed the exam.
...........................................................(Past wish)
 WISH/IF ONLY
Future WISH:
If only + S + would/could + bare inf.
Present WISH:
If only + S + V2/be were
Past WISH:
If only + S + Past Perfect
could have + V3
Rewrite the sentences below. Using IF ONLY.

My father isnt here now. I want him to be here.

If only my father were here now.
I feel sick because I ate too much ice-cream.
If only I hadnt eaten too much ice-cream.
I regret speaking to him so impolitely yesterday.
If only I hadnt spoken to him so impolitely
yesterday.
 5. Manner
as, like, as if / as though
My friend thinks as / like I do.
He doesnt know the answer.
knew
He acts as if he the answer.
It is not winter.
The old lady dresses as though
it were winter.
...
Tom didnt work hard.
Tom looked tired as if ...
he had worked hard.
..
 AS IF / AS THOUGH
S + V (present) + as if + S + V2; were.
as though

S + V (past) + as if + S + V (past perfect).

as though
 Rewrite the sentences below.
Using AS IF/AS THOUGH.

My head seems to be on fire now. (I feel as if )

I feel as if my head were on fire now.
He spent his money like a prince. (as though)
He spent his money as though he had been a
prince.
She dresses up like a queen. (as if)
She dresses up as if she were a queen.
 6. Contrast
although, even if = even though, though, whereas
Although the weather was very bad,
Though I like the sweater,
The red pills make me feel sick whereas the blue
ones don't.
I always spend money when I have it whereas ..
Even if I become a millionaire, ..
 7. Location
Where, wherever
Wherever you go, you can always find beauty.
I always want to visit where

8. Choice
Whether (or not)
He is happy whether he wins (or not).
Whether (or not) we are successful, .
 9. Comparison
as as, than, more than, less than

He can earn money as much as he can.

10. Introduce a
new clause
That

Im delighted (that) you can come.

 1.Time 2. Reason / Cause 4. Condition
- after - because - if, unless, only if
- before - as (=because) - provided /
- since - since (=because) providing (that) =
- till / until - now that (=because as long as / so long
- as (=while) now) as
- when - inasmuch as - supposing (that) =
- as soon as - why if
- once (=as soon 3. Result / Purpose - if only = S + Wish
as; when) in order that, so (that) 5. Manner
- whenever LEST+ S+ (should) + bare as, as if, as though,
- while inf. like
6. Contrast 9.
7. 10.
although, even Comparison
Location 8. Choice Introduce a
if, even as as, than,
Where, Whether new clause
though, more than, less
wherever That
though, than
whereas
Practice 17-3
Practice 17-4 (1-5)
 Using Relative pronouns
Who Whom What Wherever
Which Whose Whatever Whenever
That When Whichever However
Where Whoever
Why Whomever
Read the following paragraph. Identify the kinds
of sentences in this paragraph. Write the number
of the sentence in the appropriate column.
Simple Compound Complex
sentence sentence sentence

1 8 2 5 6 9
4 3 7 10
Students who wear uniforms behave better.
Long Beach, California, which was one of the
first cities in the United States to require
uniforms in elementary and middle school,
reported increased attendance and decreased
bad behavior.
Schools that require uniforms erase economic
and social differences.
Anybody who wants to come is welcome.
 Adjective clauses
An adjective clause always follows the
noun / pronouns it gives more information
about.
Who: used for people
Which: used for things
That: used for things (and for people in
informal English)
Practice 17-5
 Identifying relative clauses
A man who said Tom was out answered the phone.
The woman who I admire has won an Oscar.

The book which is on the table is mine.

Please post the letters which I wrote this morning.
 Identifying relative clauses
A man who said Tom was out answered the phone.
The woman who I admire has won an Oscar.
=> The woman that I admire has won an Oscar.
=> The woman whom I admire has won an Oscar.
=> The woman I admire has won an Oscar.
The book which is on the table is mine.
Please post the letters which I wrote this morning.
=> Please post the letters that I wrote this morning.
=> Please post the letters I wrote this morning.
 Adjective clauses
Who, Which, That: used as both subjects
and objects of adjective clauses.
Who is usually used instead of whom,
especially in speaking. Whom is generally
used in only very formal English.
An object pronoun is often omitted from
an adjective clause.
Punctuating Adjective Clauses
 Punctuating Adjective Clauses
Essential / restrictive / defining clauses:
give necessary information
Nonessential / nonrestrictive / non-defining
clauses:
give extra information
 Punctuating Adjective Clauses
(that)
Rachel Kingsley, who uses drugs, is not a good parent. N
=> A person who uses drugs is not a good parent. E
The student who is sitting next to the window isnt
paying attention. E
(that)
=> Michael, who is sitting next to the window, isnt
paying attention. N
(that)
,
Lets study at my apartment _______ which is just a few
minutes from campus. N

They rented an apartment _______ that was close to
their childs school. E
 Punctuating Adjective Clauses
Essential / restrictive / defining clauses:
give necessary information
Nonessential / nonrestrictive / non-defining
clauses:
give extra information

Use THAT with ESSENTIAL clauses only.

NEVER use COMMAS when a clause begins
with THAT.
Practice 17-6 (p.279)
 The teacher is Mr. Pike. We studied with him last year.
The teacher with whom we studied last year is Mr.
Pike.
with who
Do you see the pen? I have just written the lesson with
it.
Do you see the pen with which I have just written the
lesson?
with that
I apologized the woman. I spilled her coffee.
I apologized the woman whose coffee I spilled.
The man is my father. I respect his opinions most.
The man whose opinions I respect most is my father.
What does which refer to in each sentence?
Sam took the final exam, which he passed
without cheating.
Sam took the final exam. He passed it
without cheating.
The soccer team worked very hard to win,
which made their coach very proud.
=> Which modifies the whole clause.
=> The soccer team worked very hard to win.
That / This made their coach very proud.
The pronouns that and this can refer to the
idea of a whole sentence which comes before.
Tom was late. That surprised me.
=>Tom was late, which surprised me.
The elevator is out of order. This is
too bad.
=> The elevator is out of order, which
is too bad.
 In my class there are 20 students. Most of them are from
Asia.
=> In my class there are 20 students, most of whom are
from Asia.
The city has sixteen schools. Two of them are private
colleges.
=> The city has sixteen schools, two of which are private
colleges.
I tried on six pairs of shoes. I liked none of them.
=> I tried on six pairs of shoes, none of which I liked.
The teachers discussed Jim. One of his problems was
poor study habits.
=> The teachers discussed Jim, one of whose problems
was poor study habits.
 The town is very small. I grew up in this town.

The town which I grew up in is very small.

The town that I grew up in is very small.
The town I grew up in is very small.
The town in which I grew up is very small.
The town where I grew up is very small.
 I clearly remember the day. I rode a bike for the
first time then (on that day).
I clearly remember the day when I rode a bike for
the first time.
I clearly remember the day on which I rode a bike
for the first time.
I clearly remember the day that I rode a bike for
the first time.
I clearly remember the day I rode a bike for first
time.
Thats the reason. I dont like that movie because
of that reason.
Thats the reason why I dont like that movie.
 Indefinite relative pronouns
(What, Whatever, Whichever)
She will tell you the thing(s) that you need to
know.
She will tell you what you need to know.
=> What = The thing(s) that (as a subject or object)
He seemed to say anything that came to mind.
He seemed to say whatever came to mind.
=> Whatever = anything that (as a subject or object)
Write in pen or pencil, anything that you prefer.
Write in pen or pencil, whichever you prefer.
=> Whichever = anything that (when having a
choice)
 Indefinite relative pronouns
(Whoever, Whomever)
Any person that crosses this line first will win the
race.
Whoever crosses this line first will win the race.
=> Whoever = Any person that (as a subject or
object)
The coach will select any person that he pleases.
The coach will select whoever / whomever he
pleases.
=> Whomever = Any person that (as an object)
 Indefinite relative pronouns
(Wherever, Whenever)

He always keeps in touch anywhere that

he is.
He always keeps in touch wherever he
is.
=> Wherever = Anywhere that
Call me anytime that you can.
Call me whenever you can.
=> Whenever = Anytime that
 Indefinite relative pronouns
(However)
You can dress the way / anyway that you like for
the party, it's not formal.
You can dress however you like for the party,
it's not formal.
It doesn't matter how rich they may be, it still
isn't enough for them.
However rich they may be, it still isn't enough
for them.
However = Anyway that
In any manner / way
Regardless of how
1. I'll always love you ...
2. The girls can get up ...
3. We'll go there ...
4. They said we could invite ...
5. I'll go by bus or train,
 TEST 1 FORMAT
(maximum 60 minutes)
1. Identify kinds of sentences: simple sentences,
compound sentences, complex sentences.
2. Complete the sentences with appropriate
coordinating conjunctions, subordinating
conjunctions, transition words or phrases, relative
pronouns. Punctuating properly.
Example: I like football ________ I play it every day.
3. Combine two or three sentences using the given
word/phrase.
Example: She is beautiful. She is also intelligent. (in
addition)
 TEST 1 FORMAT
(maximum 60 minutes)
4. Complete the sentences with the given
dependent / independent clauses.
Example: as long as we have time.
We will not go to that restaurant again
5. Write some sentences as requirements from
the given topics
Example: Topic: Technology
Write a compound sentence consisting of a
coordinating conjunction. Use either plural or
singular form.