5G

Introduction

5G is Evolution beyond mobile internet From analogue through to LTE, each generation
of mobile technology has been motivated by the need to meet a requirement identified
between that technology and its predecessor. For example, the transition from 2G to 3G
was expected to enable mobile internet on consumer devices, but whilst it did add data
connectivity, it was not until 3.5G that a giant leap in terms of consumer experience
occurred, as the combination of mobile broadband networks and smartphones brought
about a significantly enhanced mobile internet experience which has eventually led to the
app-centric interface we see today. From email and social media through music and video
streaming to controlling your home appliances from anywhere in the world, mobile
broadband has brought enormous benefits and has fundamentally changed the lives of
many people through services provided both by operators and third party players.
More recently, the transition from 3.5G to 4G services has offered users access to
considerably faster data speeds and lower latency rates, and therefore the way that people
access and use the internet on mobile devices continues to change dramatically. Across
the world operators are typically reporting that 4G customers consume around double the
monthly amount of data of non-4G users, and in some cases three times as much. An
increased level of video streaming by customers on 4G networks is often cited by
operators as a major contributing factor to this. The Internet of Things (IoT) has also been
discussed as a key differentiator for 4G, but in reality the challenge of providing low
power, low frequency networks to meet the demand for widespread M2M deployment is
not specific to 4G or indeed 5G. As Table 1 suggests, it is currently unclear what the
opportunity or weakness that 5G should address is.

5G Technology Mobile and wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last
fifteen years. Nowadays many mobile phones have also a WLAN adapter. One may
suppose that near soon many mobile phones will have WiMAX adapter too, besides their
3G, 2G, WLAN, Bluetooth etc. adapters. Today 3G mobile systems are on the ground
providing IP connectivity for real-time and nonreal-time services. On the other side, there
are many wireless technologies that have proven to be important, with the most important
ones being 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and 802.16 Wireless
Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN), as well as ad-hoc Wireless Personal Area
Network (WPAN) and wireless networks for digital TV and radio broadcast. Then, the
concepts of 4G is already much discussed and it is almost certain that 4G will include
several standards under a common umbrella, similarly to 3G, but with IEEE 802.xx
wireless mobile networks included from the beginning. The 5G terminals will have
software defined radios and modulation scheme as well as new error-control schemes can
be downloaded from the Internet on the run. The development is seen towards the user
terminals as a focus of the 5G mobile networks. The terminals will have access to
different wireless technologies at the same time and the terminal should be able to
combine different flows from different technologies. Each network will be responsible
for handling user-mobility, while the terminal will make the final choice among different
wireless/mobile access network providers for a given service. The paper also proposes
intelligent Internet phone concept where the mobile phone can choose the best
connections by selected constraints and dynamically change them during a single end-to-
end connection. The proposal in this paper is fundamental shift in the mobile networking
philosophy compared to existing 3G and near-soon 4G mobile technologies, and this
concept is called here the 5G. 5G technology has changed the means to use cell phones
within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such a high value
technology. Nowadays mobile users have much awareness of the cell phone (mobile)
technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which makes 5G
technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. The gigantic array of
innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning. 5G technologies
which are on hand held phone offering more power and features than at least 1000 lunar
modules. A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to get
broadband internet access. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video
player, large phone memory, dialling speed, audio player and much more you never
imagine. For children rocking fun Bluetooth technology and Pico nets has become in
market.

5G technology requirements
As a result of this blending of requirements, many of the industry initiatives that have
progressed with work on 5G (see Appendix A) identify a set of eight requirements:
1-10Gbps connections to endpoints in the field (i.e. not theoretical maximum)
1 millisecond end-to-end round trip delay (latency)
1000x bandwidth per unit area
10-100x number of connected devices
(Perception of) 99.999% availability
(Perception of) 100% coverage
90% reduction in network energy usage

Comparison between 3G 4G and 5G

3G
The third generation 3G wireless Network 3G wireless technology represents the
convergence of various 2G wireless telecommunications systems into a single global
system that includes both terrestrial and satellite components. One of the most important
aspects of 3G wireless technologies is its ability to unify existing cellular standards, such
as CDMA and GSM. Users are access 3G wireless services via dual band terminal
devices. WCDMA networks are used for high-capacity applications and 2G digital
wireless systems are used for voice calls. The second radio interface is CDMA2000
which is backward compatible with the second generation CDMA IS-95 standard
predominantly used in US. The third radio interface, Universal Wireless Communications
UWC-136, also called IS-136HS, was proposed by the TIA and designed to comply
with ANSI-136, the North American TDMA standard. 3G wireless networks consist of a
Radio Access Network (RAN) and a core network. The core network consists of a
packet-switched domain, which includes 3G SGSNs and GGSNs, which provides the
same functionality that they provide in a GPRS system, and a circuit-switched domain,
which includes 3G MSC for switching of voice calls. Charging for services and access is
done through the Charging Gateway Function (CGF), which is also part of the core
network. RAN functionality is independent from the core network functionality.

4G wireless Network
The fourth generation (4G) is a conceptual framework and a discussion point to address
future needs of a high speed wireless network that can transmit multimedia and data and
interface with wire-line backbone network perfectly just raised in 2002. The main
distinguishing factors between 3G and 4G are the data rates, services, transmission ways,
access technology to the Internet, the compatibility to interface with wire-line backbone
network, quality of service and security. 4G can support at least 100 Mbps peak rates in
full-mobility wide area coverage and 1Gbps in low-mobility local area coverage. The
speeds of 3G can be up to 2Mbps, which is much slower than the speeds of 4G.

The fifth generation 5G wireless Network

The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation schemes as well as
new errorcontrol schemes that can be downloaded from the Internet. The development is
seen towards the user terminals as a focus of the 5G mobile networks. The terminals will
have access to different wireless technologies at the same time and the terminal will be
able to combine different flows from different technologies. In 5G, each network will be
responsible for handling user-mobility, while the terminal will make the final choice
among different wireless/mobile access network providers for a given service. Such
choice will be based on open intelligent middleware in the mobile phone.

CONCEPTS FOR 5G MOBILE NETWORKS

The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation schemes as well as
new error-control schemes that can be downloaded from the Internet. The development is
seen towards the user terminals as a focus of the 5G mobile networks. The terminals will
have access to different wireless technologies at the same time and the terminal should be
able to combine different flows from different technologies. In 5G, each network will be
responsible for handling user-mobility, while the terminal will make the final choice
among different wireless/mobile access network providers for a given service.
A. Physical Layer Physical and Medium Access Control layers
OSI layer 1 and OSI layer 2, define the wireless technology. For these two layers the 5G
mobile networks is likely to be based on Open Wireless Architecture.

B. Network Layer The network layer

This layer will be IP (Internet Protocol), because there is no competition today on this
level. There is Mobile IP standard on one side as well as many micro-mobility solutions
(e.g., Cellular IP, HAWAII etc.). All mobile networks will use Mobile IP in 5G, and each
mobile terminal will be FA (Foreign Agent), keeping the CoA (Care of Address)
mapping between its fixed IPv6 address and CoA address for the current wireless
network.

C. Open Transport Protocol (OTA) Layer

The mobile and wireless networks differ from wired networks regarding the transport
layer. In all TCP versions the assumption is that lost segments are due to network
congestion, while in wireless networks losses may occur due to higher bit error ratio in
the radio interface. For 5G mobile terminals will be suitable to have transport layer that is
possible to be downloaded and installed. Such mobiles shall have the possibility to
download (e.g., TCP, RTP etc. or new transport protocol) version which is targeted to a
specific wireless technology installed at the base stations. This is called here Open
Transport Protocol - OTP.

D. Application Layer
In applications, the ultimate request from the 5G mobile terminal is to provide intelligent
QoS management over variety of networks. Today, in mobile phones the users manually
select the wireless interface for particular Internet service without having the possibility
to use QoS history to select the best wireless connection for a given service. The 5G
phone shall provide possibility for service quality testing and storage of measurement
information in information databases in the mobile terminal. The QoS parameters, such
as delay, jitter, losses, bandwidth, reliability, will be stored in a database in the 5G mobile
phone with aim to be used by intelligent algorithms running in the mobile terminal as
system processes, which at the end shall provide the best wireless connection upon
required QoS and personal cost constraints.

Network performance With 5G,

A range of performance measures will become more important a multitude of
applications and different use cases need to be addressed, with novel technologies for
each specific case to ensure the limitations of mobile communications systems dont limit
the overall development of the technology. In particular, it is not economically feasible to
build ultra-dense networks everywhere and it must be accepted that a virtual zero latency
gigabit connectivity will only become available where it matters. Therefore, while
traditional performance indicators, such as peak data rates, will improve, the key to 5G
will be flexibility and support for new use cases.

Summary
5G is on its way and rather than being another next generation it will be a better
integration of old and new technologies. This integration of different systems will enable
more stringent requirements in some areas to be met, relaxed needs in others, with a
focus on keeping overall costs and energy dissipation low. The combination of evolution
and revolution, wide and local area, big and small cells and different carrier frequencies
will enable a fully scalable service experience on demand, where people and machines
will enjoy a virtual zero latency gigabit experience when and where it matters.