IPASJ International Journal of Mechanical Engineering (IIJEC)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm

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Volume 5, Issue 7, July 2017 ISSN 2321-5984

HIGH DATA RATE RESOURCE

ALLOCATION OVER MULTI USER
COOPERATIVE LTE-A ENVIRONMENT
WITH EAVESDROPPER ANALYSIS
RABIA SHAFEEN1, M.MANJULA2 , M.NARAYANA3
1
. Student, of wireless mobile Communication Engineering, Jayaprakash Narayana College of Engineering, Mahabubnagar,
India.
2
. Associate Professor,DepartmentofElectronics and Communication Engineering,Jayaprakash Narayana College of
Engineering,Mahabubnagar,India.
3
.Professor & HOD,DepartmentofElectronics and CommunicationEngineering,Jayaprakash Narayana College of
Engineering,Mahabubnagar,India.

ABSTRACT
In Cooperative Communication (Co-Operative MIMO ) we have Multiple users Here we consider a transmit multiple relay
path design for multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) decode-and-forward (DF) half-duplex two-hop relay channels with a
direct sourcedestination link. For the scenario where source and relay nodes are equipped with multiple antennas and the
destination node is deployed with single antenna, we formulate and solve the optimal beam forming vectors for source and
relay nodes jointly. The mobile users in each group amplify and forward their partners data stream using a frequency division
protocol. This parameter is used to modify the objective parameter of the Fairness-oriented [Fading Channel] and throughput-
oriented [Near End Channel] algorithms are selected from the literature to test the proposed technique. Both algorithms are
modified to find the mean of cooperation coefficient in the objective parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure and
shown to have a better total throughput without any loss. In this condition, the probability of detection increases, which in turn
reduces the bit error rate (BER). Employment of a number of relay nodes reduces the sensing time and increases the
throughput of the system. Furthermore, an LTE-optimal Resource Block(RB)allocation algorithm to maximise throughput,
while minimising energy consumption is proposed. Single-cell multi-user simulation results show that proposed algorithm
offers signicant gains in terms of cell throughput and energy consumption.

Keywords:MIMO, Beam-forming, Relay Path Analysis,AF and DF Process.

1. INTRODUCTION
As an ever-increasing mobile trafc continues to grow, energy consumption of network increases as well; as a result,
operators have become one of the largest electricity consumers during the past years. COGNITIVE radio (CR), built on
software-defined radio, has been proposed to improve the utilization of wireless spectrum resources. Spectrum sensing
is a core technology upon which the entire operation of cognitive radio rests. It enables unlicensed users (also referred
to as secondary users or cognitive users) to communicate with each other over licensed bands by detecting spectrum
holes. In spectrum sensing, there are three broad categories of signal processing approaches: energy detection, matched
filter detection, and feature detection. As discussed earlier the energy detection cannot differentiate signal types, but the
implementation is simple. Although the matched filter is an optimal detector in stationary Gaussian noise scenarios, it
requires prior information of the primary user signal. As an alternative, the feature detector can differentiate the
modulated signal from the interference and additive noise, which, however, comes at the expense of high computational
complexities since it requires an extra training process to extract significant features. In current OFDM systems, only a
single user can transmit on all of the subcarriers at any given time, and time division or frequency division multiple
access is employed to support multiple users. The major setback to this static multiple access scheme is the fact that the
different users see the wireless channel differently is not being utilized. OFDMA, on the other hand, allows multiple
users to transmit simultaneously on the different subcarriers per OFDM symbol. The probability of all users
experiencing a deep fade in a particular subcarrier is very low, it can be assured that subcarriers are assigned to the

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 IPASJ International Journal of Mechanical Engineering (IIJEC)
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users who see good channel gains on them. Recently using fixed relays in cellular systems has received significant
interest. Fixed relays are low cost and low transmit power elements that receive and forward data from the base station
to the users via wireless channels, and vice versa. Using fixed relays boosts coverage in cellular networks when
carefully placed at the cell edge or in regions with significant shadowing. Because they implement a subset of base
station functions, fixed relays are a low cost and low complexity solution to meet the requirement of high data rate
communication far from the base station at the cell edge The general relay channel, where relays are used to help send
data from a source to a destination, has been studied in [4][9]. Though the information theoretic capacity of the relay
channel remains unknown, several results on capacity bounds are available [5][10]. Practical aspects of relaying
strategies are addressed [11][13]. Prior work mainly focuses on point-to-point transmission via relays, often
considering the mobile relay. Unfortunately, it is likely that only a few fixed relays will be available in each cell.
Consequently, each fixed relay will need to support multiple users. This motivates developing point-to-multipoint
relaying solutions, where the relay forwards data to and from multiple users. The main challenge in the point-to-
multipoint fixed relay is providing a high capacity link between the base station and relay, while at the same time
providing multiple data links to multiple users. A natural solution to this problem is to exploit the advantages of
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication. It is well known that MIMO communication uses multiple
antennas to enhance system capacity and improve resilience against fading [14][16]. Initial work on MIMO relay
channels [8] [17], however, deals only with the point-to-point MIMO relay channel. The point-to-multipoint case has
received less attention. In this paper we assume that the base station and fixed relay each have multiple antennas but
that the mobile users have only a single receive antenna (the latter assumption is primarily for simplicity). Used in this
way a high-throughput MIMO link can be employed between the base station and fixed relay, then the MIMO
broadcast channel/MAC channel can be used to deliver the data to/from multiple users.

1.1: MIMO System

A channel may be affected by fading and this will impact the signal to noise ratio. In turn this will impact the error
rate, assuming digital data is being transmitted. The principle of diversity is to provide the receiver with multiple
versions of the same signal. If these can be made to be affected in different ways by the signal path, the probability that
they will all be affected at the same time is considerably reduced. Accordingly, diversity helps to stabilise a link and
improves performance, reducing error rate. MIMO is effectively a radio antenna technology as it uses multiple antennas
at the transmitter and receiver to enable a variety of signal paths to carry the data, choosing separate paths for each
antenna to enable multiple signal paths to be used. One of the core ideas behind MIMO wireless systems space-time
signal processing in which time (the natural dimension of digital communication data) is complemented with the
spatial dimension inherent in the use of multiple spatially distributed antennas, i.e. the use of multiple antennas located
at different points.

Fig 1: MIMO-Relay Path Process

Accordingly MIMO wireless systems can be viewed as a logical extension to the smart antennas that have been used for
many years to improve wireless. It is found between a transmitter and a receiver; the signal can take many paths.
Additionally by moving the antennas even a small distance the paths used will change. The variety of paths available
occurs as a result of the number of objects that appear to the side or even in the direct path between the transmitter and
receiver. Previously these multiple paths only served to introduce interference. By using MIMO, these additional paths
can be used as an advantage. They can be used to provide additional robustness to the radio link by improving the
signal to noise ratio, or by increasing the link data capacity.

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 IPASJ International Journal of Mechanical Engineering (IIJEC)
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Volume 5, Issue 7, July 2017 ISSN 2321-5984

1.2: Beam Forming Analysis

In this paper, we also consider the joint source-relay beam forming design for the three-node MIMO DF relay network
with source-destination direct link. We assume that both the source and relay nodes are equipped with multiple
antennas while the destination node is only deployed with single antenna. Such a transmission scenario is readily
applicable to the downlink transmission of a relay-enhanced cellular system where the base-station and the relay can
accommodate multiple antennas but the mobile user equipment can only afford a single antenna due to size or other
constraints. Note that downlink transmission to resource-limited mobile terminals limits the overall performance of
cellular systems.

As such, our design aims to fully explore the special diversity advantage of MIMO DF relay channel to enhance system
throughput to the destination node. Unlike complex numerical solutions, we strive to derive the explicit expressions for
the optimal beam forming design for our concerned model. Specifically, we identify several unique properties of the
optimal solutions through mathematical derivation, based on which we develop a systematic approach to arrive at the
optimal beam forming vectors for the source and relay nodes for different system configurations. We would like to
stress that deriving the explicit expressions of the optimal beam forming design for our concerned model with single-
antenna destination node is by no means trivial. This is because the MIMO channel between the source and the relay
nodes and the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel between the source and the destination nodes have to be
jointly considered and balanced. In addition, our explicit solutions, which cannot be otherwise obtained as the special
cases of previous work, offer interesting new insight to the design of MIMO DF beam forming.

2. Methodology
2.1: Cooperative Communication on Relay Process
In multi-user communication environment, cooperative communication technique enables the neighbouring mobile
users with single antenna to share their antennas in some way for cooperative transmission, which is similar to a
distributed virtual multi-antenna transmission environment and combines the advantages of both diversity technology
and relay transmission technology. As a result, the spatial diversity gains can be achieved and the systems
transmission performance can be improved in a cooperative communication system without adding any antennas.

2.2:Amplify Forward Method

Fig 2: Amplify Forward Path Process

As shown in Figure, signal processing in AF scheme can be simplified into three phases: In Phase 1, the source node
transmits the signals by way of broadcasting, while the destination node and the relay node receive the signals. In Phase
2, the relay node amplifies the powers of the signals received from the source node and forwards them to the destination
node. In Phase 3, the destination node combines and decodes the signals received from the source node in Phase 1 and
the relay node in Phase 2 so as to restore the original information. AF is also called non-regenerative relaying scheme
and it is basically a processing method for analogy signals. Compared with other schemes, AF is the simplest. Besides,
as the destination node can receive independent fading signals from the source and relay nodes, full diversity gain and
good performance can be achieved with this scheme. However, AF scheme is prone to noise propagation effect because
the relay node amplifies the noise on the source-relay channel when the retransmitted signals are amplified.

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 IPASJ International Journal of Mechanical Engineering (IIJEC)
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2.3: Delay Forward Method for Cooperative MIMO Communication

Fig 3: Delay Forward Path Process

In Phase 1 and Phase 3, DF scheme processes the signals the same way as AF. In Phase 2, the relay node decodes and
detects the signals received from the source node before it forwards the signals to the destination node. Hence, DF is
also called regenerative relaying scheme. Obviously, DF is essentially a digital signal processing scheme. Although
noise propagation problem will not take place, the signal processing in DF largely depends on transmission
performance of source-relay channel. If Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is not implemented in coding, then full
diversity orders cannot be achieved. Moreover, the errors caused in relay node during signal demodulation and
decoding will accumulate with the increase of hops, thus affecting diversity advantage and relay performance.

Tabulation 1: Comparison between AF and DF Relay Path Analysis on MIMO-Cooperative Communication

Forward Fixed Selectio Incrementa

Mode Mode n Mode l Mode
AF
Fixed Selection Incremental
(Amplify
AF AF AF
Forward)
DF
(Decode Fixed Selection Incremental
and DF DF DF
Forward)

All these demonstrate that the transmission characteristics of source-relay channel have great impact on the
performance of DF communication systems. AF and DF aforementioned are often called fixed cooperation modes
because the relay node always participates in cooperative communication no matter what the channel transmission
characteristics are. Only when the characteristic value is greater than the threshold, cooperative communication is
implemented; otherwise, the source node direct transmission is implemented. Hence, the selection modes play a key
role in determining the condition of source relay channel. In incremental modes, the feedback of the destination node
is used to determine whether the direct transmission is successful or not. If the data is correctly detected, source node
will send new data; otherwise, the relay node will participate in the cooperative communication process. This process is
equivalent to adding redundancy mechanism or automatic detection and retransmission mechanism in the relay
transmission. Obviously, the key issue involved in incremental modes is the conditions of source-destination channel.
In fixed or selection modes, the relay node has to repeatedly send the information received from the source node, which
may lead to decreased usage of the degrees of freedom; while in incremental modes, cooperative communication is used
only when it is needed; avoiding repeated transmission, but a feedback channel is required. From the perspectives of
reliability and effectiveness, Incremental AF (IAF) performs best. In terms of the complexity of algorithm, AF is
simplest and can achieve full diversity gain; DF performs poor and cannot obtain full diversity gain; Selection DF
(SDF) can achieve full diversity gain but it is more complicated than AF. Analyses show that both Selection AF (SAF)
and Incremental DF (IDF) cannot achieve good performance: Selective mode pays much attention to the transmission
characteristics of the source-relay channel, but in AF, the source-relay channel and the relay-destination channel are of
the same importance because the relay node only amplifies, not decodes, the information received from the source node;
the incremental mode focuses on the source-destination channel, but in DF scheme, errors will accumulate and
broadcast with information forwarding if serious fading takes place on the source-relay channel and lots of errors are
resulted from decoding.

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3. RESULT ANALYSIS
Emerging wireless technologies, such as sensor and relay networks, have found applications in cooperative
communications. In fact, users of a wireless network can cooperate by relaying each others messages thus improving
the communications reliability. However, the limited communication resources, such as battery lifetime of the devices
and the source bandwidth, challenge the design of such cooperative communication schemes.

Amplify-and-Forward (AF): In this relaying scheme, the relay sends an amplified version of the received signal in the
last time-slot. Comparing with DF and CF, AF requires much less delay as the relay node operates time-slot by time-
slot. Also, AF requires much less computing power as no decoding or quantizing operation is performed at the relay
side.

Decode-and-Forward (DF): In this relaying scheme, the relay decodes the source message in one block and transmits
the re-encoded message in the following block. The achievable rate of DF is known as max
p(x1,x2)min(I(x1;y1|x2),I(x1,x2;y)).We can estimate the BER performance of the CR user under different scenarios.
BER is shown as a function of sensing channel SNR. The performance is investigated under AF and DF cooperative
diversity for different number of relay CRs. The BER reduces with increasing SNR. BER also reduces if the number of
relay CRs increases.

1
BER vs. SNR for the number of CR relay, M=1,2,3,4
10
1 Relay Path
2 Relay Path
0
10 3 Relay Path
4 Relay Path

-1
10
BER

-2
10

-3
10

-4
10

-5
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
SNR

Fig 4: BER vs. SNR for the number of CR relay, M=1,2,3 and 4

The above graph compares the normalized optimal throughput with respect to the number of relay CRs for different
SNR. When the number of relay CR is increased, the normalized optimal throughput of the CR link increases for a
particular SNR. We can also see that the normalized optimal throughput of destination CR decreases as SNR decreases
for a fixed number of relay CRs.

Normalized optimal throughput vs. the change of relay CRs for SNR:25db
90
Single Relay Path:SNR-25db
80 Two Relay Path:SNR-25db
Four Relay Path:SNR-25db
70
Achievable Through Put Rate

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
No of Relays

Fig 5: throughput vs. the number of relay CRs for SNR= 15dB, -20dB and -25dB

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The change of optimal sensing time with respect to number of relay CRs in cooperation is shown for SNR= -15dB, -
20dB and -25dB. The optimal sensing time reduces as the number of relay CRs in cooperation increases for any
particular SNR. Again we can see that the optimal sensing time reduces as the SNR increases for a particular number of
relay CRs.

Optimal sensing time vs. the change of relay CRs for SNR:25db
0
Single Relay Path:SNR-25db
Two Relay Path:SNR-25db
-1
Four Relay Path:SNR-25db

-2
O ptim iz ing S ens ing Tim e

-3

-4

-5

-6

-7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
No of Relays

Fig 6: Normalized optimal throughput vs. The number of relay CRs for SNR= -15dB, -20dB and -25dB

4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the performance of cooperative relaying is investigated. It is found that multiple number of cognitive
relay nodes improve spectrum sensing performance. It is shown that the optimal sensing time of CR reduces with the
increasing number of relay nodes. Reduction in optimal sensing time results in increase of the optimal throughput of
the CR significantly. Impact of SNR on optimal throughput and on sensing time is noticeable. If SNR increases, the
normalized optimal throughput increases and optimal sensing time reduces for a fixed number of relay nodes. The
above study is useful in designing relay based CR network.

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Authors
Rabia Shafeenis a Mtech student of wireless mobile communications in Jaya Prakash Narayan College
of Engineering affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University. She perceived B.Tech in
Electronics and Communication Engineering in 2015 from JNTUH, Hyderabad.

M.Manjula received B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering in 2006 from JNTUH,
Hyderabad,India and PG degree in Digital System and Computer Electronics in 2010 from JPNCE,
Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India. Since last 5 years onwards working as associate processor in JPNCE,
Mahabubnagar, Telangana. Her research interests are in image processing and signal processing.

M. Narayana is a professor and HOD in ECE department at Jaya Prakash Narayan College of
Engineering, Mahabubnagar, Telangana. He received B.Tech. from G.Pullareddy College of Engg,
Kurnool, SKU, Anantapur, M.Tech. from JNTUH, Hyderabad, AP, India and received Ph.D from
JNTUA, Anantapur, AP. He has seventeen years of experience in teaching undergraduate and post
graduate students, and guided more than 43 undergraduate and more than 34 postgraduate thesis. He
has published 27 papers in International Journals, 6 papers in International Conferences and 1 paper
in National Conferences. He has presented research papers in international and national conferences. His research
interests are in the areas of signal and image processing, segmentation, pattern recognition, content based image
retrieval, Biometrics and Biomedical Engineering.

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