Tank Example

TankExampleNov2016
Table of contents
Task ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Calculation of heat loss of storage tanks ............................................................................................................................ 3
Properties ambient air Properties of air .............................................................................................................................. 7
Heat transfer outside, roof Heat transfer in flow past a plane wall ................................................................................. 8
Properties tank medium Properties of heavy fuel oils ...................................................................................................... 9
Inside heat transfer coefficient, bottom Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies ................. 10
Gas properties Properties of air ......................................................................................................................................... 12
Heat transfer outside, shell Heat loss of walls and pipeworks ...................................................................................... 13
Inside heat transfer coefficient, wet shell Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies .............. 14
Inside heat transfer coefficient, dry shell Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies ............... 15
Inside heat transfer coefficient, roof Heat transfer by free convection in enclosed fluid layers ............................... 16
Physical properties of heating medium Properties of thermal oils ................................................................................ 18
Tube-side heat transfer Heat transfer in pipe flow .......................................................................................................... 19
Heat transfer coil around tubes Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies .............................. 21
Pressure drop in coil Pressure drop in flow through pipes ............................................................................................ 23
Layout
Input values: 1.234 or 1.234

Calculated values: 1.234 or 1.234
Critical values: 1.234 or 1.234
Estimated values: 1.234 or 1.234
Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH 1 07.11.2016

TankExampleNov2016
Task
Heavy fuel oil HFO 180 shall be stored in a storage tank with circular cross section at a minimum temperature of
50C.
Dimensions of the tank:
inside diameter: 12 m
Height: 15 m
Filling level: 14 m
The shell of the tank consists of 8 mm steel (St steel = 52 W/(mK)) and is insulated shell side and roof side with
100 mm mineral wool ( = 0,04 W/(mK)). It is placed on a 250 mm thick concrete plate with = 2,5 W/(mK).
What is the heat loss of the tank in the winter at an air temperature and ground temperature of - 20C and a
wind velocity of 10 m/s?
For compensating the heat losses the tank is heated with a flat coil. The heat transfer takes place by free
convection.
Heating medium:
Thermal oil Transcal LT
Volume Flow: 10 m/h
Inlet temperature: 140 C
Flat coil:
DN 50 (60.3 x 2.9 mm)
Material: Steel
Thermal conductivity 52 W/(mK)
A possible fouling of the coil is not considered.

What is the heat transfer area?

TankExampleNov2016
Calculation of heat loss of storage tanks

Global conditions
Product temperature P 50 C
Inside pressure pi 100000 Pa
Air temperature L -20 C
Wind speed uW 10 m/s
Ground temperature B -20 C
Geometry of storage tank

Ground plan Round sketch
Tank inside diameter DT 12000 mm
Circumference 37699 mm
Area 113.1 m
Tank height HT 15000 mm

Filling level HF 14000 mm
Properties
Storage medium HFO 180
Density 897.9 kg/m
Specific heat capacity cp 1930 J/(kgK)
Thermal conductivity 0.124 W/(mK)
Dynamic viscosity 171 mPas
Kinematic viscosity 1.904e-4 m/s
Coefficient of thermal expansion 7.072e-4 1/K
Gas above storage medium

Medium name Air
Density 1.084 kg/m
Dynamic viscosity 0.01955 mPas
Coefficient of thermal expansion 0.003119 1/K
Wall thickness and thermal conductivity of baseplate, tank and the insulation
Bottom Shell Roof
Thickness of the 8 mm 8 mm 8 mm
wall
Thermal 52 W/(mK) 52 W/(mK) 52 W/(mK)
conductivity
Insulation thickness mm 100 mm 100 mm
Thermal W/(mK) 0.04 W/(mK) 0.04 W/(mK)

conductivity
Soil
Thermal 2 W/(mK)
conductivity
Heat losses
Bottom Shell Roof
3.28 kW wet part 14.32 kW 2.948 kW
dry part 0.9189 kW
Total heat loss Qtotal 21.46 kW

TankExampleNov2016
Bottom
Thickness of the wall sW,B 8 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall W,B 52 W/(mK)
Thermal resistance of the wall W,B 1.538e-4 mK/W
Thickness of the insulation sInsu,B mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation Insu,B W/(mK)
Thermal resistance of the insulation Insu,B mK/W
Heat transfer coefficient inside i,B 17.5 W/(mK)
Thermal conductivity of soil Soil 2 W/(mK)
Contact surface AB 113.1 m

Correction factor for contact surface cA,B 1
Wall temperature inside, bottom i,B 48.34 C
Temperature (wall-insulation) g,B C
Temperature outside, bottom a,B 48.34 C
Heat flow to outside Qa,B 3.28 kW
Shell
Thickness of the wall sW,M 8 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall W,M 52 W/(mK)
Thermal resistance of the wall W,M 1.538e-4 mK/W
Thickness of the insulation sInsu,M 100 mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation Insu,M 0.04 W/(mK)
Thermal resistance of the insulation Insu,M 2.5 mK/W
Heat transfer coefficient outside a,M 41.67 W/(mK)
Shell wet part

Heat transfer coefficient inside i,M,b 17.67 W/(mK)
Contact surface AM,b 527.8 m

Correction factor for contact surface cA,M,b 1
Wall temperature inside, shell i,M,b 48.47 C
Temperature (wall-insulation) g,M,b 48.46 C
Temperature insulation outside, shell a,M,b -19.35 C
Heating performance Qh,M,b 0 kW

Heat flow from inside Qi,M,b 14.32 kW
Heat flow to outside Qa,M,b 14.32 kW
Shell dry part

Heat transfer coefficient inside i,M,t 2.876 W/(mK)
Contact surface AM,t 37.7 m

Correction factor for contact surface cA,M,t 1
Wall temperature inside, shell i,M,t 41.52 C
Temperature (wall-insulation) g,M,t 41.52 C
Temperature insulation outside, shell a,M,t -19.42 C
Heating performance Qh,M,t 0 kW

Heat flow from inside Qi,M,t 0.9189 kW
Heat flow to outside Qa,M,t 0.9189 kW

TankExampleNov2016
Roof
Thickness of the wall sW,D 8 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall W,D 52 W/(mK)
Thermal resistance of the wall W,D 1.538e-4 mK/W
Thickness of the insulation sInsu,D 100 mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation Insu,D 0.04 W/(mK)
Thermal resistance of the insulation Insu,D 2.5 mK/W
Emissivity of the roof D 0.8
Emissivity of the product P 0.9
Heat transfer coefficient outside a,D 23.01 W/(mK)
Heat transfer coefficient inside (total) i,D 7.037 W/(mK)
Contact surface AD 113.1 m

Correction factor for contact surface cA,D 1
Wall temperature inside, roof i,D 46.3 C
Temperature (wall-insulation) g,D 46.29 C
Temperature insulation outside, roof a,D -18.87 C
Heating performance Qh,D 0 kW

Heat flow from inside Qi,D 2.948 kW
Heat flow to outside Qa,D 2.948 kW
Balance
Heating performance Qh,total 0 kW
Heat flow from inside Qi,total kW
Heat flow to outside Qa,total 21.46 kW

TankExampleNov2016
Calculation of the heating coil
Number of parallel heating circuits 1

Heating medium Transcal LT
Mass flow m 7957 kg/h
Volume flow V 10 m/h
Pressure (abs.) P 300000 Pa
Inlet temperature e 140 C
Outlet temperature a 135.9 C
Mean temperature m 137.9 C
Tube outside diameter da 60.3 mm

Tube wall thickness s 2.9 mm
Tube inside diameter di 54.5 mm
Thermal conductivity of tube material R 52 W/(mK)
Fouling inside fi 0 mK/W
Fouling outside fa 0 mK/W
Properties of the heating medium

Density 795.7 kg/m
Properties of the storage medium at 88.73 C

Density 873.7 kg/m
Result
Tube-side velocity u 1.191 m/s
Heat transfer coefficient inside i 1101 W/(mK)
Heat transfer coefficient outside a 127 W/(mK)
Overall heat transfer coefficient k 111.9 W/(mK)
Pressure drop (straight tube without bends) P 2819 Pa
Tube length per heating circuit L 11514 mm
Area per heating circuits A 2.181 m
Total tube length of all heating circuits Ltotal 11514 mm
Total area of all heating circuits Atotal 2.181 m

TankExampleNov2016
Properties ambient air

Properties of air
State 1 State 2
Temperature 1 -19.43 C 2 C
Pressure p1 1.013 bar p2 bar
Density 1.393 kg/m kg/m

Specific heat capacity cp 1006 J/(kgK) cp J/(kgK)
Thermal conductivity 0.02286 W/(mK) W/(mK)
Dynamic viscosity 0.01623 mPas mPas
Kinematic viscosity 1.166e-5 m/s m/s
Prandtl number Pr 0.7143 Pr
Thermal diffusivity a 1.632e-5 m/s a m/s
Compressibility factor Z 0.9991 Z
Specific enthalpy h -44700 J/kg h J/kg
Specific entropy s -162.4 J/(kgK) s J/(kgK)
Coefficient of thermal expansion 0.00396 1/K 1/K
Speed of sound w 319.4 m/s w m/s
Constants
Molecular weight M 28.96 g/mol
Gas constant R 287.1 J/(kgK)
Standard density N 1.293 kg/m
Critical data
Critical temperature Tc -140.6 C
Critical pressure pc 3786000 Pa
Critical density c 342.6 kg/m
Validity range
-150 C 1000 C
1 bar p 1000 bar
Composition of the air

Mol-% Wt-%
N2: 78.12 75.570
O2: 20.96 23.161
Ar: 0.92 1.269
Normalization of Enthalpy and Entropy

h = 0 kJ/kg, s = 0 kJ/(kgK) T = 298.15 K = 25C, p = 1.01325 bar
for the pure components

TankExampleNov2016
Heat transfer outside, roof

Heat transfer in flow past a plane wall
Geometry
Heated plate length l 12000 mm
Flow velocity w 10 m/s
Properties
Mean pressure p 101325 Pa
Mean temperature -20 C
Fluid liquid /gaseous? gaseous

Density 1.393 kg/m
Prandtl number Pr 0.7143
Mean wall temperature W -18.87 C

Exponent for gases nG 0.12
Heat transfer
Reynolds number Re 1.03e+7
Nusselt number laminar Nulam 1904 (1)
Nusselt number turbulent Nuturb 11935 (2)
Nusselt number average Nul,0 12086 (5)
Nusselt number with wall correction Nu 12079 (6)
Heat transfer coefficient 23.01 W/(mK)
Equations
(1)
(2)
(5)
(6)
Correction factor K (Effect of temperature dependent property variations)

Gases

TankExampleNov2016
Properties tank medium

Properties of heavy fuel oils
Properties of Heavy Fuel Oils (HFO)
Selected oil: HFO 180
Oil selection: 7
State 1 State 2
Temperature 50 C 88.75 C
Density 897.9 kg/m 873.6 kg/m

Specific heat capacity cp 1930 J/(kgK) cp 2065 J/(kgK)
Thermal conductivity 0.124 W/(mK) 0.1213 W/(mK)
Dynamic viscosity 171 mPas 32.15 mPas
Kinematic viscosity 1.904e-4 m/s 3.681e-5 m/s
Prandtl number Pr 2661 Pr 547.5
Coefficient of thermal expansion 7.072e-4 1/K 7.211e-4 1/K
Thermal diffusivity a 7.155e-8 m/s a 6.722e-8 m/s
Pr = /a = cp/
a = /(cp)

TankExampleNov2016
Inside heat transfer coefficient, bottom

Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies
4. Horizontal plane surfaces
Heat emission at upper side (lower surface cooled)
Boundary conditions
Area of the body flown-around A 113.1 m
Perimeter of the projection surface U 37699 mm
Characteristic length l 3000 mm (11)

Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s
Temperature on the surface 0 48.34 C

Temperature of fluid outside the boundary layer 50 C
Temperature difference (0 - ) 1.658 K
Properties
Mean temperature (0 + ) / 2 m 49.17 C
Density 897.9 kg/m
Characteristic values
Prandtl number Pr = cp / Pr 2661
Grashof number Gr = g l3 / 2 Gr 8565472 (3)
Rayleigh number Ra = Gr Pr Ra 2.28e+10 (4)
Prandtl function f2(Pr) 0.9874 (20)

Nusselt number laminar Nul 90.09 (18)
Nusselt number turbulent Nut 423.5 (19)
Nusselt number Nu 423.5
Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient = Nu / l a 17.5 W/(mK) (2)
Exchange surface A 113.1 m
Convective heat flux Q -3.282 kW
Equations
(2)
(3)
(4)
(11)
(18)
(19)
(20)

TankExampleNov2016

TankExampleNov2016
Gas properties
Properties of air
State 1 State 2
Temperature 1 48.15 C 2 C
Pressure p1 1 bar p2 bar
Density 1.084 kg/m kg/m

Specific heat capacity cp 1008 J/(kgK) cp J/(kgK)
Thermal conductivity 0.02795 W/(mK) W/(mK)
Dynamic viscosity 0.01955 mPas mPas
Kinematic viscosity 1.803e-5 m/s m/s
Prandtl number Pr 0.7048 Pr
Thermal diffusivity a 2.559e-5 m/s a m/s
Compressibility factor Z 0.9999 Z
Specific enthalpy h 23319 J/kg h J/kg
Specific entropy s 79.14 J/(kgK) s J/(kgK)
Coefficient of thermal expansion 0.003119 1/K 1/K
Speed of sound w 359.5 m/s w m/s
Constants
Molecular weight M 28.96 g/mol
Gas constant R 287.1 J/(kgK)
Standard density N 1.293 kg/m
Critical data
Critical temperature Tc -140.6 C
Critical pressure pc 3786000 Pa
Critical density c 342.6 kg/m
Validity range
-150 C 1000 C
1 bar p 1000 bar
Composition of the air

Mol-% Wt-%
N2: 78.12 75.570
O2: 20.96 23.161
Ar: 0.92 1.269
Normalization of Enthalpy and Entropy

h = 0 kJ/kg, s = 0 kJ/(kgK) T = 298.15 K = 25C, p = 1.01325 bar
for the pure components

TankExampleNov2016
Heat transfer outside, shell

Heat loss of walls and pipeworks
Heat loss in insulated pipelines (exposed)
Parameters
Temperature medium inside i 50 C
Air temperature a -20 C
Inside diameter of the pipe d1 12000 mm
Inside heat transfer coefficient i 17.67 W/(mK)
Wind velocity w 10 m/s
Heat transfer
Thickness Thermal conductivity

Tube wall s0 8 mm 0 52 W/(mK)
Insulation 1 s1 100 mm 1 0.04 W/(mK)
Insulation 2 s2 0 mm 2 1 W/(mK)
Calculation
Outside diameter of the pipe d2 12016 mm
Outside diameter of the insulation 1 d3 12216 mm
Outside diameter of the insulation 2 d4 12216 mm
Temperature difference i-a 70 C
Auxiliary variable D 2.578 mK/W
Outside heat transfer coefficient a 41.67 W/(mK)
Heat loss per unit of length Q/l -1032 W/m

Pipe length l mm
Heat loss absolute Q kW
Temperatures
Temperature medium inside i 50 C
Wall temperature inside Wi 48.45 C
Wall temperature outside Wa 48.45 C
Insulation Iso -19.35 C
Surface temperature o -19.35 C
Air temperature a -20 C
Equations
For wind (w>0) follows

TankExampleNov2016
Inside heat transfer coefficient, wet shell

2. Vertical areas (Cylinder)
Boundary conditions
Height of the cylinder h 14000 mm
Diameter of the cylinder D 12000 mm
Characteristic length l 14000 mm


Properties
Density 897.9 kg/m
Prandtl number Pr = cp / Pr 2661
Grashof number Gr = g l3 / 2 Gr 8.059e+8 (3)

Nusselt number for plate NuP 1995 (12)
Nusselt number Nu 1996 (14)
Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient = Nu / l 17.68 W/(mK) (2)
Equations
(2)
(3)
(4)
(12)
(13)
(14)

TankExampleNov2016
Inside heat transfer coefficient, dry shell

2. Vertical areas (Cylinder)
Boundary conditions
Height of the cylinder h 1000 mm
Diameter of the cylinder D 12000 mm
Characteristic length l 1000 mm


Properties
Density 1.084 kg/m
Coefficient of thermal expansion 0.003119 1/K
Prandtl number Pr = cp / Pr 0.7048
Grashof number Gr = g l3 / 2 Gr 7.974e+8 (3)

Nusselt number for plate NuP 102.8 (12)
Nusselt number Nu 102.9 (14)
Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient = Nu / l 2.876 W/(mK) (2)
Equations
(2)
(3)
(4)
(12)
(13)
(14)

TankExampleNov2016
Inside heat transfer coefficient, roof

Heat transfer by free convection in enclosed fluid layers
Horizontal flat layers (heated from below)
Boundary conditions
Layer thickness s 1000 mm
Heated area A 113.1 m
Emission rate of the heated surface (Ka) 1 0.9
Emission rate of the cooled surface (Ka) 2 0.8
Temperature on the heated surface 1 50 C

Temperature on the cooled surface 2 46.3 C
Temperature difference (1 - 2) 3.704 K
Temperature difference (T14 - T24) T 4.914e+8 K^4
Properties
Density 1.084 kg/m
Thermal diffusivity a 2.559e-5 m/s
Coefficient of expansion 0.003119 1/K
Grashof number Grs 3.485e+8 (6)
Prandtl number Pr 0.7048 (7)
Rayleigh number Ras 2.456e+8 (8)
Nusselt number Nus 54.02 (11/12)
Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient 1.51 W/(mK) (5)
Heat flux (conduction and convection) QLK 0.6325 kW (3)
Radiation exchange coefficient C12 4.166e-8 Ka (7)

Heat flux (radiation) QS 2.315 kW Ka (6)
Total heat flux QSLK 2.948 kW

Equivalent heat transfer coefficient SLK 7.037 W/(mK)

TankExampleNov2016
Equations
(6)
(7)
(8)
- without convection Ras < 1708 Nus = 1
- laminar 1708 Ras < 2.2104 Nus = 0.208 Ras0.25 (11)
- turbulent Ras 2.2104 Nus = 0.092 Ras0.33 (12)
(5)
(3)

TankExampleNov2016
Physical properties of heating medium

Properties of thermal oils
Name of the oil Transcal LT
Material structure naphthene base
Manufacturer BP
Former product / Comment
Range of application
State 1 State 2
Temperature 137.9 C 128.1 C
Density 795.7 kg/m 802 kg/m

Specific heat capacity cp 2349 J/(kgK) 2316 J/(kgK)
Dynamic viscosity 1.151 mPas 1.324 mPas
Kinematic viscosity 1.355e-6 m/s 1.573e-6 m/s
Prandtl number Pr 21.66 24.44
Coef. of thermal expansion 7.733e-4 1/K 7.794e-4 1/K
Thermal diffusivity a 6.679e-8 m/s 6.752e-8 m/s
Specific enthalpy h 0 kJ/kg 0 kJ/kg
Vapour pressure pD 516.2 Pa 336.8 Pa
Pour point -54 C

Initial boiling point 290 C
Minimum operating temperature -20 C
Maximum operating temperature 260 C
Minimum temperature filling -20 C

Minimum temperature startup 71 C
Maximum film temperature 280 C
Flash point 155 C
Ignition temperature 240 C
Neutralization number 0.01 mgKOH/g
Coke residue 0.01 %
Explosion limit Vol-%
Molecular weight kg/kmol
Temperature min max

Density 900 kg/m 732 kg/m
Specific heat capacity cp 1800 J/(kgK) 2770 J/(kgK)
Dynamic viscosity 730 mPas 0.35 mPas
Kinematic viscosity 3e-4 m/s 4.9e-7 m/s
Vapour pressure pD Pa 28000 Pa

TankExampleNov2016
Tube-side heat transfer

Heat transfer in pipe flow
Constant wall temperature
Physical properties
Fluid liquid /gaseous? liquid
Density 795.7 kg/m

Prandtl number Pr 21.68
Prandtl number at wall temperature PrW 24.44
Wall temperature W 128 C
Tube circular / non-circular? Circular tubes
Tube length l 11514 mm

Tube inside diameter di 54.5 mm
Cross sectional area of the tube f 0.002333 m
Perimeter of the tube u 171.2 mm
Hydraulic diameter dh 54.5 mm
Total mass flow mtot 7957 kg/h

Total volume flow Vtot 10 m/h
Number of tubes with parallel flow Z 1
Mass flow per tube m 7957 kg/h
Flow velocity w 1.191 m/s
Heat transfer
Reynolds number Re 44866
Nusselt number Nu 481.3
Heat transfer coefficient 1101 W/(mK)
Heat duty Q = mtot cp (a - e ) Q -21.46 kW

TankExampleNov2016
Results Constant wall temperature

Turbulent flow (Re > 10000)
Correction factor K (Effect of temperature dependent property variations)

Liquids

TankExampleNov2016
Heat transfer coil around tubes

5. Horizontal curved areas (Cylinder)
Cylinder
Outside diameter do 60.3 mm
Wall thickness s 2.9 mm
Inside diameter di 54.5 mm
Thermal conductivity 52 W/(mK)
Characteristic length l 94.72 mm
Temperatures and properties


Density 873.7 kg/m
Prandtl number Pr = cp / Pr 547.2
Grashof number Gr = g l3 / 2 Gr 343770 (3)

Nusselt number Nu 99.19 (22)
Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient (free = Nu / l a 127 W/(mK) (2)
convection)
Convective heat flux Q 21.46 kW
Balance for the calculation of the surface temperature

Heating medium
Density 795.7 kg/m
Mass flow m 7957 kg/h
Volume flow V 10 m/h
Duty QH -21.46 kW
Tube-side velocity u 1.191 m/s
Heat transfer coefficient inside i 1101 W/(mK)

Fouling inside fi 0 mK/W
Fouling outside fa 0 mK/W
Overall heat transfer coefficient k 111.9 W/(mK)
Length of the cylinder L 11515 mm

Area of the cylinder A 2.181 m

TankExampleNov2016
Equations
(2)
(3)
(4)
(22)
(24)

TankExampleNov2016
Pressure drop in coil

Pressure drop in flow through pipes
Straight pipes
Parameters of the pipe

Pipe length l 11.51 m
Pipe inside diameter di 54.5 mm
Absolute roughness k 0.04 mm
Number of pipes with parallel flow NR 1
Physical properties
Density 795.7 kg/m
Total mass flow mg 2.21 kg/s

Mass flow per pipe mR 7957 kg/h
Volume flow per pipe VR 10 m/h
Velocity w 1.191 m/s
Results
Flow pattern Turbulent flow (Re > 2320)
Pressure drop p 2819 Pa
Reynolds number Re 44867
Drag coefficient 0.02366
Equations
Re = 44867 > 2320 Turbulent flow

Tank Example

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TankExampleNov2016

Input values: 1.234 or 1.234

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH 1 07.11.2016

A possible fouling of the coil is not considered.

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH 2 07.11.2016

Calculation of heat loss of storage tanks

Geometry of storage tank

Tank height HT 15000 mm

Gas above storage medium

Insulation thickness mm 100 mm 100 mm

Thermal W/(mK) 0.04 W/(mK) 0.04 W/(mK)

dry part 0.9189 kW

Total heat loss Qtotal 21.46 kW

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH 3 07.11.2016

Contact surface AB 113.1 m

Shell wet part

Contact surface AM,b 527.8 m

Heating performance Qh,M,b 0 kW

Shell dry part

Contact surface AM,t 37.7 m

Heating performance Qh,M,t 0 kW

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH 4 07.11.2016

Contact surface AD 113.1 m

Heating performance Qh,D 0 kW

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH 5 07.11.2016

Calculation of the heating coil

Number of parallel heating circuits 1

Tube outside diameter da 60.3 mm

Properties of the heating medium

Properties of the storage medium at 88.73 C

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH 6 07.11.2016

Properties ambient air

Density 1.393 kg/m kg/m

Speed of sound w 319.4 m/s w m/s

Composition of the air

Normalization of Enthalpy and Entropy

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH 7 07.11.2016

Heat transfer outside, roof

Fluid liquid /gaseous? gaseous

Mean wall temperature W -18.87 C

Heat transfer coefficient 23.01 W/(mK)

Correction factor K (Effect of temperature dependent property variations)

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH 8 07.11.2016

Properties tank medium

Density 897.9 kg/m 873.6 kg/m

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH 9 07.11.2016

Inside heat transfer coefficient, bottom

Characteristic length l 3000 mm (11)

Temperature on the surface 0 48.34 C

Prandtl function f2(Pr) 0.9874 (20)

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH 10 07.11.2016

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH 11 07.11.2016

Density 1.084 kg/m kg/m

Speed of sound w 359.5 m/s w m/s

Composition of the air

Normalization of Enthalpy and Entropy

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH 12 07.11.2016

Heat transfer outside, shell

Thickness Thermal conductivity

Outside heat transfer coefficient a 41.67 W/(mK)

Heat loss per unit of length Q/l -1032 W/m

For wind (w>0) follows

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH 13 07.11.2016

Inside heat transfer coefficient, wet shell