Grammar-Mr Galal Hasanin

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Revision
NOUNS
1) Proper nouns: Omayma - Yaser - Egypt Africa
2) Abstract nouns: happiness - Sadness - love fear health - weather
3) Concrete nouns: Girl - book - school watch
CONCRETE NOUNS
Countable & uncountable nouns

Countable nouns: ( a / an /one )
A pen / pens / an eye / eyes / one car
Some pens / a lot of pens / many pens / a few pens
Uncountable nouns : ) (
NOUNS ALWAYS SINGULAR
Always singular, no a-an, they take (much, little, some, a piece of)
News physics advice lightning
Baggage - luggage furniture bread thunder
Traffic information work cheese
Economics scenery money gymnastics
Electronics athletics phonetics ethics
Music knowledge wood help
Some information / a lot of information / much information / a little information
The news (is) very important.
Whose baggage (is) there?
(a piece of a bit of an item of ) refers to parts.
Only two bits of the news (are) important.
This table and that chair (are) two pieces of my furniture.
: *
water a glass of water / a bottle of water / two bottles of water
oil a kilo of oil / two kilos of oil
bread a loaf of bread / two loaves of bread
paper a sheet of paper / two sheets of paper
cloth a metre of cloth
A flash of lightning a clap of thunder a bit / an item of news a piece of advice
a packet of tea a speck of dust a grain of sand a drop of blood a tube of toothpaste
a jar of jam a chunk of meat a slice of meat a box of matches a bar of chocolate
Galal Hassanein 01004004263

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a segment of orange a cube of sugar a spoonful of sugar a kilo of sugar
**a bit of / a piece of / an item of :

I have some furniture. (three)
I have three pieces of furniture.
He hasnt got much luggage. (pieces)

He hasnt got many pieces of luggage.
He gave me some advice. (two)

He gave me two pieces of advice.
How much news have you got? (bits)
How many bits of news have you got?
All news is important. (are)
All bits of the news are important.
Id like some bread, please. (a)
Id like a loaf of bread, please.
A pair of +
A pair of shoes trousers pants scissors etc.
Two pairs of shoes
police cattle people youth - staff
The police are searching for the criminal.
A lot of negative interrogative many + count. / much + uncount.
I bought a lot of bread. (not) (Did you)

I didnt buy much bread.
Did you buy much bread?
no = not any
I have no money. (not) I dont have any money.
Job / Work
Job: countable noun (a job jobs many/a few jobs)
Work: uncountable noun (work much/a little work at/to/from/in/out of work)
He has a few jobs to do. (work) He has a little work to do.
Exercises
Choose the correct answers:
1. He is fond of politics which (is-are-were-have been) his main interest.

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2. The youth (is-was-are-has) the backbone of any nation.

3. Athletics (are-were-have been-is) my favourite sport.
4. The staff (isn't-aren't-hasn't-can't) happy with the new decisions.
5. The news he received yesterday (are-were-is-was) favourable
6. Twenty miles (are-have been-is-were) a long way to walk.
7. My father is in (a-an-the-no article) good health.
8. A great (number-numbers-deal-dealing) of money is spent on weapons.
9. The project provided many (work-works-job-jobs) for the youth.
10. What (a-an-the-no article) lovely scenery!
11. What (a-an-the-no article) lovely view!
12. Could you give me (a few-many-a lot-some) information, please?
13. My father gave me much (job-work-jobs-works) to do.
14. There is (a-some-much-many) furniture factory near my house.
15. He has a lot of (experts-experiences-experiments-exports) in life.
16. Electronics (are-were-is-has) my favourite field.
17. (A few-a little-Much-A lot) students attended the school party.
18. There isnt (many-few-some-much) oil in the bottle.
19. (Two-Two parts of-Two pieces of-Two slices of) the furniture should be taken away
to make more space.
20. I go to the dentist (three times-three pieces of time-three items-three bits of time) a
month.
21. I listened to (a music-two pieces of music-two musics-a lot music) yesterday.
22. I bought all (paper-papers-pieces of paper-sheets of paper) to know the result of my
son.
23. I borrowed (a paper-a sheet of paper-a chunk of paper-an item of paper) to write
down what he was saying.
24. There arent (many-much-a little-a lot) bottles of milk left.
25. I have (some-much-many-no) money so Ill have to borrow ten pounds from Ali.
26. Ten kilos of sugar (is consumed-was consumed-are consumed-were consumed) in
yesterdays party.
Rewrite the following sentences:
1. I have much work to do. (jobs)
2. He advised me a lot. (advice)
3. He bought much bread. (many)
4. Could you buy me oil, please? (a)
5. He gave me a lot of information. (many)
6. Id like to buy cheese. (a)
7. I dont have any water. (no)
8. Would you like some coffee? (a)
9. I want to buy some of this cloth. (a)
10. I dont have much paper. (sheets)
11. What a lovely child! (How)
12. How much furniture have you bought? (many)

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ADJECTIVES
a fat man a small house a huge bird
Adjectives end in ing for things:

a boring film a tiring meeting
Adjectives end in ed for people:

He was bored. I got tired.
The journey was (exciting) so I was (excited).
The tourist was impressed by the pyramids.
The pyramids were impressive.
)( (ed) ( () ..ing) **
an interesting man a complicated problem.
He is a fox-hunting man.
I agreed to the adopted policy.
The following verbs are followed by adjectives:

to be - get - become - feel - smell - taste - seem look - sound
He is exhausted. She looks sad. It became bad.
(look + preposition ) is followed by an adverb:
He looked at me angrily. *He looked angry
ADVERBS
Most adverbs are (adj. + ly).
Quick. Quickly /fantastic Fantastically / terrible .terribly
This boy is (quick). (adj)
This boy runs (quickly). (adv)
-ly adverbs used instead of very: adverb + adjective

Terribly-seriously-fantasticaly-extremely-tremendously-incredibly-awfully-bitterly-
reasonably-badly-absolutely-dreadfully-really
This restaurant is reasonably cheap.
He was bitterly disappointed that he lost the match.
Adverb + adjective = adjective + noun
Mount Everest is fantastically high.= It has a fantastic height.
He is incredibly clever. (cleverness)
Adjectives end in (ly)

Friendly - lovely - lonely - silly lively- elderly - fatherly brotherly- ugly.

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It's a silly book.

(in a / an .. way)
His behaviour is friendly. (behaves)
He behaves in a friendly way.
He is silly in dealing with his friends. (deals)
*good ----> well
He is (good) at football. (well)
He plays football (well).
:*
fast - hard - late - high - ealy
Adel is fast. Adel runs fast.
The exam was hard. He studies hard.
HARDLY ( negative)
can hardly - could hardly
I (can hardly) solve this problem.
hardly any + noun = almost no
She (hardly) ate any thing.
hardly ever + verb = almost never
I (hardly ever) drink coffee.
Hardly had + + pp when + +
Hardly had I rung the bell when Amir opened the door.
:*
She could hardly answer the question, could she?
He hardly ate anything, did he?
Comparative and superlative adjectives

There are three degrees of comparison:
A) Short adjectives:
Adjective Comparative Superlative

Adj. + er The adj. + est
Cheap Cheaper The cheapest
Lucky Luckier The luckiest
Hot Hotter The hottest
B) Long adjectives:
:( re-le-ve-ful-ing-ed-ly) **

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Adj. Comparative Superlative

More The most
+ adj. + than + adj.
Less The least.
Expensive More expensive than The most expensive
A mouse is (smaller than) a cat.

Roshdy is (the bravest) soldier.
I am clever at cooking but my sister is cleverer.
I am clever at cooking but my mother is the cleverest cook Ive ever known.
It is the most expensive car I have ever seen. (use: never)
I've never seen such an expensive car.
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
good better best

bad worse worst
far farther farthest
many much more most
little less least
old older oldest
elder eldest
My elder brother is a pilot.

He is older than I am. (elder than )
as as
He is ( as good as ) his father.
Not as / so as
He is (not as good as ) his father.
His father is better than he is.
No one is so active as Ali is. (more) (most)
Ali is more active than everyone is.
No one is more active than Ali.
Ali is the most active one.
It is / was + adj of + noun / pronoun + to +

You are kind because you visit me. (B.W: It)
It's kind of you to visit me.
She was clever because she solved the problem. (B.W: It)
It was clever of her to solve the problem.

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The + adj +
blind - deaf - rich - poor - disabled - dead - unemployed
The blind are often ambitious.
too + adj / adv to +
He is too weak to carry the box. He can't. (negative)
adj / adv + enough to +

He is strong enough to carry the box.
so + adj / adv that +
He is so weak that he can't carry the box.
such a/an +adj + noun

He is such a weak person that he can't carry the box.
: ) such so)
So weak is he that he can't carry the box.
Such a weak person is he that he can't carry the box.
: enough too
He is too weak to carry the box.
He isn't strong enough to carry the box.
The + .er , the + . er
.*
(The larger) the city, (the greater) the problems.
(The smaller) the room, (the less) it will cost us.
The older I get, the happier I am.
The more dangerous it is, the more I like it.
The sooner you Start, the more quickly you'll finish.
The more you work, the more you learn
The more people you know, the less time you have to see them.
Double comparatives
/ ..er and / ..er
She is getting fatter and fatter.

We are going more and more slowly.

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ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY
Some Any - No
Some is used with (countable nouns) & (uncountable nouns).
I met some friends yesterday. Give me some water, please.
Some is used in offer and request.
Would you like some bananas? Can I have some apples?
Any is used with (uncountable) & (countable) in negative and question, and after
(if).
Have you got any children?
No, 1 haven't got any children.
He left home without any money.
He prevented me from doing anything.
No = not any
I dont have any time. I have no time.
I didnt eat anything. I ate nothing.
He didn't give me any books. He gave me no books.
None +
I met none. I met none of my friends. (none of + )
Someone - somebody - anyone - anybody - no one - no body -every body - every

one.
Everyone is pleased, aren't they?

Nobody in the class did their home work. = his or her work
If any one wants to leave early, they can.
Many Much A Lot of
Many + pl. ( )
Many students many girls
Much + uncountable )(
Much sugar much work
lots of - plenty of a lot of + (countable & uncountable)
a lot of time. a lot of sugar. a lot of books. a lot of girls.
Have you got many books?
I haven't got much money.
Have you got much work?
We spent a lot of money.
There has been a lot of rain.

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Little & Few

Little + uncountable
little money little water

few + pl
few boys few houses

a few - a little = some
few - little = hardly any (Negative)
He bought (a few) books, didn't he?
He bought (few) books, did he?
In affirmative constructions.
* uncountable (sing) * countable (pl)
a lot of/ lots of a lot of/ lots of
plenty of plenty of
a good/ great deal of a good / great many
a large quantity of a large number of/ large numbers of
A lot of people were invited to the banquet.
I still have a lot of money . There is lots of water in the bottle.
We still have a great deal of time.
A large number of clues were found after the crime.
EXERCISES
Choose the correct answer:
1. Is there (any one - some one - no one - some body ) to be the project financier?
2. Would you like ( some - any - none - few ) tea?
3. He is lazy. He never does (some-any-little-a few) work.
4. There's (some one - any one - any body - body) at the door.
5. She refused to say ( some thing - anything - nothing - thing).
6. Can you give me ( some - any - no - few ) information about the town?
7. I like all my family but I like my father (good-better-best-the best) of all.
8. If ( some one - any one - none - some body ) rings the door bell, let them in.
9. There's hardly ( some - none - any - no) water to wash my face.

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10. You can tell him ( some thing - any thing - nothing ) you like.
11. Where did you go yesterday? (Some where - any where - no where ), I stayed at
home.
12. 1 couldn't make an omelette because I had ( no - some - none - any ) eggs.
13. 1 couldn't make an omelette because I didn't have (no - some - any - none ) eggs.
14. The accident was serious but fortunately ( some - no - none - any) was injured.
15. There weren't ( a lot of - many - much - little ) people there.
16. Is there (a lot of - many - much -few ) time to collect our things ?
17. We spent ( a lot - many - lots of- few ) money on the project.
18. He travelled ( a few - a little - much - one ) years ago.
19. 1 don't think he would be a good father. He's got (few - little - many - a) wisdom in
life.
20. If any one needs help, (he - she - they - we) can ask me.
21. More than one person (are-is-were~has) going to lose the job.
22. A number of my friends (are-is-was-have) used to visiting me every Friday.
23. Nearly all of the students were absent yesterday. (All-None-Some-Most) students
were absent yesterday.
24. He is on a three- (day-day's-days-days) journey.
25. There were (none-no-any-most of) shops open.
26. Yesterday I watched an ( exciting - excited - excite - excitement) match.
27. Salma is the (clever - cleverer - cleverest - cleverness ) one in the class.
28. He often drives his car ( careful - carefully - more careful - care).
29. She often behaves (polite - politeness politely - impolite).
30. Reda is (good - badly well - goodly) at English.
31. Usama speaks French ( good - bad well the best).
32. The table is (heavier - heavy heaviest the heaviest) than the chair.
33. Our teacher is (friend - friendship friendly - friends) towards us.
34. He usually works (hard - hardy hardly - harden).
35. 1 hardly (never - ever no - none ) go to the theatre.
36. She hardly drank (something-nothing -any thing - thing).
37. (Hard - hardly harden - hardy) had we arrived when our friends received us.
38. The poor ( are - is - has - have) often in trouble.
39. He is (elder - older eldest - oldest) than I am.
40. The bag was too (heavy - heavier heaviest the heaviest) for me to carry.
41. (The biggest - the big - the bigger - bigger) the house is, the more money it will
cost.
42. He speaks English (fewer- worse much little) than he writes it.
43. Mahas car is expensive but mine is (many more- much more a fewer more lot
more) expensive.
44. I am good at driving but Nabil is (better good the best best) driver Ive ever
met.
45. This year we expect (many-much-lot-a little) more tourists than last year.
46. He is doing (fairly-rather-awfully-terribly) better at school.

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47. Each of the rooms has (their-its-her-his) own bathroom.

1. Adel was unable to do better because he was lazy. (such)
2. Some of the passengers had bad injures. (badly)
3. If u have much money, you can buy many things. (The)
4. My brother could do nothing. (Use: "hardly")
5. He hardly fixed the car, ? (Add a tag question).
6. Every one has arrived, ? (Tag question).
7. No one is so clever as Ali. (B. W: Ali).
8. 1haven't read any of his books. (Re-write using: none)
9. The majority of the soldiers were disappointed. (all)
10. Much money was spent on clothing. (deal)
11. We drank a lot of water. (number)
12. He is too busy to answer the telephone. (enough)
13. She is the best student I have ever met. (never)
14. He gave me a fatherly look. (He looked)
15. He is wise enough to solve his problems peacefully. (So)
16. The horse was very naughty to the extent that I couldn't handle it. (too)
17. The book was too boring for me to read. (enough)
18. He is greatly powerful. (power)
19. The soldier was so brave that he defended his leader. (bravery)
20. The plane was too high for me to see. (It)
21. Most students did their best to get high marks. (Almost)
22. We have no time to waste. (any)

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Revision on "Pronouns "

Subject Object Possessive Reflexive
I Me My book Mine Myself
You You Your pen Yours Yourself
He Him His car His Himself
She Her Her dress Hers Herself
It It Its tail Its Itself
We Us Our house Ours Ourselves
You You Your factory Yours Yourselves
They Them Their school Theirs Themselves
One One Ones parents Oneself
Subject + verb + object

Examples:
My father is a doctor. He helps sick people.
I saw Ali yesterday. When I saw him, he was shopping. I think he didnt see me.
One should respect ones principles.
I called Ahmed and Ayman. I called them in the evening. They were busy. They were
preparing their equipment.
Its my pen. Its mine.

That car is (hers)
This is a pen (of mine). A pen of (my own).
Salwa is a friend (of hers).
Each other one another

Amira likes Marwa. Marwa likes Amira. Amira and Marwa like each other.
S Genitive
after people, animals, time, place
Ahmed's shirt women's place
The student's book A horse's tail
The students' book.
Tomorrow's news Last Sundays paper a week's holiday 3 hours' walk

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Compare:
He had two weeks holiday. He had a two-week holiday.
Africas economy. Egypt's people
s refers to places:
My aunt's the butcher' s
The door key = The key of the door.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
-1
(One) should serve (oneself).
(She) protects (herself).
(I) invited (myself) to the party.
-2
(He himself) fixed the car.
(He) fixed the car (himself).
The film itself wasn't very good but I liked the music.
by + = on + + own = without help
She painted the room by herself = on her own
This machine works (by itself) . (without help)
by himself = on his own = alone without any help
Enjoy yourself
Help yourself to a drink
Behave yourself = be polite
(dress/wash/shave/shower/feel/concentrate/relax) :*
I got up, showered, shaved and dressed.
She dressed her mother herself.
: *
with - next to - near - under - below - over - above.
She brought the money with her.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Who - Which - That - Whom Whose
1)Who: + who + (who can be replaced by that)
(Sameh) gets high marks. (He) is clever.
Sameh (who) is clever gets high marks.
Sameh who gets high marks is clever.
I met (Salma). (She) won the race. I met Salma who won the race.
(..ing) ( who) *
The boy who sits = sitting behind me is called Mustafa.

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2) Whom: + whom +
(Adel) is clever. The teachers like (him).
Adel (whom) the teachers like is clever.
You can put the preposition after the verb or before whom.
This is (my friend) .1 play (with him).
This is my friend (whom) I play (with).
This is my friend (with whom) I play.
( whom) ( that)
This is my friend (that) I play with.
3) Which:
I live in a (house) . (It) is very high . -
I live in a house (which) is very high
This is (the stone) . He was hit (by it)
This is the stone (which) he was hit by.
This is the stone by (which) he was hit.
This is the stone (that) he was hit by. This is the stone he was hit by.
which + to be + p.p.
The food, which was left uncovered, went bad. (which + was)
The food left uncovered went bad.
4)Whose: noun + whose + noun (that)
(Her brother) is married. (His) name is Adel.
Her brother (whose) name is Adel is married.
This is (Huda). (Huda's) mother is a teacher.
This is Huda (whose) mother is a teacher.
NP (any, the only, the best , all ) are followed by that:
I know all (that) he said.
This is the best photo (that) I took.
but + = who which +
There is no woman who doesn't like gold. (use: but)
There is no woman but likes gold.
All people believes him. = There is no one who doesn't believe=but believes him.
5)When : time + when = at/on/in which
I still remember the day (when) we first met. = (on which)
6) Where : place + where = in which
Mansoura is the town (where)I was born.(in which)
The cinema was the place where they met.= at which
7)What = the thing(s) that

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I gave her the money that she needed. I gave her what she needed.
The thing that = What I like about my job is dealing with people.
8) Why: reason + why + = for + ( ing or noun)
Is there a reason why she did that ? = .. for doing that?
EXERCISE
1. I've got three (weeks-week-weeks'-week's) holiday.
2. I've got a three-(week-weeks-weeks'-week's) holiday.
3. I've got a (week-week's-weeks'-weeks) holiday.
4. I've got one (week-week's-weeks'-weeks) holiday.
5. I've got a one- (week-week's-weeks'-weeks) holiday.
6. I should introduce Saad to Reda because they don't know (themselves-himself-each other-each).
7. This is a matter for you and (I-me-my-myself) to decide.
8. Neither Tarek nor (me-I-myself-mine) am responsible for this mess.
9. No one on this bus seems to know (his-her-his or her) way around this part of New York City.
10. Either the classrooms or the auditorium must have (their-its-it-theirs) floor refinished.
11. Tate George scored in the final two seconds, and the crowd roared (their-its-his-her) approval.
12. Saul's brother left the matter entirely up to (he-him) and (I-me).
13. He didn't seem to care much about (we-us-ours-ourselves) voters.
14. (We-Us-Ours-Ourselves) voters must learn to vote in our own self interest.
15. At first, I wanted to split the money between Ramy and (I-me-myself) . I ended up giving the
money to (me-myself-I).
16. To (who-that-whom-which) did you give the book?
17. You may give this money to (who-whomever-whoever-whose) you please.
18. I can't figure out (who-whom-what-him) I should blame for this.
19. Give these old coats to (whom-whomever-whoever-which) seems to need them most.
20. The teacher seemed to flunk (who-whoever-whomever-what) she didn't like.
21. To (who-whoever-whom,-whomever) should I address this question?
22. 1 know the man (which - who - whom - what) won the race.
23. This is the best (that - who - whom - which) I can do for you.
24. She sent a prize to her friend (who - whom - which - he) she loved dearly.
25. This is the plane on (that - which - whose - whom) I came to London.
26. My friend (who - which - whose - that) name's Ramy is clever.
27. Its a book of (me-my-mine-I).
28. That blue car is (she - her - hers - her's).
29. He built the house (he - his - him - himself).
30. 1 saw (me - I - my - myself) in the mirror.
31. I admire the handwriting not the theme (myself-itself-himself-herself).

1. More and more people are updating their computer software. That makes compusoft a good
company to work for. (What)
2. Students working hard, get high marks. (who)
3. Ramy can defend himself. He is bold. (who)
4. Do you know the boy? I spoke to you about him. (whom)
5. The man is waiting outside. You bought the car from him. (whom)
6. This is the writer. His book was made into a film. (whose)
7. The tree fell onto some fishermen. All of them were injured. (whom) (who)

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8. Here is the book. You asked for it yesterday. (which)

9. The woman was angry. The woman's car was stolen. (whose)
10. She's got a holiday of three days. (a three)
11. You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it. (Thank you.)
12. I was sitting on a chair. It suddenly collapsed. (The chair)
13. People who defend their country are brave. (defending).
14. All students respect him. (who) (but)
15. He is often late for his appointments. That annoys me. (What)
16. The ship, destroyed in the port, was American. (which)
17. Do you have a reason for committing that crime ?( why)
18. I don't believe his words. (what)
19. I know the writer of this novel. (who)
20. This is the house in which she was brought up. (where)
21. The thing that I'd like is a digital watch. (What)
22. It was a meeting.. I didn't realize its importance at the time. (whose)
23. She is married to a physicist. You may have heard of him. (whom)
24. Did you go on holiday by yourself? (own)

1) I went to the baker's (that-who-where-whom) I bought two loaves.
2} She gave me and (hers-herself-here-his} two nice flowers
3) One should be careful about (her-their-one's-his) work.
4) It was (he-himself-his-him') you were talking about.
5) I found no books there except (me-my-mine-myself).
6) There was no one there except (he-him-his-himself).
7) Mustafa is a friend of (my-I-he-mine).
8) His car is faster than (our-ours-us-we).
9) One should learn to defend (himself-themselves-herself-oneself) against any dangerous thought.
10) I don't get any one to service my car. I can manage it (I-myself me-mine).
11) Adel is taller than (me-I-myself-himself} am.
12) I know the flat (which-that-where-when) he lives in.
13) (The-My-A-No word) house which I bought last year has got a fence.
14) He can't remember the time (that-which-when-where) he saw her
15) Have you brought (that-which-what-why) I asked for ?
16) I don't know the reason (when-where-why-which} he bought that box.
17) Can you tell me (when-where-why-which) road leads to the sea?
18) It's' me that (am-is-were-are) responsible for the organization
19) You should remain faithful to the person to (who-that-which-whom.) you are married
20) It's the best film (which-who-that-whom) has ever been made on the subject of madness.
21) The thing (what-that-when-whatever) makes her a good customer service is that she is very patient.

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Revision on Tenses
Present Tenses
The Present Simple
I often study at night. He often studies at night.
Uses of "present simple":
1- Fact:
Almost all of our energy comes originally from the sun.
All living things need food to live and grow.
2- Habit:
Always often usually sometimes rarely generally never every day/week/month
She usually takes exercises in the morning.
He is always thirst for information.
She goes to the club every day. 'every day'
In the morning, she takes her everyday exercise. 'everyday'
3- It refers to future after the following:

When-till-until-if-after-before-as soon as-as long as-the moment-by the time
As soon as he comes back, I will phone him.
After I finish my home work, I'll watch TV.
4- It refers to the future with timetables and programmes:
The train to Luxor leaves at 7 pm tomorrow.
What time does the film begin?
Negative
Don't-doesn't-never-no longer=anymore
I don't play football. He doesn't play football.
I never stay up late outdoors.
Never do I stay up late outdoors.
No longer does she watch TV. = She no longer watches TV. = She doesn't watch TV anymore.
Question
Do-Does
Does Nahed go to the cub on Sundays?
What time do you prefer studying Math?
The Present Continuous

Am/is/are + ..ing
Uses of 'Present continuous':
1- It refers to what is happening now:
Now-at the moment-look-listen-still
He is still doing the homework.

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2- It refers to what is happening around the time of speaking:

Hassan is building a new house this month.
3- Changing situations:
I'm very glad with him. He is getting better at English.
4- To express what you have already arranged to do in the future:
What are you doing tomorrow evening?
I'm going to the theatre. = I've arranged to do that.
A list of verbs which are not used in continuous tenses:
Want like belong know suppose remember

need love see realise mean forget
prefer hate hear believe understand seem
Have own possess Think
The Present Perfect

Have/has +p.p
Uses of ' Present Perfect':
1- It refers to a an action happened in the past but we don't say when it happened:
He has bought a car.
He bought a car yesterday.
2- to express a recent happening:
I have just signed a new contract.
He has gone to Canada. = He is not here.
He has been to Canada. = He has come back.
3- With 'already' to say that something has happened indeed: ) (
Don't forget to post the letter, Ali?
I have already posted it.
3- 'Yet' in question and negative:
Have you posted the letter yet?
No, I haven't posted it yet.
4- ever & never:
Have you ever met the president?
No, I have never met the president.
He is the cleverest boy I have ever met.
I have never met such a clever boy.
5- recently & lately = not long ago
I have received much information recently.
I haven't seen him lately.
I have been feeling very tired lately.

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6- It is the first time ..

It is the first time he has driven a car. = He has never driven a car before.
7- for & since

for + for a year/two months/three hours/a few days/the last week
since + since last year/January/5 o'clock/last week
since + I have been here since you phoned me.
8- Present perfect is used to express how much,how many things or how many times we have done
something:
She has written two letters.
How much sugar have you already added?
How often has he been to the club this week?
9- Notice the following changes:
It is + since + subject last + = subject + haven't/hasn't +pp for +
It is three weeks since I last watched TV. (for)
subject last + when + = subject haven't/hasn't pp +since
He last visited me when he 20. (since)
The last time + subject + was + + ago. = subject + haven't/hasn't pp for +
The last time I saw him was two days ago. (for)
The last time he played tennis was in 2003. (for) (since)
10- It refers to future after the following:
When-till-until-if-after-before-as soon as-as long as-the moment-by the time
I won't go out until I have finished my work.
The present perfect continuous

Have / has been + ..ing
He has been doing the homework for two hours now.
Uses of 'Present perfect continuous':
1- It refers to an action which began in the past and is still happening:
For since all day/week
It has been raining for two hours now. = It began two hours ago and it is still raining.
He started to learn English three years ago. (for)
she began to play tennis when she was eight. (since)
How long have/has + subject + been ..ing ? = How long ago did + subject + start to ?
How long have you been playing football? (ago)
1. It's 7 o'clock. He has been here for two hours. (Since)
2. She visits her parents every week. (not)
3. Wait here until he (come). (Correct)
4. I was reading a book. It was very useful. (Begin with: The book
5. Mansura (be) my town for 30 years (correct).

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6. It's ages since she last wrote to me. (for)

7. The last time I played football was when I was fifteen. (Use: since)
8. The car still needs repairing. (The car hasn't......)
9. She generally (wear) a black dress. (correct)
10. I sold my car to Ahmed, now it (belong) to him. (correct)
11. My mother (be) in the kitchen now; she (cook) the dinner. (correct)
12. Everyone in the village (believe) that he is innocent.(correct)
13. It the most expensive car I ever (see). (correct)
14. We have had a terrible weather (since-for-ago-yet) the last month. (choose)
15. My mother (cook) since one o'clock and she is still cooking. (correct)
16. He (study) all morning, but I (not start) to study yet. (correct)
17. I havent visited my uncle for three weeks. (ago)
18. He started to do the homework two hours ago. (for)
19. She is the cleverest girl I have ever met. (never)
20. She has been washing her dress for one hour now. (ago)
21. She hasnt phoned me for two weeks. (It)
22. She hasnt phoned me for two weeks. (last)
Correct the verbs in brackets:

1. You ever (meet) a famous actor?
2. He already (invite) 50 persons up till now.
3. How long you (do) the homework?
4. How much money you already (win)
5. Tom's sister (go) to school on Sundays?
6. He (do) research on Ancient Buildings this week.
7. He (have) some problems for years.
8. Tom will help her if she (ask) him.
9. He (read) 20 books so far.
10. He (repair) the car for two hours and he (not finish) yet.
11. She (look) tired at the moment.
12. He (brush) his teeth daily and he (brush) them now.
13. As soon as she (write) the letter, she will help her mother.
14. He has been doing the homework since he (come) back home.
15. she (cook) all afternoon.

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16. No longer (he is hungry-is he hungry).

17. I don't go there (no longer-no more-any more-hence)
18. We should find a solution; the level of the canal (rise) up.
19. He is an actor. He (appear) in several films.
20. Look! Somebody (break) that window. Who has done that?

1. A cold wind (has been blowing-blew-blows-is blowing) for the last three days.
2. I (haven't felt-didn't feel-wasn't feeling-haven't felt) as ill as I do now for a long time.
3. I'll see you in August when I (will come-will have come-came-come) back.
4. I (carry-was carrying-have been carrying-am carrying) this letter around for days and haven't even
looked at it.
5. Ouch! I (have cut-am to cut-had cut-had been cut) my thumb!
6. We have to read a book (at next week-every three weeks-a week ago-every three week).
7. I (have been looking-look-am looking-was looking) for this office since I arrived.
8. It has been raining heavily (sine-for-ago-before) the last week.
9. Mr Farouk (has gone-has been-had gone-is) to Cairo and he will phone when he comes back.
10. The show (start-starts-has started-started) at ten tomorrow evening.
11. She last (eat-eats-ate-has eaten) fish when she was young.
12. Over millions of years, the decayed remains (were formed-are formed-have been formed-are forming)
into fossil fuels.
13. I haven't seen him (since-for-in-ago) years and years.

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Have / Have got = own - possess

I have = have got a car
Questions & Negatives
Have you got = Do you have / Has he got = Does he have
Havent got = dont have / hasnt got = doesnt have
Have you got any money ?
Do you have any money ?
I havent got any money ?
I dont have any money ?
Past
(Had)
When I was young, I had a bike. (got )
When I was young, I didnt have a bike. Got
Did you have a bike when you were young? Got
(Have) not (Have got)

to refer to action
:( got)
Have breakfast, dinner, tea etc. (meals)
Have a swim / a rest / a holiday / a good time / a party
Have a shower / a bath / a wash/a walk/
Have a discussion / an argument/ a fight
Have a haircut / an operation / a baby.
Have an accident / a look at.
He is having dinner now. ( have)
Compare :
I have got a shower. (Possession)
I have a shower every morning. (Action)
(to) ( will-can- etc.) ( have) ( got)

He will have a car.
He is going to have a car.
She wants to have a car.
(having) ( got)
He is having a quarrel with his colleague at the moment.

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Exercises
1. She owns a car. (got)
2. He has a house. (possess)
3. My father owned a farm last year. (had)
4. He doesnt have a car. (got)
5. I havent got a dictionary. (own)
6. I had a bike last week. (not)
7. Have you got any money? (Do)
8. Do you have any money? (got)
9. Does she have a car? (got)
10. Has she got a car? (have)
11. He had a villa? (Did)
12. We walked along the river bank. (a walk)
13. They discussed for three hours. (had)
14. She rested for an hour. (a rest)
15. Did you go swimming yesterday? (have)

1. I (have-have got-am having-had) a shower every day.
2. When I saw him, he (was having got-was having-is having-has) his breakfast.
3. She hopes to (has-have-have got-got) a house in the country.
4. Has your father got a car? Yes, he (has got-has-does-owns).
5. (Having-Having got-To have-To have got) permission from the farmer, they put
up their tent in the field.
6. Does your brother (have-has-has got-have got) a football?
7. Two years ago, he (had got-had-has got-has) a credit card.
8. We (hadnt-hadnt got-didnt have-havent got) a very good time at the party last
night.
9. Has He got a car? No, he (hasnt got-hasnt-doesnt have-doesnt).
10. He wasnt allowed to enter the theatre as he (hasnt-hadnt-hadnt got-didnt
have) a ticket.
11. He (has got-has-is having-has had) a haircut every month.
12. He (is having-has got-own-is possessing) a car now.
13. She used to (has-have got-have-had) a mask to frighten her friends.

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EXERCISES
1. Both Laila and Alia are housewives. (Neither)
2. He took part in the match. and scored 3 goals . (Not only)
3. I'm not in the football team. Hassan is not in the football team. (Neither) (either)
4. I'm fond of history. My sister is fond of history. (as well as)
5. Unless you are early enough, You won't join the lecture . (Either)
6. He was a good hunter he missed the bird. (Yet - therefore - consequently - and).
(choose)
7. He is a good actor. He is a good swimmer. (as well)
8. I don't believe his story. I don't believe yours. (neither)
9. Magid as well as his friends (is - am - are - were) absent today . (choose)
10. I'm fond of history. My sister is fond of history. (Both)
11. She studies at Cairo University. She lives off her parents. (Not only)
12. He should study well (however - yet - otherwise) he will be punished. (choose)
13. Zamalek beat Al Ahly (but - nevertheless - thus) the cup was theirs. (choose)
14. Both of them are from Italy. (Negative)
15. He gave me the book and explained the main idea to me. (As well)
16. Last week we went to the theatre and the cinema. (Besides) (In addition)
17. He was late for school because he missed the bus. (Thats why) (therefore)
18. The match was cancelled due to the bad weather. (consequently)
19. Being ill I went to bed. (so)
20. Both of them are happy. (Neither)
21. Come in time and youll get your ticket. (Either)
22. My father isnt at home and my bother isnt either. (Neither) (and neither)
23. I couldnt sleep because of the noise. (so)
24. She didnt study. She didnt help her mother. (Neither)
25. Both Ziad and his friends like music. (too) (and so)

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EXERCISES
1. They crept up the stairs so that nobody could hear them. (so as not to).
2. He stayed up late because he wanted to finish his homework. (in order that)
3. We took a taxi. We didn't want to be late. (so as) (because)
4. He gets up early so that he may not be late for school. (so that)
5. Youth travel abroad to earn much money. (so that)
6. We held a conference. We wanted to discuss the new project. (in order that)
7. He trained well. He hoped to win the race. (in the hope of).
8. The police searched the house so that they could find the criminal. (so as)
9. She saved a lot of money for fear of falling in trouble. (in order that)
10. He disguised so as not to be recognized. (so that)
11. She sacrificed her life to save her son. (so that)
12. He did his homework lest the teacher should punish him. (as not)
13. He left for America in the hope that he might do post graduate studies. (order to)
14. He entertained us with his funny stories. He didn't want us to get bored. (so that)
15. Children should read a lot of books to gain much information. (so that)

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b) NEGATIVE
:( unless) ( if not)
But for / Without + (noun) or (..ing)

If it werent for + noun
If it hadnt been for + noun
Unless he studies, he will not succeed.
Without studying, he will not succeed.
Unless he had had money, he wouldn't have bought the car.
But for money, he wouldn't have bought the car.
Unless his wife helped him with her money, he would never be a director.
If it weren't for his wife's money, he'd never be a director.
Unless you had helped me, I would have lost. (If it......).
If it hadn't been for your help, I would have lost.
EXERCISES
1. The weather is not fine today so I will not go to the sea. (If.....)
2. She didn't win the game because she didn't have enough practice . (If.....)
3. I'm not a pilot so I can't fly a plane. (If.....)
4. If my father had given me enough freedom,................(complete).
5. He disobeyed his parents and therefore he lost all his money. (Rewrite beginning
with: " Unless " and make any necessary changes)
6. If he phones me, I'll congratulate him (unless)
7. If the weather were better, I would go for a walk. (Were)
8. Had he asked for my help,................. (Complete)
9. Without money, we couldn't carry out the project. (If) (enables)
10: Being careless, he suffered much in his life. (Unless)
11. Perhaps someone will ring the doorbell. If so, don't let them in. (If)
12. Unless we had the computer, we couldnt achieve our project. (If it)
13. He didnt understand the lesson because he didnt listen carefully. (Had)
14. Unless you study, you wont succeed. (In case of)
15. I wont visit Sameh until he apologizes to me. (If)
16. She doesnt have a washing machine so she washes her clothes by hand. (If) (Were)
17. You should pay attention otherwise you will not get better. (Unless) (provided that)
18. He was too tired to play. (Unless) (If)

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19. The Nile enables us to irrigate the land. (Without)

20. To be the winner you should exert all your effort. (as long as) provided that)
21. Had the weather not been terrible, they would have reached the village. (But for)
Contents
Subject Page
1. Countable and uncountable nouns 1
2. Pronouns 4
3. Articles 9
4. Have and have got 12
5. Adjectives 14
6. Verbs 21
7. Present tenses 22
8. Past tenses 30
9. When 33
10. Future tenses 35
11. Question 38
12. Question tag 41
13. Active and passive 42
14. Reported speech 47
15. Compound sentence 49
16. Clause of time 53
17. Contrast (although - Despite etc.) 55
18. Purpose (so that) 56
19. Result (so that) 58
20. Cause (because owing to) 60
21. Comparison 61
22. Manner 62
23. Conditional clause (If) 63
24. Irregular verbs 67
25. Direct and indirect speech (Reported Speech) 71
26. The unreal past 76
27. Modal auxiliaries 79
28. Inversion 83

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Past Tenses
Past Simple
He watched a nice film yesterday.
Uses of Past Simple:
1- It refers to a verb which happened and finished at a certain time in the past:
(yesterday-last-one day-once-those days-the other day-ago-in the past-How long ago)
He bought a new car two weeks ago.
The other day, I met an old friend.
2- habit in the past:
When I was young, I often went to the club. (it was my habit)
I used to study at night. = I usually studied at night.
3- It refers to a verb which happened for a period in the past:
He worked in this factory for three years and now he works in another one.
4- was/were supposed to + inf. = should / ought to have +pp
You were supposed to do your homework earlier yesterday.
Negative
Didn't + inf.
He didn't carry out my orders yesterday.
Question
When did you repair the car? = How long ago did you repair the car?
Rewrite:
1. You should have returned the book two days ago. (were)
2. He oughtn't have wasted his time. (supposed)
3. He used to read stories. (No)
4. He's just finished his work. (now)
Past Continuous
Was / were + ing
Uses of Past continuous:
1- to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time:
What were you doing at 7 yesterday evening?
This time yesterday, I was doing my homework.
2- Past continuous + past simple:
While/ As he was shopping, he met his friend. = While shopping, he met his friend.
When I saw him, he was washing the car.
She burnt her hand when she was cooking the dinner.
3-Past Continuous + Past continuous:
While I was having dinner, my brother was doing the homework. = During my dinner.
Rewrite:
1. He (study) all evening yesterday. (correct)
2. He (wait) for the bus when I (see) him.
Past Perfect
Had + pp
Uses of Past Perfect:

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1- to say that something had already happened before something else:

After / as soon as / the moment / when (past perfect) , (past simple)
After I had done my homework, I watched TV.
When he had had lunch, he had a rest for an hour.
After doing my homework, I watched TV. ( After + ..ing )
Having done my homework, I watched TV. (having + pp having + pp )
On doing my homework, I watched TV. (On + ..ing )
Immediately on doing my homework, I watched TV.
It was only when / It wasn't until (past perfect) that (past simple)
It was only when he had seen the photo that he realized she was a criminal.
before / by the time (past simple) , (past perfect)
Before I went home, I had already paid the bills. (before + going)
(past simple) until/ till (past perfect)
He didn't watch TV until he had done the homework.
No sooner (had + subject+pp) than (past simple)
Hardly / Scarcely (had + subject+pp) when (past simple)
Hardly had the teacher finished the question when I answered it.
The teacher had hardly finished the question when I answered it.
When (past simple) , (past perfect)
When I arrived at the party, he had already gone home. When = before
When (past perfect) , (past simple)
When he had checked the car engine, he set off. When = after
Past perfect (I had done) is the past of Present perfect (I have done):
I'm not hungry because I have just had lunch.
I was not hungry because I had just had lunch.
Rewrite:
1. When I arrived at the cinema, Tom (just go) out. (Correct)
2. I was very pleased to see him again because I (not see) him for five years. (correct)
3. I (never see) that man before so he was a complete stranger to me. (correct)
4. He typed the letter and then he printed it. (After)
The Unreal Past

We use (Past Simple) after the following words and expressions to express a present situation:
:
I wish If only If 2 suppose
I wish I were a pilot. = I'm not a pilot.
If only he knew my address, he would send me a letter. = he doesn't know my address.
If only he could drive the car, we wouldnt have to take a taxi. = He can't drive the car.
We use (Past Perfect) to express a situation in the past:

I wish I hadn't attended yesterday's conference. = I attended it and I'm sorry now.
If only he had completed his work, the boss wouldn't have been angry with him. = He didn't
Suppose the ring had been lost in the street yesterday.
We use (would / could) to express inability or complaining in the future:

I wish it would stop raining.
I wish I could take part in this competition.
I wish he would pass the exam next week.

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It's time It's about time It's high time + past simple (to express present or future)
It's nearly midnight. It's time we went home.
It's time the government did something about pollution
I'd rather + someone + past simple ( to express present or future)
I'd rather you didn't smoke now. = Don't smoke
I'd rather he visited us tomorrow. = I wish he would visit us. = I hope he will visit us.
I'd rather someone + had pp (to express past)
I'd rather he had visited us yesterday. = I wish he had visited us yesterday
as if / as though + past simple ( to talk about the present)

I don't like him. He talks as if he knew everything. = He doesn't know everything.
He talks as if he were the boss. = He is not the boss.
I'd like to have + pp = I wish I had + pp

I'd like to have completed my work yesterday. = I wish I had completed my work yesterday.
EXERCISES
A. Correct the verbs in brackets :
1. She spoke as if she (be ) a princess .
2. It's time you ( do ) your home work .
3. I'd rather you ( come ) here yesterday .
4. I wish I ( be ) there, I would tell them the truth .
5. Suppose he (listen) to you, he would have done a terrible mistake .
6. Imagine the car (break) down during your journey last week.
7. If only he (not eat) so much garlic last night.
8. He came in, looking as if he (see) a ghost.
9. Isn't it about time you ( begin ) to do some work. ?
10. If only I (know ) earlier, I'd have sent you a telegram .
11. I'd rather you ( go ) now .
12. He said he wished he (never see) her.
13. I'd rather you ( give ) me a new one instead of having it repaired as you did
14.1 wish I (not break) it.
15. If only he ( will) stop noise .
16.1 wish I (join) the university next year.
17. My mother wished I ( not go ) out yesterday .
18. I'd rather you ( pay ) me now .
19. I'd rather you (bring ) the book yesterday .
20. It's about time you (get) the tea ready .
B. Do as shown in brackets:
1) She ran like a deer. ( as if)
2) He says he'd rather I (finish) the report tomorrow. (correct)
3) I regret not studying harder last year. (I wish)
4) If only we (do) as we were told, this wouldn't have happened. (correct)
5) I wish I had participated in the new project. (would like)
6) Don't throw rubbish away in the street. (would rather)

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EXERCISES
Correct the verbs in brackets :
1. They (play) when I (see) them.
2. I (meet) her before she (become) Miss Universe.
3. Once there (be) a girl called Cinderella.
4. She (leave) for Sudan two years ago .
5. I (find) this pen as I (sweep) the floor.
6. When I got home, I found that someone ( steal) my jewels
7. My friend (have) lunch by the time I arrived .
8. While I ( study), my mother (cook).
9. When I was young, I (ride) bicycles every day.
10. I will stay here until you (come).
11. She didn't play until she (finish) her homework.
12. When I opened the door, the thief already (escape).
13. They (not have to) work a lot last year.
14. I thought it (will) be funny.
15. We were very tired, because we (play) tennis all morning.
16. I (listen) to the radio while Mary (cook) dinner.
17. While you (sleep), mother (arrive).
Do as shown in brackets :
1. He was studying . Suddenly he heard noise . (Join using : while ....).
2. He went to the theatre only after he had repaired the car.(Use : until).
3. I last played football when I was 10 years . (Use: since).
4. She started to watch TV. Then the bell rang . (Begin with : Hardly ....).
5. I reached the station . Then the train left. (Begin with : when ....).
6. He began to punish me only when he had given me his- advice. (It wasn't)
7. She used to listen to the BBC news. (No longer)
8. He usually watches the 7 o'clock series. (used to)
9. He usually watched the 7 o'clock series. (used to)
10. You shouldn't have eaten that sandwich. (supposed)

1. Alex didn't come to see the film last night because he (saw-has seen-had seen-was see) it before.
2. She told him that if he (break-breaks-broke-broken) his promise, she (will never-would never-can
never-may never) speak to him again.
3. My friend (hasn't arrived-wasn't arrived-hadn't arrived-doesn't arrive) when the lesson started.
4. He (has sat-sits-was sitting-sat) on the bank fishing when he (see-saw-has seen-had seen) a man's hat
floating down the river.
5. By 1960, the government (built-had built-will have built-was building) that town.
6. By 2010, the government (built-has built-will have built-was building) that town.
7. Mona was born three months (yet - for - since - ago).
8. He didn't go out until he (finish - finished - had finished) his work .
9. I will phone you when you (come - will come - came) back.
10. No sooner had he stopped (when - after - than) I hurried to ask him.
11. Don't ask me until I (finish - finished - had finished-finishes).
12. Have you ever been to France?" "Yes, I (had been-have been-went-were) there last August."

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Conjunctions
Contrast
But yet however nevertheless although though even though even if as whatever -
in spite of despite regardless of for all with all
My uncle lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably.
My uncle lost a fortune in the stock market, however he still seems able to live quite comfortably.
My uncle lost a fortune in the stock market. However, he still seems able to live quite comfortably.
Although / though / even though / even if + subject + verb
Although he lost a fortune in the stock market, he still seems able to live quite comfortably.
In spite of / despite / regardless of / for all / with all+ noun pronoun - .ing
In spite of losing a fortune in the stock market, he still seems able to live comfortably.
In spite of / despite + the fact that
In spite of the fact that I was tired, I couldn't sleep. = In spite of being tired, .
However + adjective + subject + verb , .
However careful he was, he made mistakes. = Despite being careful, he made mistakes.
Adjective + as + subject + verb
Careful as he was, he made mistakes. = Although he was careful
Whatever + noun or pronoun (subject) + verb
Whatever difficulties he faced, he was able to set up his company. = Although he faced hardships
Rewrite:
1. I didn't feel hungry even though I hadn't eaten for 24 hours. (in spite of)
2. We lost the match although we were the better team. (However) (Despite) (as)
Purpose
So that that - in order that in the hope that + subject + can / could + inf.
To so as to in order to + infinitive
In the hope of with the aim of + noun / ..ing /
: (why)
He learnt the computer so that he could find a better job. = because he wanted to find
He does his best in the hope that the boss may promote him. = he hopes the boss will promote him
He disguised so that the police couldn't recognize him. = because he didn't want the police to recognize
He learnt the computer so as to find a better job.
He does his best in the hope of being promoted by the boss.
He does his best in order to be promoted by the boss.
He disguised so as not to be recognized by the police.
lest / for fear that + subject + should + infinitive

for fear of + noun / ing
:
He carried out all orders lest the boss should punish him. = so that the boss wouldn't punish him.
He carried out all orders for fear of being punished by the boss. = so as not to be punished
Rewrite:
1. He wanted to be fit so he practiced a lot. (so that) (so as to)
2. She was afraid to fail in the exam so she studied day and night. (lest) (so as) (for fear of)

Hope
3. He came in quietly lest he should wake his children. (in order that)
Cause
because as - since for + subject + verb

so therefore consequently that's why thus hence + subject + verb

Result because cause
Cause so result
He was very tired so he couldn't walk. = He couldn't walk because he was very tired.
because of on account of owing to- due to thanks to for + noun / ..ing
He couldn't walk because of being very tired.
.ing = because + subject + verb
He answered the questions because he understood the lesson. = Understanding the lesson, he ..
She was unable to answer because she didn't listen the teacher carefully. (Not)
Not listening to the teacher carefully, she was unable to answer.
Rewrite:
He was not quiet so he couldn't solve the problem. (because) ( that's why) (Not)
Joining affirmative sentences

as well as = along with
He has got a car as well as a motorbike. = a car and a motorbike
as well as + ..ing, .
As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm. = He broke his leg and hurt his arm.
subject (1) + as well as + subject (2) + verb
I as well as my father am fond of hunting. = I and my father are fond of hunting.
besides = in addition to = as well as
In addition to studying, she helped her mom.
In addition + subject + verb
She studied. In addition, she helped her mom.
not only .. but also / not only . but as well ......

He has got not only a car but also a motorbike. = a car as well as a motorbike
subject not only + verb but also
He not only broke his leg but also hurt his arm. = As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm.
: Not Only
Not only did he break his leg but also hurt his arm.
Not only + subject (1) but + subject (2) + verb
Not only I but my father also is fond of hunting. = I as well as my father am fond of hunting.
Both subject (1) and subject (2) + verb .... ...

Both I and my father are fond of Hunting.
I like both English and Arabic.
+ and so + + subject.
Both Ahmed and Maher like English. (and so)
Ahmed likes English and so does Maher.

Hope
and + subject + too.

Ahmed likes English and Maher does too. = and so does Maher
Joining negative sentences

neither nor .........
I like neither Math nor Chemistry. = I don't like Math and I don't like Chemistry.
subject +neither + verb nor + verb
He neither studied nor helped his father.
: neither
Neither did he study nor helped his father.
Neither +subject (1) nor subject (2) + verb
Neither Ahmed nor Maher likes Math.
+ and nor / neither + +
Ahmed doesn't like Math and nor does Maher.
+ and + subject + either
Ahmed doesn't like Math and Maher doesn't either.
Neither of them + singular
Neither of them is at home.
Rewrite:
1. I don't trust the manager. I don't trust the accountant. (join)
2. Amina didn't buy the meat. Maha didn't clean the house. (Neither)
If / provided that / as long as

can / may / will + if / provided that / as long as + present simple
You can buy anything as long as you have enough money.
If you keep yourself fit, I will include you in the team list.
You can borrow my book provided that you return it tomorrow.
if / provided that / as long as + negative verb = unless + affirmative verb
He can't be fit as long as he doesn't practise hard. = He can't be fit unless he practises hard.
Rewrite:
1. You can't feel better unless you take the medicine regularly. (if) (provided)
Either .or
Either + subject + present simple or + subject + will + inf. ..... ........
Either you leave this house or I'll call the police.
You can either come with me or walk home.
I will study either English or French.
Either + subject (1) or subject (2) + verb
Either I or my colleague is ready to do the job.
Either of + noun or pronoun + singular verb
Either of the children is capable of looking after the baby.
Otherwise
subject should + inf. Otherwise + subject + will + inf
You should hurry up or you will miss the train. = Unless you hurry, you will miss the train.
Whether or

Hope
I will buy this shirt whether it is expensive or cheap.

Exercises
Rewrite the following using the words in brackets:
2. Since I was very tired, I took a long nap. (consequently) (That's why)
3. It was a great game, but our team was defeated. (However) (as)
4. He lost the game as he didn't practise well. (Not)
5. The match was cancelled because it rained heavily. (due to)
6. He won the gold medal owing to his great enthusiasm. (enthusiastic)
7. His selfishness caused him to lose his friends. (because of) (so)
8. I like most of my school subjects but not Math. (although)
9. He became very sad as he failed. (owing to)
10. He didn't attend the meeting due to his illness. (because)
11. Although he is strong, he never hurts anybody. (Despite)
12. He was careful, however he made a terrible mistake. (as)
13. He couldn't solve the problem even though he was intelligent. (For all)
14. We shouted to warn everyone of the danger. (so that)
15. The minister has hired two bodyguards so that they may protect him. (so as)
16. I hurried so that I wouldn't be late. (lest) (so as)
17. He left early in order that he wouldn't miss the train. (for fear that) (for fear of)
18. I gave him my e-mail to contact me. (in order that)
19. He hid in the trees so that nobody could see him. (so as )
20. He entertained us with his funny stories lest we should get bored. (so that)
21. He wore glasses and a false beard so that nobody could recognize him. ( lest)
22. He escaped so that the police wouldn't arrest him. (so as)
23. He kept silent so as not to be heard. (so that)
24. I speak very slowly so that the man could understand me. (in order to)
25. Both Noha and Marwa are outdoors. (too) (and so)
26. Not only I but my brother also has bought a car. (as well as)
27. Unless you pay back the debt, you will go to prison. (otherwise)
28. I couldn't sleep due to the noise. (so)
29. He didn't study and he didn't help his father either. (Neither) (and nor)
30. Go to bed early and you will get up early. (Either)
31. All teachers are ready to help you. (Either of)
32. Not only did he phone me but also sent me a lovely card. (As well as)
33. He housed me and gave some money. (In addition)
34. Both of them are at home. (Neither)
35. Being clever, he was able to avoid a terrible accident. (thus)
36. He can't join the university unless he gets high marks. (as long as) (provided)
37. Both restaurants are cheap. (expensive)
38. Ahmed didn't paint the wall. Ziad didn't repair the door. (Neither)
39. I and my brothers are good at playing football. (along)
1. Many careers require a college diploma; in some jobs, (however-therefore-accordingly-so),
previous experience is the main requirement.
2. (Since-Until-Although-Because) I have already had my breakfast, that soup looks really tasty.
3. (Although-Because-Even though-Unless) it was freezing cold, I wore a big coat.
4. Once Ola's children left home, she had some free time. (However-Although-So-Despite), When
the grandchildren arrived, there was more work to do.
5. I didn't read every chapter, (therefore-but-and-although) I think I'll pass the quiz.

Hope
Conditional Sentences
The Zero conditional

If + subject + present simple , subject + present simple
This case is used for situations that are always true (laws of nature, physics, astronomy, etc.
....
If water is heated to 100c, it boils.
If the moon passes between the sun and the Earth, there is a solar eclipse.
Rewrite:
1. Heat changes water into steam. (If)
2. The body dies due to the stop of the brain. (if)
3. Not getting enough water, plants die. (If)
The first conditional

If + subject + present simple/ present perfect, subject + future or imperative
This case is used to express the possibility of something in the future.
If he earns more money, he will go on pilgrimage. = Perhaps he will earn more money
If you don't find him, come back at once. = It's possible that you will not find him.
If she has practised harder, she will be the winner.
Unless = if not
Unless he takes the medicine regularly, he won't get better. = If he doesn't take
If he has time, he will visit us. = Unless he has time, he won't visit us.
Should + subject + infinitive

Should he practise hard, he will win the match. = If he practises hard
If he is the winner, he will receive many honours. = Should he be the winner
In case of + noun / ing

In case of being the winner, he will receive many honours. = If he is the winner
In case of fire, leave the building at once. = If there is fire
In case of not + ing in case of no + noun
With / by + noun / ing

With money, you can satisfy your needs. = If you have money
By doing the homework immediately, he will understand the lesson. = If he does the homework
Rewrite:
1. Unless he has a ticket, he won't get into the theatre. (If) (Should) (In case of)
2. If he does his best, he will get what he wants. (Unless) (By) (possible)
The second conditional

If + subject + past simple, subject + would/could/might + infinitive
This structure is used to talk about unlikely future or unreal present
-1
It is unlikely that he will study, so he will not succeed. (If)

Hope
If he studied, he would succeed.

-2
I am not rich so I can't buy a car. (If)
If I were rich, I could buy a car.
I feel tired so I will not come out with you. (If)
If I didn't feel tired, I would come out with you.
She doesn't have enough money, so she can't travel round the world.
If she had enough money, she'd travel round the world.
Should + subject + infinitive

Should I win the prize, I would be very happy. = If I won the prize
Were + subject + noun/pronoun/adjective,

Were I rich, I would buy car. = If I were rich
Were + subject + to + infinitive

Were he to study, he would succeed. = If he studied
Had + subject + noun

Had he a car, he would travel a lot. = If he had a car
If it weren't for / without/ but for + noun

If it weren't for mass media, we wouldn't know much news.
If I were you, I would (to give advice)

If I were you, I would sell this old car.
Rewrite:
1. It's improbable that he will phone me so I won't tell him the news. (If)
2. He is so horrible to you because he doesn't really like you. (If)
3. She doesn't have water so she is thirsty. (If) ((Were) (Had)
The third conditional

If + subject + had + pp, subject + would have + pp
This structure is used to talk about impossibility in the past:
He didn't play well so he lost the match. (If)
if he had played well, he wouldn't have lost the match.
Had + subject + pp
Had he played well, he wouldn't have lost the match. = If he had played
He missed the bus so he was late for the match. (If) (Unless)
If he hadn't missed the bus, he wouldn't have been late for the match.
Unless he had missed the bus, he wouldn't have been late for the match.
If it hadn't been for / without / but for + noun / ing

Hope
If it hadn't been for your help, I wouldn't have completed my work.

:
so/therefore because/ as if -1
-2
-3
had + pp -4
Exercises
Rewrite:
1. It's possible that you will see her so please send her my greetings. (If)
2. He is unlikely to attend tomorrow's meeting so we won't reach an agreement. (If)
3. She can't help because she isn't responsible. (If)
4. Unless she comes in time, she won't get her rights. (If)
5. If he is early, he will meet the boss. (Unless)
6. She didn't win the match because she didn't practise well.
7. He discouraged me from studying so I failed in the exam. (Unless)
8. She isn't good at English so she doesn't get high marks. (Were)
9. Why don't you look for another job? (If)
10. Heat causes water to boil. (if)
11. The internet enables me to know much information. (If it)
12. He couldn't solve the problem because it was complicated. (If) (Unless)
13. Being rich, he is able to satisfy his needs. (Unless)
14. If we had a computer, we could achieve our project. (Had) (Were)
15. If it doesn't rain, we will go out. (Unless) (In case of)
16. He won the game because of hard training. (But for) (Had)
17. He doesn't have a car so he uses public transport. (If) (Had) (Were)
18. He was too tired to play. (Unless) (If)
19. Listen carefully to understand the lesson. (provided that) (Unless)
20. I had so much to do, that's why I didn't phone you. (If) (Unless)
21. He can't win the medal unless he practices hard. (if) (provided that)
22. He didn't know about my accident because he was abroad. (Had) (Unless)
23. In case of not practising hard, you won't improve. (If) (Unless)
24. But for his sunny disposition, people wouldn't deal with him. (If)
25. Don't do the homework and the teacher will be angry with you. (otherwise)
26. The fire broke out due to his carelessness. (Unless)
27. To get high marks, you should study hard. (or else)
28. Why didn't you get up early to finish your homework. (If)
29. He was active enough to finish all his work soon. (Unless) (If) (Had)
30. If he had been kind, he wouldn't have shouted at the little girl. (wasn't)
31. He had to pay back the debt or else he (be sent) to prison. (correct)
32. If he had been fit, he would have joined the team. (so)
33. Cooling causes metals to contract. (If)
34. Only buy that car if I tell you. (unless)
35. Either you follow the policy of the place or you will be fired. (If) (Unless)

Hope
Articles
A / An
A : a book a car a horse
An (a-e-i-o-u) : an apple an ice cream an engineer
An umbrella / A uniform, an hour
An onion / a one-legged man / a one-way street
A/An : He is a doctor. I'd like to be an astronaut.
With some expressions: A few- a lot of- a little of- 3 pounds a kilo- 100 km an hour- a couple of- a
pair of a healthy diet
We use (The) :
The sky the moon Cairo is the capital of Egypt-the Qura'an-the Bible-the Torah-The
Cairo Tower-the Times Magazine- the metro
:
the elephant the lion the giraffe
The elephant is familiar in the streets of India.
The lion is a fierce animal.
:
the computer the internet the radio-the mobile-the TV-the Femto Second
:
I saw a boy and a girl. The boy was injured.
:
the rich the poor the disabled the dead the young the old etc.
The poor are in need of our help.
Teach, learn , play the +
play the piano the guitar the drum the violin percussion etc.
:
the cinema the theatre the office the chemists-the bank-the station-the Hilton
:
the youngest the fastest the most precious
(The + ..er , the + er)
The harder you work, the more money you will earn.
The more money you have, the more things you can buy.
The sooner, the better.
(of)
I know the boy who won the race.
The hair of the girl.
Geographical names with and without The

The is used with the following geographical names:

Hope
CATEGORY EXAMPLE
States The United States
Kingdoms The United Kingdom
Republics The Arab Republic of Egypt
Emirates The United Arab Emirates
Empires The Empire of Japan
North / south of The north of / the south of Egypt
Mountain ranges in plural The Alps , the Himalayas
Islands in plural The Bahamas , the Galapagos islands
Lakes in plural The Great Lakes
Oceans The Pacific Ocean
Seas The Mediterranean
Rivers The Nile
Canals The Suez Canal
Oases The Siwa Oasis
The is not used with the following geographical names:

CATEGORY EXAMPLE
Countries Egypt / Lebanon / America
Continents Africa / Asia /Europe
Cities Cairo / London / Paris
Southern / Northern Northern Egypt
Single mountains Mount Everest / Mount Sinai
Single islands Sicily / Corfu
Single lakes Lake Nasser
We dont use (The)

:
Plants dont grow without water.
Teachers are the backbone of education.
(the)
The teachers in our school are efficient.
:
Food (tea coffee milk bread etc)
Substances (oil glass wood etc.)
Activities (smoking running etc.)
Sports (football tennis etc)

Hope
Abstract nouns (beauty love freedom etc.)

School subjects (science chemistry technology physics etc.)
Languages (English French Arabic etc.)
Ex.
Milk is good for you.
Glass can be recycled and reused more than once.
Walking and running are sports.
Freedom is the most precious thing in life.
I like physics but I dont like chemistry.
breakfast lunch dinner supper :

I have breakfast early.
a delicious dinner
:
Home-school-bed-hospital-prison-mosque-church-work
I go to school at seven o'clock..
I went to the school to ask about my son.
I go home at two o'clock.
Make yourself at home.
The telephone, the radio, TV

I heard the news on the radio.
I watched a nice film on TV.
Life
Life is not always fun. ) (
The life, (which) he leads, is very hard.
He leads a hard life. (a/an + + life)
at the top/bottom/back/front in the middle on the left / right

a country - the country
on holiday on purpose - on duty - on display
EXERCISES
Insert a, an or the when necessary:
1. He is from . America .
2. Take ................ chair and make yourself at................ home .
3. We had dinner together yesterday.
4. ................... Alps are ................... highest mountains in ........ Europe

Hope
5. .. Arab Republic of Egypt always welcomes all Arabs.

6. This book is about .. life and death.
7. He leads ............... happy life.
8. ............... life he lives is very hard.
9. I like working with . People.
10. I like . people I work with.
11. Mount Everest is fantastically high.
12. The doctor recommends . healthy diet
13. Last year, we spent the summer holiday in .. Nether Land.
14. British are proud of . Princess Diana.
15. We had .. delicious dinner yesterday.
16. She is used to having dinner alone.
17. I have friend in .. Sudan.
1. (The-A-An-No Article) White House is (the-a) home of the President of US.
2. I stayed at (the-no article) Hilton when I was in (the-no article) London.
3. Did you find (a - an the-no article) book that you lost.
4. My father is (a - an the-no article) Engineer.
5. My brother studies at (the-no article) London University.
6. My sister has (a - an the-no article) longest hair in class.
7. The picture is at (a - an the-no article) top of the room.
8. (The - some - a - no article) dogs are devoted animals.
9. Cairo is (a - an the-no article) capital of Egypt.
10. France is (a - an the-no article) country .
11. I spent the holiday in (a - an the-no article) country .
12. He was injured. He was taken to (a-an-the-no article) hospital.
13. She goes to (a-an-the-no article)bed at 9 in the evening..
14. My father went to (a - an - the - no article) school to ask about me.
15. She leads (a - an - the - no article) miserable life.
16. (The - a - no articles-an) dogs in my house are not dangerous.
17. He is on (a - the - no article) holiday.
18. The train ran at 120 k/m (a - an the-no article) hour.
19. 1 watched (the-aan-no article) exciting film on (the-a-an-no article)TV. Yesterday.
20. He was listening to music on (no article-the-a-an) radio.
21. My brother has bought (a-an-the-no article) cat.
22. (A-An-The-No Article) cat is common in our streets.
23. All tourists admire (a-an-the-no article) history of Egypt.
24. I like (a-an-the-no article) history very much.
25. (A-An-The-No article) swimming is my favourite sport.
26. We use (a-an-the-no article) paper for writing.
27. This vase is made of (a-an-the-no article) glass.
28. I bought a fan and (a-an-the-no article) TV. (A-An-The-No article) fan didnt work
29. Pay back the debt or youll go to (a-an-the-no article) prison.
30. My sister bought (a-an-the-no article) piano though she plays (a-an-the-no article) guitar.
31. My favourite musical instrument is (a-an-the-no article) piano.
32. (The-A-An-No article) hoopoe is the bird that I like most.
33. (The-A-An-No article) whale is a mammal but it lives in the sea.
34. Do you know (a-the an-no article) Browns? Yes, they live next doors.
35. (The-A-An-No article) President Bush was Vice President to Reagan.

Hope
36. (The-A-An-No article) President is the head of the state in (the a-an-no article) US.
37. (A-An-The-No article) British Museum has some very interesting exhibitions.
QUESTION TAGS
:
. , + ?
1. You haven't got a car, have you ?
2. It was a good film, wasn't it ?
3. Samia will be here tomorrow, won't she ?
4. Tom should pass the exam, shouldn't he ?
5. He plays football well, doesn't he ?
6. He doesn't play football, does he ?
7. She washed her clothes, didn't she ?
6. He can swim, can't he ?
SPECIAL FORMS
1. Let's say " Hello ", shall we ?
2. Let us do it by ourselves, will you ?
3. I'm older than you, aren't I ?
4. Open the door, will you ?
5. You'd better go, hadn't you ?
6. You'd rather stay, wouldn't you ?
7. I need to have a drink, don't I ?
8. I needn't have a drink, need I ?
9. She used to wake up, didn't she ?
EXERCISES
Add a question-tag to each sentence
1. You broke the window .
2. They didn't see you .
3. You don't like tea.
4. He can do that for you .
5. I'm not stupid .
6. I'm the oldest one here .
7. She doesn't want to go .
8. Lets read aloud.
9. They should have been able to do it.
10. Let us get you a drink.
11. Id rather listen to music.
12. Nothing was said.
13. She hardly ever goes there.
14. No one answered the question.
15. I dont think he is better.
16. He has little money.

Hope
17. Everyone agreed to my proposal.

18. Hes gone to school.
Active and Passive Voice
The Statement
: Passive Active
-1
( to be + pp) passive -2
by -3
Forms of passive tenses:
Am/is/are + pp (present simple) was/were + pp (past simple)

Am/is/are being +pp (present continuous) was/were being + pp (past continuous)
Will/can/should/going to be + pp have/has/had been + pp (perfect tenses)
Must have/should have been + pp
Change into passive

My mother always prepares our food. Our food is always prepared by my mother.
She never cleans her room. Her room is never cleaned by her.
He didn't help me. I wasn't helped by him.
No one invited her to dinner. She wasn't invited to dinner by anyone.
She is typing a message. A message is being typed by her.
He has already done the homework. The homework has already been done by him.
No one has never believed her. She has been believed by all.
He will post the letter. The letter will be posted by him.
He will have to post the letter. The letter will have to be posted by him.
He will have posted the letter. The letter will have been posted by him.
He needn't have bought all this sugar. All this sugar needn't have been bought by him.
He likes others respecting him. He likes being respected.
I'd like the government to support me. I'd like to be supported by the government.
Make help hear see

to + infinitive
I made him do the job alone. He was made to do the job alone.
We heard him shout. He was heard to shout.
Let
I let her go out. She was allowed to go out. Let allowed to
be+pp let let
Don't let others see you. Don't let yourself be seen.
Rewrite:
1. His misbehaviour astonished us. (got)
2. We didn't believe what had been said. (Begin with: What had been said)
3. We regard him as an expert. (regarded)
It is said

Hope
Say believe think suppose - know expect understand report consider allege assume
:
It (is was) said that +
Subject + is was are were + said to +
People suppose that she is very dangerous.
It is supposed that she is very dangerous.
She is supposed to be very dangerous.
We expect that he will win the match.
It is expected that he will win the match.
He is expected to win the match.
The police reported that he had killed the guard.
It was reported that he had killed the guard.
He was reported to have killed the guard.
The guard was reported to have been killed by him.
Rewrite:
1. We think that prices will rise sharply. (It) (Prices)
2. She is believed to have robbed the flat. (believe) (It)
Imperative
Passive
Let + object + be + pp
Carry the bag. Let the bag be carried.
Don't neglect your homework. Don't let your homework be neglected.
Rewrite:
1. Fill the bottle with water. (be)
2. Don't take the toy apart. (be)
Question
: Passive
pp am / is / are do / does
Does he water the plants every day?
Are the plants watered by him every day?
When do you clean the car?
When is the car cleaned by you?
pp was / were did
Where did she hide the treasure?
Where was the treasure hidden by her.
:
Am / is / are / was / were + object+ being + pp
Is mother preparing dinner?
Is dinner being prepared by mother?
:
Have / has / had + object + been + pp
Has he cleaned the car?
Has the car been cleaned by him?

Hope
:
Will / can / should etc. +object + be + pp
Will you complete the work now?
Will the work be completed by you now?
Who .. by? By whom who
Who stole the money?
By whom was the money stolen?
Who was the money stolen by?
Rewrite:
1. Who broke the glass? (broken)
2. Do you listen to the BBC? (Is)
Exercises
1. She doesn't like people looking at her. (being)
2. I have never been written to by her. (She)
3. What has been done can't be denied. (We)
4. A new city is being constructed in Sinai. (The government.)
5. I'd like someone to help me. (helped)
6. No one has seen this radio before. (This radio)
7. His parents never punish him. (He)
8. She will have to make up a false story to escape punishment. (made up)
9. I made her clean the floor. (She)
10. I didn't have the car repaired yesterday. (The car)
11. The project hasn't been achieved yet. (The government)
12. She has been cooking the rice. (The rice)
13. My hair was cut yesterday. (I)
14. She seems to have committed the crime. (The crime)
15. No one ever visits this place. (visited)
16. She let her friends help her. (herself)
17. She let her friends use her musical instruments. (allowed)
18. We didn't discuss the problem accurately. (discussed)
19. No one has never helped me. (I)
20. Several homes were smashed and lots of trees were uprooted in a suburb of the city. (A tornado)
21. I really don't like being lectured to. (like my boss)
22. I haven't told anyone about my journey to Europe. (been)
23. He was seen by the door. (saw)
24. Our champion is expected to win the gold medal next month. (We)
25. The minister alleged that two feddans had been destroyed by the flood. (alleged to)
26. We all believe that he has opened a new branch. (A new branch)
27. He is thought to have robbed the bank. (People think) (It) (The bank)
28. Close the door. (be)
29. Don't let your hands be raised. (raise)
30. Why didn't you prepare the car? (wasn't)
31. Is he doing the homework now? (being)
32. Was the car washed by the doorman yesterday? (Did)

Hope
Deduction
Present Past
(1) Near certain
Must be Must have + pp
He must be ill. He must have been ill.
(2) Uncertain (probability)
May be May have + pp
He may be ill. He may have been ill.
(3) Very uncertain
Might be Might have + pp
He might be ill. He might have been ill.
Affirmative Negative
Must be Cant be
Must have + pp Cant/couldn't have + pp
Could have + pp
He wrote the letter by hand but he could have typed it on the computer.
Exercises on Modals
1. I think he is abroad. (must)
2. Im sure he stole the money. (must)
3. Im not sure whether he drove the car or not. (may)
4. I'm sure that he didn't take part in the competition. (can't)
5. I think he was unable to drive that huge lorry. (couldn't)
6. He has a car but he traveled by bus. (could)
1. You seem to be having trouble there. _________ I help you?
Would
Will
Shall
2. I don't have enough money to buy lunch. __________ you lend me a couple of dollars?
May
Could
Shall
3. That ice is dangerously thin now. You ________ go ice-skating today.

mustn't

Hope
might not
would mind not to
4. It's way past my bedtime and I'm really tired. I ________ go to bed.
should
ought
could
5. He ______________ have committed this crime. He wasn't even in the city that night.
might
shouldn't
couldn't
6. John is over two hours late already, He ___________ missed the bus again.
should have
must have
will have
7. I'm really quite lost. _______________ showing me how to get out of here?
Would you mind
Would you be
Must you be
8. That bus is usually on time. It _________ to be here any time now.
might
has
ought
9. I read about your plane's near disaster. You ____________ terrified!
might have been
must have been
shall have been
10. It's the law. They ____________ have a blood test before they get married.
might
could
have to
11. Professor Villa, we've finished our work for today. _________ we leave now, please?
May
Can
Must
Additional exercises
A) Choose the correct answer;
1. The notice says you (mustn't-can-will-may) fish there without a permit.
2. (Could-Can-Would-will) you lift that table when you were young?
3. How do you know the cake is burning? -1 (may-must-can-should) smell it.
4. Have you written the letter? - No, but I (will-have-would-had).
5. (Do-Will-Must-Did) you help me, please?
6. (Would-Will-Shall-Had) I carry that heavy case for you?
7. He (must-might-ought to-had to) like tea; it is possible.
8. When the traffic lights become red, I (may-can-must-might) stop.
9. You (mustn't-oughtn't to-could-didn't) have paid him; I told you not to pay-Um.
10. The general didn't come; the soldiers (needn't, mustn't, mayn't, couldn't) have put on their best
uniforms.
11. The streets are wet; it (must-will-can-might) have ruined.
12. He wasn't there when I arrived, he (would-must-can-could) have left earlier.

Hope
13. She has gone but here are her gloves; she (may- can- must-would) have forgotten them.
14. Her eyes are red; she (can't-mustn't-must-will) have been crying.
B) Insert one word;

1- ................... we stop here for a drink?
If we do, we ............. miss the train.
2- 1........... tell him the truth if I were you.
3- You............ obey him; it's father's advice.
4- ............... all your wishes come true.
5- I'm locked in; I........... get out.
6- ................. you type ? - Yes I..... but I...... do short hand.
7- We........... better go now.
8- You ............ go now or you'll miss the train.
9- He said that we ...... use his flat whenever we liked.
10- 1.......... see her; I'm sorry to say that she.......... have left by the time I arrived.
11- At six years old a child.............. read.
12- He doesn't think he'll succeed but he......... as well try.
13- You ....... be right but I don't think you are.
14- 1...... have run to catch the train, it arrived late.
15- He ....... have taken the dictionary. It isn't on the shelf.
C) Rewrite the following;

1 - It is necessary for me to report the accident to the police, (must)
2- It is possible she likes tea. (Use "may")
3- It will be necessary for them to get up early. (have)
5- Perhaps they were waiting under the wrong clock, (might)
6- You translated the letter into English which wasn't necessary. (needn't)
7- It was not necessary to walk; he took us in his car. (have to)
8- I'm not sure, perhaps he came. (Use "may")
9- It's necessary for her to manage her time. (mustn't)

Grammar-Mr Galal Hasanin

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Hope

Countable & uncountable nouns

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

a segment of orange a cube of sugar a spoonful of sugar a kilo of sugar

**a bit of / a piece of / an item of :

He hasnt got much luggage. (pieces)

He gave me some advice. (two)

A lot of negative interrogative many + count. / much + uncount.

I bought a lot of bread. (not) (Did you)

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

2. The youth (is-was-are-has) the backbone of any nation.

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

a fat man a small house a huge bird

Adjectives end in ing for things:

Adjectives end in ed for people:

The following verbs are followed by adjectives:

-ly adverbs used instead of very: adverb + adjective

Adjectives end in (ly)

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

It's a silly book.

Comparative and superlative adjectives

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

Adj. Comparative Superlative

A mouse is (smaller than) a cat.

good better best

My elder brother is a pilot.

It is / was + adj of + noun / pronoun + to +

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

too + adj / adv to +

He is too weak to carry the box. He can't. (negative)

adj / adv + enough to +

so + adj / adv that +

He is so weak that he can't carry the box.

such a/an +adj + noun

The + .er , the + . er

/ ..er and / ..er

She is getting fatter and fatter.

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

Someone - somebody - anyone - anybody - no one - no body -every body - every

Everyone is pleased, aren't they?

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

Little & Few

little money little water

few boys few houses

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

47. Each of the rooms has (their-its-her-his) own bathroom.

Rewrite the following sentences:

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

Revision on "Pronouns "

Subject + verb + object

Its my pen. Its mine.

Each other one another

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

Rewrite the following sentences:

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

8. Here is the book. You asked for it yesterday. (which)

Choose the correct answer:

Galal Hassanein 01004004263

3- It refers to future after the following: