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40 GAP

2 User Guide

2.1 What is in this guide?


A flow chart which outlines the basic procedures required to carry out a full field network
optimisation study using GAP is shown on the last figure. The organisation of the manual
adheres to the GAP processing logic as outlined by the flowchart as much as possible.

Introduction 41 Introductory information on GAP and the user Guide


Getting Started 46 General information on the usage of GAP
with GAP 46
Describing 130 This section describes the PVT modelling options available in GAP
the PVT 130
Equipment Data 157 This describes the interface used for entering equipment data, and
describes in detail the data entry screens for all elements
VLP/PR 41 This section shows how to generate VLP/IPR using PROSPER for
Generation 41 inclusion in the GAP system model
Model Validation 453 This section introduces the user to the Model Validation menu option in
GAP, which allows efficient quality checking of the well models in GAP
Network Solver 463 This section describes how to solve network and check that model
and Optimiser 463 production matches actual production
Prediction 482 This section describes the coupling of reservoir tank models to GAP for
production forecasting
Results and 525 This explains how to prepare, print and plot the results
Reporting 525
History Matching 543 General steps to follow to make sure that the model is calibrated and
an IPM Model 543 representing reality
Prediction Script 554 Section describing the scripting features present in GAP
Defining 560 This section describes how to set up Unit systems in GAP
System Units 560

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User Guide 41

2.2 Introduction
Petroleum Experts General Allocation Package (GAP) is an extremely powerful and useful tool
offered to the Petroleum Engineering community. Some of the tasks GAP can achieve are:

Complete Surface Production / Injection Network modeling.


Optimisation
GAP has a powerful optimiser that is capable of handling a variety of wells in the same
network
Naturally flowing oil wells
Gas-lifted wells
ESP operated wells
Condensate or gas producers
Water producers
Water or gas injectors
PCP wells
HSP wells

The Optimiser controls production rates using wellhead chokes, ESP operating frequencies or
allocating lift gas to maximise the hydrocarbon production while honouring constraints at the
gathering system, well and reservoir levels.

Allocation of Production
Predictions (Production Forecast).
GAP models both production and injection systems simultaneously, containing oil, gas,
condensate and/or water wells to generate production profiles.

powerful optimisation engine can, for example, allocate gas for gas lifted
GAPs
wells, alter the frequency of ESP pumps or sets wellhead chokes for naturally
flowing wells to maximise Revenue or Oil Production while honouring constraints
at any level.

GAP can also model and optimise injection networks associated with the
production system (both together).

Production Forecasting

GAP calculates full field production forecasts including gas or water


injection volumes required to meet reservoir unit pressure constraints.

Reservoir pressures are obtained from decline curves, material balance or


simulation models.

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The associated injection systems can be modelled and optimised so as to


achieve injection targets for pressure maintenance programmes.

Link to third party tools via OPENSERVER

GAP has an Open Architecture that allows


Third party software to exchange data with GAP.
Run and control GAP via the OPENSERVER technology developed by
Petroleum Experts

Link to MBAL

Reservoir performance for production forecasting is provided by links to


Petroleum Experts MBAL material balance program.
Fully coupled production and injection (gas and water) models can be
solved by GAP with optimisation of production and calculation of injection
pressures at every time step.

Link to PROSPER

Well performances for production forecasting are provided by links to Petroleum


Experts PROSPER, the single well model package within the IPM Suite.
PROSPER can be run in a batch mode from GAP for generation of well
performance and lift curves for simulation.

Fully Compositional or Compositional Tracking Modes

GAP can calculate the PVT fully compositionally and track compositions from the
well/source level through to the separators. In a prediction, GAP can take
compositions calculated by MBAL and record the evolution of compositions
throughout the system with time.

The compositional tracking can be done as in previous versions using the BO


model.
Lumping/delumping of compositions can be performed in both the fully
compositional and black oil cases

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2.2.1 How to Use This Guide


Depending on the modelling needs and the amount of time the user wants to spend becoming
familiar with the program, the user guide can be used in the following ways:

Beginning-to-end
If the user is new to Windows applications, we recommend to read this document from
beginning to end to become familiar with the program features, menus, and options. This is the
slow approach, but will cover all is necessary to know about the program.

Selected tasks
Use this approach only if the user is already familiar with the basic functionality of the program.

Worked examples
If the user has limited time and want to sample the program features quickly, follow the
instructions provided with in the examples. The examples can be found in the Examples Guide
566 . The examples show how to build a network, run sensitivities and perform a prediction run

with a reservoir model attached to the surface network.

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2.2.2 GAP Glossary of Terms


The following table introduces some key terms in network modeling using GAP.

Term Application
Abandonment For Prediction runs only. Minimum rates, maximum GOR etc. can
Value be set to turn wells off.
Actual Evaluation of well models for specified top node (wellhead)
pressure, GOR and water cut. Used to quality control well models
by comparing model and actual measured test rates.
Compositional The tracking of fluid components/compositions from the well bore
Tracking 149 to the top (separator) node.
Constraint Constraints are used to direct the GAP optimiser to honour
process limitations, limit well production rates. Minimum
constraints can give a flow stream priority when optimising.
Constraints always refer to GAP optimiser. Well abandonment
rates are set elsewhere.
Element A well, joint, pipe, separator, tank etc. used to construct either
production or injection systems.
Generate The process of calculating and importing well parameters like
IPR
VLP
GOR Gas / Oil Ratio. In GAP this is the Producing GOR including
solution and free gas, but excluding gaslift injection.
Icon Graphical symbol used to represent a system element.
IPR Inflow performance relation. Function relating pressure drop
across reservoir and production rate. IPR s can be generated
directly from PROSPER.
Node Point where one or more production elements connect to another
system element.
Performance Curve Curve representing the well response as pressure downstream the
(PC) well (or manifold pressure) vs rate produced. The PCs can be
generated from VLP/IPR by sensitizing on well manifold pressure
for a given reservoir pressure and content of water and gas
(respectively, water cut and GOR)
Pipe Pipes connect joints together to form a gathering system. Pipes in
GAP have a length, elevation, inside diameter and roughness.
Prediction Calculation of (optimised or not optimised) future production and
injection rates using pressure decline curves or reservoir models (
MBAL for instance).

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Production Use of systems analysis models in GAP to calculate field and well
Allocation production rates for specified reservoir and surface pressures
given the current water cut and GOR.
Production Process of maximising oil/gas production (or revenue) by adjusting
Optimisation wellhead pressure/gaslift injection/ESP frequency while
simultaneously honouring constraints at various points in the
system.
Solve Network The process of calculating the combined production response for
(optimised) the entire production system.This can be coupled with the
optimisation process, allocating the gas lift gas and the power
available to optimise the overall system production or injection.
Tank A reservoir unit.
It can be modelled rigorously with MBAL.
It can also be represented by a table, relating pressure and
cumulative oil production (decline curve option).
VLP Vertical lift performance. Expression relating surface well
pressure and bottom hole pressure.

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2.3 Getting Started with GAP


For first time users, this chapter covers the essential features of data management and setting
up the calculation options of GAP; in essence, everything one needs to get started on a GAP
project. The chapter starts with a description of the user interface. A step-by-step guide to
starting a GAP project from scratch follows this.

Menu options will be considered in this Chapter, although some will be


discussed in more detail in later chapters when their use will be put in
context of an actual model.

2.3.1 The GAP User Interface


The main screen of GAP has the following structure:

The user interface consists of a framework window that contains several child windows, as well
as the menu and toolbar from which GAP commands are issued. The child windows include the

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User Guide 47

system windows that contain the system network drawing, and the navigator window that can
assist in the viewing of large networks.

The interface consists of four parts, as indicated in the figure above:

System window the window on which the system network is drawn


Navigator window contains a full schematic which can be used to help navigation about large
systems
Toolbar contains menu accelerators, icons for selecting and manipulating system
equipment, and icons for zooming or un-zooming on the system window
Menu usual menu for issuing commands to GAP

Menu functions are discussed in the following chapter. The other three parts of the interface as
listed above are described in the sections below.

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2.3.1.1 Opening a File


When GAP is opened, if the preferences have not been set up to open the last file accessed,
there will be a blank system view. To open a GAP file at any time during any GAP session,
select FileOpen. The following screen will be displayed:

This is the standard Windows file browser, which may be familiar with from other
Windows applications.
The dialogue box lists the files that match the selection criteria on the left-hand
side.
The files in the default working directory are automatically shown first.

Double-click on the file name required and this will be opened by GAP.

The Open as read only option enables to open a file as a read-only file, which can therefore be
consulted but not modified.

2.3.1.2 Saving a File


When files are opened in GAP, a copy of the selected file is stored in computer memory.
Any changes to the file are made to the copy in memory. In case of a power failure or a
computer hanging up, these changes are completely lost. To maintain the present work, we
recommend to save the data on a regular basis. This simple procedure could potentially prevent
hours of work and analysis being lost.

To save a file, choose either FileSave or FileSave As. The Save command stores changes
made to the current active file, overwriting the previous data. By default, the Save command
saves a file under its original name and to the drive and directory last selected.

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2.3.1.3 The System Window


The system window is the main window on which the GAP network is displayed. More than one
system window can be displayed in GAP at one time; this means that different views of the
same system or production and injection systems can be viewed simultaneously.
An empty system view window is shown below:

The system window is used to draw, edit, and view the system. Coloured icons represent the
equipment nodes. The different actions that can be performed on this window are obtained by
clicking the right hand mouse button within the area of the system window. This brings up a
menu, as shown on the screenshot above. Alternatively, the same set of actions can be
performed using the toolbar or the menu, which are described below.

Addition of To add an item to the system, activate the required equipment type from
Network the toolbar or use the right hand mouse button. The cursor appearance on
Equipment the screen will change to indicate that an equipment selection has been
made. Click on the screen at the point where the equipment is to be
inserted. A network node will be created, and a label dialog will appear
prompting to name the new equipment.

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Zoom In / Out To zoom in or zoom out, first select the appropriate icon from the toolbar
or from the right hand mouse menu described above. To zoom in on an
area, hold the left-hand mouse button while sweeping the mouse cursor
over the area of interest. Alternatively, one may click once at a point in the
system, and GAP will zoom or un-zoom on that point using a fixed scaling
factor (which may be adjusted using the Preferences dialog).

To revert to a full system view at any time, double-click the left-hand


mouse button at any point in the window (except on an equipment node).
The view will rescale to show the whole of the system.
Selection of Items To select an item or items, first select the select icon from the toolbar or
from the right hand mouse popup menu. Click on the item to select, and
its colour will reverse accordingly. Alternatively, dragging the left-hand
mouse button over an area can make group selections.
Masking / To mask or unmask an item or items, first select the Select icon from the
Unmasking of toolbar or from the right hand mouse menu. Click on an item to mask or
Items unmask it: if equipment is masked, all child items will also be masked. If a
piece of equipment is unmasked, parent items will be unmasked to allow
a production path to the top node. To mask or unmask a group of nodes,
the left hand mouse button may be dragged over an area of the system
view.

Deletion of itemsSelect the delete icon from the toolbar or from the right hand mouse
menu. Groups of items may be deleted as above.
Right hand Mouse Utility menus will appear when the right hand mouse button is clicked
Button Actions anywhere in the system view. The normal menu is displayed above, and
appears when the button is clicked over an empty space. If it is clicked
over an equipment node, a shorter menu will appear with a number of
equipment specific functions, such as delete, mask, or select.
Panning To move the view around the system, simply click on the main window
and hold the left mouse button down. Shift the mouse and the network will
be moved following the direction of the mouse movement.
Popup Status As the mouse is moved over equipment nodes, a small window will
Information appear. This contains basic status information for the node in question
and allows the status of a piece of equipment to be checked without
entering the data entry screen. This is optional: to switch this function off
go to the Preferences screen and un-tick the Enable Flyover Status
Information.
Changing Icon These functions are also available from the right hand mouse menu as
Sizes / System well as from the main menu under Options. See below for more
Fonts information.
Title Bar This indicates whether a production or injection system is being viewed.
Opening a New It is possible to open a new GAP window specifically focused on one
GAP Window area of the network. To do so, zoom on the system region to consider and
click the Shift key after the zoom region as been specified. A new GAP
window will then be opened.

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Windows specific Minimise: Click this button to minimise the window in the GAP
Actions workspace.
Maximise: Click this button to maximise the window to fill the GAP
workspace. Following this, if GAP is shut down and restarted, it will
automatically bring up the new window in a maximised state.
Close: Click this button to remove the window from the workspace.
Restore: This restore the default system window

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2.3.1.4 The Toolbar


The toolbar is located below the main menu at the top of the main window. It consists of a row of
icons (described below) which act as accelerators to common menu functions, or allow the
addition or manipulation of network icons in the system window.

The functions of the various buttons are described below.

File/Interface Functions

Accelerator for File | New. Clears the current system and initialises a new one.
A warning will be displayed if there are any unsaved changes in the old
system.
Accelerator for File | Open. This will prompt for a new file name. If the file can
be opened successfully, the old file will be cleared and the new file opened in a
new window.
Accelerator for File | Save. By default, this will override the currently saved
version of the file. Use File | Save As to save the file to a different location.
Accelerator for Window | New Window. This will open a new full system view of
the current file.

System Functions

Accelerator for Equipment Control / Model Validation screen

Accelerator for Network Solver.

Accelerator to access script

Accelerator for Prediction | Material Balance Forecast. This initialises a


material balance or decline curve prediction, depending on the system mode

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as set up in the Method screen.

Equipment Set-up
When an equipment button is selected, click once on the system window to create a new node
of the required type at the chosen point. A label dialog will appear to allow equipment to be
labelled immediately.

Add a separator. This is the final solution node and is located at the "top" of
the system, i.e. furthest from the wells. GAP will optimise the entire system
connected to all separators. The separator does not have to be an actual one.
In GAP, separator is a convenient way of describing a point of known pressure
in the network. For injection systems, this button will add an Injection Manifold.
Add a joint. This represents a network node. A joint is a solution point in the
system.
Add a link. Note that this can become a pipeline, a well-tank connection, or a
pump connection depending on the context of the connection being made.
Add a well. The default well type is oil well, gas lifted (unless in an injection
system). The well type can be changed from the main data entry screen. When
drawing well icons, it is suggested that they are arranged around the
connection point. This simplifies the drawing of the pipeline connections.
Add a tank. This represents a reservoir source. Tanks are only required when
running predictions.
Add a flare or vent. This element withdraws from the system a fixed rate of fluid

Add a pump. A pump is associated with a joint or separator. If associated with


a joint, it is in line with the joint, between the joint and the pipeline connecting
the joint to the next level.
Add a compressor. A compressor is associated with a joint. If associated with
a joint, it is in line with the joint, between the joint and the pipeline connecting
the joint to the next level.
Add a source/sink. A source/since is created and should be described. A
source/sink can be at fixed rate or a programmable element.
Add an inline element is created. This can be an Inline Gate Valve, an Inline
Check Valve, an Inline Separation, an Inline Choke or an Inline programmable.
Add inflow, when this option is selected, it will contain similar data as the well
except that do not include the VLPs. This icon is used essentially for downhole
networks.
Add group, using this option the same constraint can be applied to certain
groups of wells.
Add flowsheet, creates sub-flowsheets that can be attached to the main GAP
flowsheet

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Zoom in/out. When 'zoom in' is selected, a zoom can be achieved either by
clicking the mouse on the system window, which will zoom in a fixed amount
and set the centre of the view to the position clicked, or by sweeping an area
with the mouse which GAP will then view. The aspect ratio will be retained
when an area zoom is performed.
Mask / unmask. When either of these are selected, clicking on an equipment
item in the system window with mask or unmask the item as directed. For
short-term removals of equipment, this is to be preferred to deletion, which
removes the equipment permanently. When masking, all child nodes will also
be masked. When unmasking, parent nodes will be unmasked so as to clear a
passage to the top-most node. From GAP version 4.0 onwards, any masked
item will be brought online by Schedule during prediction. To exclude any item
from prediction (irrespective of what is set in the Schedule), use Disable /
Enable.
This Icon will disable completely any item in the production / injection system
during the production forecast or solver network calculations although the item
is set to run with certain schedule.
This Icon will enable any element in the production / injection system.
Delete. After this is selected, it is possible to delete a node by clicking on the
item in the system window or delete a whole section of network by dragging a
box around it. The icon automatically becomes unselected following a deletion
to prevent accidental deletion of further nodes.
Move a node. After this is selected, a node may be moved by clicking on the
item in the system window and then, with the mouse button depressed,
dragging the item to the new position.
Select a node. After this is pressed, a node may be selected by clicking on the
item in the system window. The item will reverse its colour to indicate selection.
One can select any item on the window system for further actions: set wells to
controllable, move items, delete items
Unselect all items.

Find/locate equipment on the System window. Use this option to locate


equipment on the system window. This may be useful in large systems in which
the icons are close together and whose labels are therefore difficult to read.
Help Index/Accelerator. Use this option to access the online help index. A
database will allow to make guided searches by entering keywords in the
provided screen.
Undo button. This button allows to undo the actions taken when building/
modifying the model

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2.3.1.5 The Navigator Window


To activate the navigator window select |Window |Toggle Navigator Display (see hiding/showing
the navigator described below). This window can be used to aid in navigation about a large
system. It will always consist of a system schematic that is independent of any zooming on a
system window. In addition to the network, it contains a tracking rectangle that encloses the
portion of the system currently under view in the system window. Other functions are possible, as
described below.

Tracking This has two functions. If the focus is currently on a system window, this
Rectangle rectangle surrounds the area of the system that view is displaying.
Alternatively, the rectangle may be used to create new views of the system if the
navigator window is currently in focus. When the mouse is moved over the
rectangle, the cursor changes to allow to stretch or resize the rectangle. In this
way the window may be moved over an area of the system of interest. Double-
clicking the left hand mouse button in the area will create a new system view
displaying the area that has been selected. This is resized to preserve a
sensible aspect ratio
Hiding/ The navigator may be removed from the workspace by clicking on the cross
Showing the button at the top right hand corner of the window. Alternatively, the Window

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Navigator menu item of the main menu contains a function to do this. Once removed, the
navigator will not appear in subsequent GAP sessions until reopened. This can
be done by clicking on |Window |Toggle Navigator Display as below

Right Hand Clicking the right hand mouse button within the navigator window will produce a
Mouse Button utility menu. This contains the following functions
Menu
Navigator on By default, the navigator is always on top of all system views. This can be
Top changed by selecting this item from the menu
Hide Window A different way of hiding the navigator
New Window A different way of producing a new view (see above)
Icon Sizes Invokes the Icon Sizes dialog (see below)
File Options In this section, the user defines certain parameters, which control the normal
Windows functionality of the program as well as preferences

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2.3.1.6 Drawing the System


The following section describes the procedures required to define a system network topology.
This is done by manipulating graphical icons to draw a system schematic diagram. Once the
basics of drawing a system is understood, building a GAP network model will take very little
time. The GAP system network is based on a series of elements accessible from the program
Toolbar.

The Tool Bar


The GAP tool bar contains a button for each element that can be added to a system network. An
element can be placed anywhere on the screen, and its position on the screen does not affect
the program calculations. To select an element, press the appropriate button to activate the
object. To draw the element, position the mouse pointer anywhere on the system view and click.
A 'Label' dialogue box appears to name or identify the icon. Data for each element can be
entered as the system is built, or once the entire system have been finished.

When the data is entered while building the system, double-click the appropriate icon to access
the main data entry screen.

The following tool buttons are used to draw a system:

Separator Adds a production separator. This is a point in the system whose pressure is
known and fixed.
This is the final solution node and is located at the "top" of the system i.e.
furthest from the wells. GAP will optimise the entire system connected to all
separators.
Joint Adds a manifold joint or connecting point in the system. A joint is a solution
point in the system. Connecting two joints creates a pipeline
Add Link/Pipe Creates pipelines between manifold joints and other joints and links between
separators and joints manifolds to wells, tanks to wells and joints or separators
to pumps. Short flowlines are best modeled as part of the well rather than as a
pipeline. The type of link produced is decided from the context of the link.
To link two items, activate the link icon. Click on the first item in the system
view, and drag the mouse to the second item with the mouse button
depressed. When the button is released a link will be produced if the context is
valid
Well Adds a well in the system network. When drawing well icons, it is suggested
they be arranged around the connection point. This simplifies the drawing of
pipeline connections
Tank Adds a tank in the system network. These may be modeled separately using
the MBAL software which can be supplied by Petroleum Experts
Flares and Adds a sink at constant rate of pressure and the amount of fluid collected by
Vents them is accounted for in the emissions results
Pump Adds a pump in the system network
Compressor Adds a compressor in the system network
Source/Sink Adds a source or a sink that injects/withdraws a fixed amount of fluid of a user-
defined fluid

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Inline Adds a choke, inline separator, valve and virtually any piece of equipment that
elements can be described by a script
Inflow Adds an inflow element (IPR), which can be used to model complex well
geometries by decomposing the well into inflows and outflow
Group Adds a group element, which is used to report or impose constraints to groups
of elements in the GAP network (for example, clusters of wells can be grouped
together)
Flowsheet Allows to place whole sub-sections of the main model into different flowsheets.
Particularly useful in the case of big models, where the flowsheets allow to
simplify the model view

Drawing elements
The first thing to consider before drawing a system is its layout. For instance, the number of
elements to include can determine how to design the structure. A brief outline or sketch of the
network may help deciding how to plan the model.

Since the key solution point in the network is the separator, one way to proceed is starting at the
top with the separator(s) and working down through the manifold joints (incoming connection
pipes) to the wells.

1. To draw an element on the screen, the appropriate object on the tool bar must be
selected. Positioning the pointer on the screen and clicking the Left mouse button will
place the element on the desired position. (When drawing a system from scratch, start at
the top and centre of the screen and work down and outward is suggested

2. When the element is placed on the screen, a dialogue box will automatically appear
where the label of the element can be entered. Labeling is optional, however typing in a
short name or abbreviation to identify the element icon is suggested. Click the OK button
or press Enter to return the screen display

3. Select the next element to draw by clicking the relevant button on the tool bar. Position
the pointer on the screen where you want to place the element and click. A dialogue box
will appear prompting to label the element again. Follow these steps for each required
element

4. It is recommended to build a system gradually until a grouping of elements provides the


basic framework. To begin, it is not necessary to have a definite layout in mind as the
program easily allows modifying or add elements to the system

5. When all the elements have been set on the screen, select the Add Link/Pipe tool and
connect the element by dragging and dropping a line between each couple of elements
starting from the element that is upstream the flow direction. This will create pipelines
(when linking two joints) and connections

New elements to the network can be added until the created a system reflects the actual
conditions or have adapted the structure to suit the particular requirements of the project.

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Entering data
Once the icons had been placed and labeled, the data for each item need to be entered. The
properties of an item can be entered as they are added to the system, or later when the
complete network model has been graphically laid out. To enter data, double-click on the
corresponding icon to be edited. The main data entry screen for the element will appear. From
this screen, other elements in the system for data entry can be selected.

Duplicating items
GAP includes a utility that allows copying element items. This facility is useful if adding many
elements of similar properties (e.g. wells), as it can save time entering data when editing the
item(s). When copying an icon, the program makes an exact duplicate of the item, which
includes the PROSPER file name, data and icon label. To duplicate icons two ways are
available:
1. Point the element to copy, right click of the mouse and select "Copy". Point the location
where the new element is to be created and then right click again and select "Paste"
2. First draw or add a new element icon. Do not label the new icon. Next, copy the data from
the original element icon to the destination unnamed icon. To copy, hold down the 'Ctrl' key,
while clicking and dragging the original icon into the new unnamed icon.

Data from one element cannot be copied into another element type. That is, the data of a
Separator icon cannot be copied into a Joints icon.

For more information on the user interface and its use, see The GAP user Interface.

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2.3.1.7 The Preferences Dialog


The preferences dialog allows a set of user-interface variables to be customized for subsequent
GAP sessions. Some of these options are self-explanatory so a limited description is given
below.

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Enable Flyover If this is checked then it will be possible to see a status box appear as the
Status Information mouse pointer goes over the equipment icons
Auto-repeat delay When panning, one may hold the left-hand mouse button down to auto-
when panning repeat the action. The value given in this field represents the time (in ms)
before the auto-repeat action starts from when clicking the mouse button
Zoom/UnZoom A single click in a system window while the zoom or un-zoom icons are
factor active results in a fixed scaling to be applied to the view, while the centre
of the view is changed to the position in which the mouse was clicked. The
value entered in this field is the fixed scaling factor, and as such should be
greater than zero
Open server When GAP is run using the open server functionality, there is the option of
Monitoring displaying the results of all the open server commands in the Open server
Window Monitor Window. The option allows this window to be shown / Hidden
Background The bitmap that is displayed on the background of the main window may
be changed (i.e. by default this is a PE logo with contact information).
Select the required bitmap by pressing the browse button to the right of the
field. The bitmap will be loaded when GAP is restarted
Recent file list This is the number of files that are retained at the bottom of the File menu
length
Reload last project Check this to load the last file that was working on when GAP is started
at start-up
Display Alter If checked, GAP will check all files paths once a file is opened and will
Project Paths allow the user to correct these if needed
prompt at load
time
License Handling With the PROSPER on line options added to GAP for Version 5.0 or
VERY later, licenses of PROSPER and/or MBAL may be used by GAP depending
IMPORTANT on the options chosen when building a model. It is recommended to keep
these options to the default. Please consult with the person in the
organisation responsible for license handling before changing any
of these options
Default Input (and This option allows to set the default units systems for GAP model for either
Output) Unit input or output variables. This unit system will be used whenever a new
System GAP model is built
Always Use Ticking this box will force the unit system to be the same as the default
Default Unit one. If a GAP model contains different units to the default, when opening
System the file, GAP will change the units to default

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2.3.1.8 Defining User Correlations


GAP has the facility to use externally programmed pipeline flow correlations. Before they can be
accessed, they must first be linked into GAP. To use external correlations, click File user co
rrelations | Flow Correlation.
The following screen will be presented:

Click Add and select the required .COR correlation file from the browser. The Info button can be
used to examine details of the selected correlation. Click OK to return to GAP. The external
correlation will now be available for calculating pipeline/tubing pressure drops.

Please contact Petroleum Experts to obtain more details about the multiphase DLL
format required to create the *.COR files.

The Remove button removes the selected correlation from GAP. It is not possible to remove the
GAP internal correlations.

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2.3.1.9 Edit Ini File


The Ini file is a text file in which all the preferences for GAP are stored. Some of these are the
directory preferences, colours, tolerances etc.

It is recommended not to modify this file manually, as it is automatically updated based


on the selections made from the relevant windows in GAP.

2.3.1.10 Defining the Working Directory


In this option the location of the working directories can be defined:

Whenever a file is open, closed or created, the program automatically selects the files or
saves to the data directory defined in these menus.
It is recommended to keep data files separate from other program files in a related sub-
directory (e.g.: C:\PROJECT\GAPDATA).
MBAL executable needs to be defined if reservoir tanks are modelled with MBAL.
PROSPER executable location is needed since PROSPER is used to generate well IPR
and VLP curves for well models in GAP or used in the PROSPER on line mode.

NEW!!! Application startup timeout time can be entered, after which the program will flag
that the MBAL and PROSPER licenses cannot be found.

2.3.1.11 Printing from GAP

Printer Set Up This will prompt the standard Windows Printer Set-Up window. Use this to
select the preferred printing device

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Printing the To print out a current network drawing, select Print from under the File menu. It
Network is possible to print to a hardcopy device, to the clipboard, or to a windows
Drawing metafile (.WMF). There are options to print in colour, monochrome, or
greyscale.

The current menu options are:

Hard Copy ( the currently selected printer/plotter).


Clipboard for subsequent pasting into a word processor or painting
package (press <shift> <insert> to paste the picture).
Windows MetaFile for subsequent use in a drawing package

For each option the colour choices are


monochrome
grey scale
colour

2.3.1.12 Exiting GAP


To exit from GAP, the File | Exit command can be selected. If the file has not already been
saved, the program will prompt a screen allowing the user to save the current file.

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2.3.2 Project Archiving


When storing or sending GAP files, this option offers the capability of creating an Archive of the
whole project. It is in a sense a ZIP file that includes all the associated files required when
running the model.

2.3.2.1 Archive Creation


To create an Archive, the File | Archive | Create option needs to be selected.

The user will be asked to select a file name for the archive from a file browser: the default
extension for GAP archives is .GAR.

Once entered the file name and saved, the User will be presented with a Project Creation
screen with the following options:

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Main features
The screen contains the following features:

Project This is a hierarchical listing of all the files in the project, as also seen from the
Edit Project menu option. Select the files that to archive in this list: by default, all
valid file paths are highlighted. To select all files, click on the All button. It is
possible to double-click on an item in the project list or the baggage list (below)
to obtain the basic properties of the file in question
Baggage It is possible to Add other files that are not directly associated with the project
to the archive (for example, Excel spreadsheets or Word documents).
To add a file to the archive baggage, type in the file path in the Baggage File
field below the Baggage listing (or browse to it using the file browser provided),
and press the Add button. The file will then appear in the list box. Duplicate file
names are added to the archive only once

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Project This field can be used to enter comments describing the project. This will
Comment appear whenever one wants to extract the files from the archive, and can help
recall the contents of a particular archive.
Select the Write button to create the .GAR file
Add Assoc This adds associated files to the baggage list. For example, if one clicks on a .
vlp file in the project list and then click on Add Assoc, GAP will look in the
same directory as the .vlp file and, if they are present, also add the .tpd and/or .
mbv files to the baggage list. Multiple selections in the project list are possible.
The following gives the associated file types for project file types:

Well model files (.out, .sin, .anl)


Lift curves (.vlp, .tpd, .mbv lift curve import formats)
Tank model files (.mbi.mbr (results file))

Action Buttons

All/None Selects all/no valid files in the project listing


Add Adds a file to the baggage list
Remove Deletes the currently highlighted file(s) in the baggage list from the project archive
Write Creates the archive

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2.3.2.2 Archive Extraction


To extract the files from an existing archive (*.GAR file), the File | Archive | Extract option needs
to be selected from the main menu.

The file can then be selected:

and then GAP will enter the archive extraction screen as follows:

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Main features
The screen contains the following features:

Project This is a listing of all the files that comprise the original GAP project. All files are
Listing selected by default.
Those files that were in the project but the archiver chose not to include in the
archive are displayed in light grey. It is possible to double-click on a file to obtain its
basic properties. Select from the list those files that to extract: click All Project to
highlight all the available files. All files are selected by default
Baggage This lists the baggage files that the user chose to add when the archive was
Listing created. As with the project listing, the User may double-click on an item to view its
properties. Select the file to extract: by default all are highlighted. To select all the
files, click on All Baggage

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Extract Browse to the directory to which one would like to extract the archive files. If the user
wants to keep the original directory structure of the archive within the extraction
directory, click on Retain Directory Structure and new directories will be created if
necessary
Comment This displays the comment that was supplied with the original archive

Action Buttons

All Project Selects all files in the project listing


All Selects all files in the baggage listing
Baggage
Extract Extracts archive files to the directory supplied

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2.3.3 The Options Menu


In the following sections, discuss those menu options found under the Options item of the main
menu:

2.3.3.1 Method
This section allows setting up overall system parameters, including the type of system
(production or injection), the prediction mode, and various options on the optimisation process.

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SYSTEM TYPE:

This section defines the type of network that can be modeled in GAP.

Production Production systems can contain oil wells (e.g. naturally flowing, gas lifted or ESP
wells), gas, or condensate wells
Water The injection manifold takes the place of the production separator at the top level
Injection of the system
Gas This defines the model as a gas injection network, with the injection manifold
Injection taking the place of the production separator at the top level of the system
Gas Lift This allows to model the gas lift injection distribution network in detail and to link
Injection the gas lift injection network to the main production network model
NEW!!!

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OPTIMISATION METHOD:

This section defines the objective function used by GAP to optimise the system.

Production This option optimises the production rate of the primary fluid (in an oil system
this is the oil for example). GAP will calculate the maximum rate that can be
achieved while honouring production constraints
Revenue This option optimises on the revenue generated by sales of oil and gas
produced after taking into account the cost of processing water and injecting
gas. If this option is selected, then prices need to be defined for each fluid in
the system (see below).
The currency can be defined by selecting "Currency Setup".
The following additional data is required to be entered in |Options |Tax
Regimes:
Revenue from oil sales
Revenue from gas sales
Cost of water processing
Cost of injection gas
Cost of power
Cost of steam

Up to 32 different Tax Regimes can be set.


The Tax Regime to be used by the system during optimisation can be
selected in any well summary screen.
The default Tax Regime is selected in |Options |Default Settings.

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Oil rate only / Those methods are used when the objective is to maximize only the Oil rate,
Water rate the Gas Rate or the Water rate
only
Gas + Oil rate This method allows to maximise at the same time oil and gas production rates
rate only and honour constraints
Gross This option maximises the gross heating value produced by the field. This
Heating option is mainly used in the case of gas fields where one would like to
Value maximise the gas heating value of the delivered gas.
If the GAP model contains various streams of gas that will contain different
compositions and hence gravities, the optimizer will control the system in
order to provide at the delivery point a blend of gas that can have the highest
possible heating value. In black oil mode, the program will use a correlation to
associate the heating value to the gravity of the gas (Figure 4.82 in the
Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering published by McGraw-Hill).

PREDICTION

This option needs to be on ON so that GAP can allow the user to carry out a prediction.

PVT MODEL

This option menu allows to define which PVT model to adopt for the system.

Four options are available:

Black oil Black oil model is used for the calculation


Tracking This method is based on a combination of black oil model and full
compositional model (equation of state or EOS):
Black oil model is used for the main pressure drop calculations
The EOS is then used as a post calculation to determine the composition in
any part of the system by performing compositional blends and flashes
whenever necessary.
If a black oil reservoir simulator (like for example MBAL), the compositional
tracking provides with the unique capability to recombined one initial
composition in order to match the GOR of the fluid produced
Fully This method allows to run all the calculations using an equation of state, which
Compositional gives the compositions as well as the fluid PVT properties in any point of the
network.
NEW!!! This option allows also to perform Lumping/Delumping of an initial
EOS, which empowers the user with the possibility to decide if running the
calculations using an extended composition, or a using a composition with a
reduced number of components (lumped)
Black Oil To speed-up calculations, the Black Oil Lumping/Delumping method tracks the
Compositional composition of the fluids throughout the network at each iteration of the solver,
Lumping/ but performs pipeline, compressor, pump, choke, ... calculations using the
Delumping Black Oil PVT correlations based on the black oil standard condition

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NEW!!! properties calculated by the equation of state. This options makes sure that
the black oil model is at any point in time consistent with the EOS.
Black Oil Lumping/Delumping may use the full or the lumped compositions

Details about the PVT model options can be found further in the manual (click here 130 to
view).

Note on the EOS: The EOS as models are not predictive, unless matched to
measured lab data. Care has to be taken in order to make sure that the EOS has
been matched and is applicable for the range of Pressures and Temperatures to be
investigated.

Black Oil Compositional Lumping/Delumping is the recommended option whenever


one wants to speed up the calculations, but still keep them accurate and at the
same time provide a consistent composition

IMPORTANT NOTE:
When modeling gas lifted systems (or any artificial lift systems where a
hydrocarbon fluid is mixed to the main fluid) in compositional mode, it is strongly
recommended to use the compositional Tracking mode.
This is because when using Fully Compositional or Black Oil Compositional modes, a full
Equation of State model is used to determine the fluid composition and PVT properties.
The assumption the EOS model takes is that if two fluids are blended, immediate and
perfect mixing occurs and a new fluid is generated. This means that after the mixing it is
not possible to physically differentiate between the gas lift gas and the reservoir fluid and
separate the gas lift gas from the reservoir fluid, hence it is not possible to have a
consistent reporting of the gas lift injected throughout the network, nor to use the gas lift
gas rate as a constraint.
Compositional Tracking is recommended for gas lifted systems, as it is based on the
black oil assumption that the various phases are kept separate throughout the system,
hence it is possible to determine and report consistently the amount of gas lift gas at any
point in the system and use it for constraint purpose.
The black oil assumption behind the Tracking model, though considering separation of the
various phases, has been found to be quite reliable, also related to the physical fact that at
the relatively low pressure and temperature conditions occurring in pipeline networks
mixing of fluids becomes possibly unlikely.

Prediction Method

This option defines whether temperature calculations in pipelines are performed or not

Pressure Only Temperature changes along the flow lines are not calculated but instead fixed
by the user
Pressure and (recommended) GAP calculates both the pressure and temperature losses

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Temperature along the flow lines, using either a simple temperature model or the more
advanced Enthalpy Balance option available through the PROSPER on Line
option in the pipe description

Wax or Hydrate Warning

This option can be used to predict the presence of Wax or Hydrates at any point in the system.
The Wax or Hydrate Warning is only available when the compositional details of the fluid are
available i.e. when the Compositional Model is set to 'Tracking' or 'Fully Compositional'. By
switching this option to ON, if GAP encounters a wax or hydrate risk in the model, it will raise a
flag to this effect.

WATER VAPOUR (NEW!!!)

This option allows to enable/disable the calculation of condensed water vapour in pipelines.

No Water is accounted for as liquid phase by default, unless the pipelines are
Calculations modeled with PROSPER on line and the Calculate Condensed Water vapour is
enabled in the PROSPER on line options
Calculate This option allows to account for vaporization/condensation of water with
Condensed changing pressure and temperature conditions along the pipelines
Water Vapour

TEMPERATURE MODEL: (NEW!!!)

In previous versions of GAP rigorous temperature modeling with Enthalpy Balance or Improved
Approximation could be achieved by modeling the pipelines with PROSPER on line option.
Advanced temperature model can now be enabled and used along with the default pipeline
modeling option GAP Internal Correlations.

Rough This is a heat balance model that calculates the heat loss from the well to the
Approximation surroundings based on an overall heat transfer coefficient, the temperature
difference between the fluids and the surroundings and the average heat
capacity of the well fluids.
The Rough Approximation temperature model requires calibration using
measured temperature data. It is not accurate in a predictive mode
Improved This is a rigorous thermodynamic model that is based on a full enthalpy
Approximation balance model considering all the components of energy (enthalpy, potential
energy, kinetic energy and heat transfer between fluid and surroundings).
The term of the enthalpy balance concerning the heat exchange with the
surroundings is simplified by a heat loss term characterized by an overall heat
exchange coefficient.
For this reason data related to the completion hardware and thermal
properties are not necessary.

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As an enthalpy balance model, Joule-Thomson Effect is also accounted for.


These characteristics make this model particularly useful when an accurate
calculation of temperature is sought after and only a few data on the
completion are available.
The Improved Approximation temperature model requires calibration using
measured temperature data

CALCULATE WELL CHOKE DELTA_T

A choke can be placed on the well directly, rather than to explicitly define a choke in the system.
By having this option set to YES, GAP will calculate the temperature drop in the fluid as it flows
through that choke. If set to NO, temperature drop is not accounted for.

BACKGROUND BITMAP

The user has the option of adding a picture on the background of the GAP model. This could be
a map of the area or an aerial photograph so that the position of the icons on the screen
coincides with their real geographical position. Simply select the path pointing to a *.bmp file
and this will appear in the main screen as soon as "OK" is selected.

ASSOCIATED INJECTION MODELS

If along with the production network system there are a gas injection and/or a water injection
and/or a gas lift injeciton network, it is possible to link them to the main production model by
means of this option.

The associated injection model(s) for the field can be specified here. Select the check box to
indicate that an associated injection model exists, then specify the model file using the
button.

If no associated injection model exists, GAP will still calculate the injection volumes necessary
for the desired injection policy, but will simply assume that these volumes can be injected (not
taking into account how they will be injected).

2.3.3.2 Edit Injection Fluids


In case the system consists of Gas-lifted wells, Gas Injectors, Water injectors or sources, the
properties of the injection fluids need to be defined.

The list of injection fluids can be edited from the Options | Injection Fluids screen shown below:

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For each source:


Enter a unique label.
The source Type (Gas, Water, Oil, Steam, Other, Polymer)
The source type can be Steam, in which case the default quality need to be entered in
this table. The quality is recalculated wherever steam is present in the system, to make
sure it is consistent with the steam thermodynamics.
GAP uses the Steam Calculation Module from PVTP
The source PVT properties
Gas gravity and the impurity levels (in terms of mole percentage for the gas).
Water salinity for water sources.
GOR, API, gas gravity, water salinity and water cut for oil sources
If GAP is run using the compositional options, the composition for each source needs to
be defined by clicking on the Edit button (the Edit button will only be visible if the
composition tracking is chosen).

When a new file is created, the list will contain two default items
Gas source Gas01.
Water source Water01

Note about Gas Lifted Wells

When gas lifted wells are created, they will (by default) be assumed to be using gas
from the first source (Gas01) in the list.
The user can change the gas associated with gas lifted wells to another gas source in
the list (explained in Gas Lift Control topic 213 ).
Note that when a GAP Generate | VLP is performed, the values of the lift gas properties
used by PROSPER to generate the lift curves for each well will be taken from the

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properties of the gas source associated with the well in GAP.


The gas lift source data in GAP takes precedence over the current value gas lift gas
properties in PROSPER file.
The original PROSPER files are changed by GAP, when generating VLP data and gas
lift properties section of PROSPER is updated.
2.3.3.3 Edit Tax Regimes
When the Optimisation method is set to Revenue, the user can define different tax regimes so
that different value can be assigned to different fluids in the system.

Each well in the system can then be assigned either the same or different tax regimes, thus
letting the program know the value of e.g. oil coming out of one well as opposed to oil coming
from another. The optimiser will then calculate the maximum amount of revenue that can be
achieved by the system.

The Gas Sales Revenue per BTU switch at the bottom of the screen enables to choose the units
in which the gas sales price is described.

Cost of steam is part of the variables.

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2.3.3.4 Edit Emulsion Models


Allows the user to setup and match to measured data different emulsion models to be used to
model emulsion behaviour in the GAP network.

GAP can model the effect of Oil/Water emulsions on mixture viscosity.


The behaviour of emulsions in producing equipment is not well understood. Emulsion PVT in
GAP provides a means to assess possible effects of increased emulsion viscosity by curve
fitting experimentally determined data. It must be emphasised that the method is empirical and
does not represent any rigorous model of emulsion behaviour.

In the laboratory, stable emulsions can be prepared from many crude oil / water systems. Field
experience shows that the effect of emulsions is usually less than predicted by laboratory tests.
Emulsion PVT should be used with caution and only when it is certain that emulsions are
present and it is necessary to evaluate their effect on calculated pressures.

Emulsion viscosity will replace the mixture viscosity for selected elements of the production
system. Experimental or empirical emulsion viscosity data can be entered and curve-fitted
using non-linear regression. The fitted curve is used to optionally replace the oil/water mixture
viscosity in pressure drop and pump calculations. When selected, emulsion viscosity for the

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user-entered value of water cut will be substituted for the fluid mixture viscosity.

Emulsion viscosity is modelled as a function of water cut in 3 stages:


Sharp increase at low water cut
Plateau with a constant maximum viscosity for intermediate water cuts
Tail that declines to the viscosity of water after the plateau
The parameters Left and Right Water Cut for Maximum Viscosity define the maximum plateau
region. To calculate emulsion viscosity:
- Enter pairs of water cut and emulsion viscosity data points in the Emulsion Data table.
- Click the Match button.

When the regression has stopped, click Plot to display the matched mixture viscosity.

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2.3.3.5 Edit Default Settings


Allows the user to set the default settings for:
Injection Fluids
Emulsion Model
Tax Regime
PVT correlations for pipeline calculations
Volume Correction Factors
Pipe Line

These can be also changed later for each well, source, pipeline, etc. in the model,
allowing to use different selections (for example, PVT correlations) in different areas of
the system, to reflect the actual situation in the field.

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Injection This is the default choice for the water injection and gas injection.
Fluids Edit Fluid List allows to modify the list of fluids used in the model
Emulsion This is the default choice for the emulsion model.
Model Edit Emulsions allows to modify the list of emulsion models used in the model
Tax Regimes This is the default choice for the Tax Regimes.

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Edit Tax Regimes allows to modify the list of Tax Regimes that can be used in
the various wells in the system
Default PVT This is the default choice for the Oil Pb, Rs, Bo correlation, the Oil Viscosity and
Correlation the Gas Viscosity (NEW!!!) correlations
Volume When GAP is reporting production rates it calculates Bo and Bg using its own
Correction PVT calculator and a virtual process occurring at the separator. When
Factors interfacing GAP with a process simulator one may wish to apply a correction to
the Bo and Bg calculated by GAP to match that calculated by the simulator,
which may be using an Equation of State rather than a black oil model.
In the fields provided in this screen, one can enter the correction factors to Bo
and Bg. Note that these are corrections to the volume ratios, and not the volume
ratios themselves. GAP will perform the calculation based on the new values of
Bo and Bg
Pipe Line This field represents the defaults used when creating a new pipe
Default pipe This is the default roughness that will appear as soon as a
roughness pipeline element is created. As mentioned above, if
required, each pipeline segment can have its own
roughness value to represent the actual field configuration
Gas/Liquid This cut-off parameter specifies the GOR at which the fluid
pipe GOR definition will switch from a liquid to a gas. It is
Cutoff recommended to keep this value at default. One can also
select the correlation for viscosity based on the one that
matches the fluid in the system
Water vapour This parameter specifies the value of the GOR above which
GOR Cutoff the water vapour calculations are performed.
(NEW!!!) Below the cutoff water is considered to be in liquid phase,
whilst above the cutoff presence of vapourized water is
accounted for.
This option is enabled when the water vapour calculations
are enabled in the main program Options 76

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2.3.3.6 Edit System Summary


This option is used to enter the GAP title and some comments.
Title and comments can be displayed on the GAP network, by selecting "Draw Network Title"
and "Draw Network Comments" from the View Menu.

The Title and Comments can be moved all over the network window, by simply dragging
them while the "Shift" key is pressed:

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2.3.3.7 View System Statistics


This option allows to visualize a summary of the GAP model, containing the option selected and
the number of equipment per type:

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2.3.3.8 Disable Options

These options switch on/off network data and interface validation.

Disable When selecting this option, the Automatic Masking is disabled. This means
Automatic that if a well is disabled/masked, the pipe downstream the well will not be
Masking greyed out, but will appear on the screen in full colour
Disable System Before accessing any calculation area, the program validates if there are
Validation missing/invalid items in the network and will activate a flag highlighting the
invalid item.
This option disables that validation flag
Disable Label The program sets a flag on any item that has an invalid label (for example, two
Validation wells with the same name). This option disables that validation flag flag
Disable This option (when enabled) allows identifying any inconsistency between the
PROSPER/GAP GAP well model type [Oil producer (ESP lifted) for instance] and the well
Well Type definition of the PROSPER file associated. In case of inconsistency, the well
Validation turns "invalid"

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2.3.4 The View Menu


The options under the view menu govern the appearance of the network drawing and activate
some validation checks on the individual equipment on the drawing. These can be activated or
de-activated as described below:

These options allow to view or not connection lines, masked items, equipment labels, the grid,
etc.

One important point the users are urged to consider is to leave the system validation
options switched on at all times. These will highlight areas at which the model can be
improved or corrected.

The View menu is divided in these fields:

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Draw Options 90
Highlight Options 90
Window Aspect and Drawing Options
Network Drawing Position 99
2.3.4.1 Draw Options
A series of options are available to modify the view of the GAP network model.
The options allow to toggle on/off the visualisation of solid and dotted line connections, tank-tank
connections, IPR icons, groups and group connections, labels, grid, etc.

2.3.4.2 Highlight Options


These options enable/disable the visualisation of specific flags that are usually displayed by the
program in the main screen as result of a check of the model status or as a result of a Solve
Network calculation.
The options available enable/disable:
Invalid items (usually highlighted by a thick red circle)
Bottle necked pipes (highlighted by a purple colour)
TVD differences (see below 90 )
Solver pressure and mass imbalances and
Limiting and violated constraints (see below 94 ).
2.3.4.2.1 Highlight TVD Differences
This option is used to "highlight" any inconsistence in the pipelines' TVD. An orange circle is
displayed around the node where a TVD inconsistency arises.

For instance, considering the system below, one can see a TVD inconsistency highlighted on
the node "Riserbase":

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Indeed:
the TVD of the most downstream point of the pipeline situated upstream of the node
"Riserbase" is 0m.
the TVD of the most upstream point of the pipeline situated downstream of the node
"Riserbase" is 100m.

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Those discrepancies will lead to erroneous pressure drop calculations across the pipelines.

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2.3.4.2.2 Highlight Violated and Limiting Constraints


The option to Highlight Violated and Limiting constraints allows to visualise directly on the
network after the network is solved is a constraint is violated or is the constraint is limiting the
production of a particular element:

Violated
constraint

This flag indicates that at the end of the Solve Network calculation the constraints
could not be honoured. When that happens, it is recommended to review both the
model and the constraints themselves, in case there is an inconsistency in the
system that causes the constraints to be not achievable (infeasible).
Limiting
constraints

This flag indicates that the piece of equipment (in the case above, a separator) is
limiting the production. In other words, the element could produce more, but
constraints imposed on the equipment itself limit the production.

These flags can be displayed on any type of equipment where constraints have been set up.

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2.3.4.3 Window Aspect and Drawing Options


These options allow the User to modify the aspect of the program window and of the network
model drawing, in terms of colours, fonts icon sizes, etc.
2.3.4.3.1 Select Info Displayed
Use this option to select what information to display on the main GAP network, in along with
each icon.

The section is divided in two main fields:

Icon Label This is the information that appears in the main screen along with each element.
The default setting is each icon's "label only".
Select "Liquid Rate" for instance to display the liquid rate results of the last network
solver, along with each icon
Icon This is the information that is displayed in the small "fly-over" window that is
Tooltip activated when passing the mouse through each element

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2.3.4.3.2 Select Default Icon Label Position


This option defines the position of each icon label with respect to the icon itself.

Click on the correspondent position and then OK to change the label position.
2.3.4.3.3 Colours
From the View | Colours menu item the user may change the colours of the system drawing and
the GAP windows.

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To change the customised colour, use the RGB scrollbars on the right hand side of the dialogue.
Each colour can be varied from a value of 0 (off) to 255 (full on). The Sample field of the
dialogue gives the colour that is obtained by mixing the primary colours in the ratio given.

There is also a choice of colour schemes, gained by toggling the radio boxes at the top of the
dialogue, i.e.:

Colour allows full selection of any of the (255 x 255 x 255) colours
Grey scale forces the RGB values to be equal, so that only 255 shades of grey are available
Monochrome forces the RGB values to be either on or off, giving a choice of two colours
(black or white)

Select the drawing component whose colour to alter by highlighting it in the list box on the left.

Select from the list box on the left-hand side the element that is to be changed. Select an
appropriate colour using the colour-mixing palette on the right. To save the current set of colours

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for future GAP sessions, click on the Save as user default button.

2.3.4.3.4 Icon Sizes


The sizes of the icons used to represent the equipment in GAP can be changed. Select the Icon
Sizes option from the View menu item, or from the menu obtained following a right hand mouse
button click in the system window. The following dialog will appear:

The dialog consists of a slider with a data entry field, which contains the current icon size (this
defaults to 60 out of an arbitrary 0 100 range for a new file). Change the icon sizes by
adjusting the slider or entering a new size in the entry field. Check the Automatic Update box to
update the system window with the new size when moving the slider.
2.3.4.3.5 Fonts
The fonts used in the network drawing may be changed. To do this, select the Fonts option from
the View menu item or from the menu obtained following a right hand mouse button click in the
system window. This will bring up a font selection dialog. Select the font size and style required
and then OK. The new font will be applied to all system drawings.
Fonts for the Items' labels, the Network Title and the Comments can be entered.
2.3.4.3.6 Grid
A background grid can be implemented in the GAP model. The settings of this grid can be
modified using the Grid option of the View menu.

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The dialog consists of a two sliders with corresponding data entry fields, which contains the
horizontal and vertical spacing of the grid lines. Change these spacings by adjusting the sliders
or entering a new size in the entry field.
The line type and colour used for drawing the grid can be modified as well.
Check the Automatic Update box to update the system window with the new grid dimensions
when moving the slider.
2.3.4.4 Network Drawing Position
These options allow to modify the placement of the icons in the main program window.
2.3.4.4.1 Normalize Equipment Icons Position and Snap to Grid
The objective of these options is to modify the aspect of the network.

Normalize Resets the system of coordinates used by the program. This is particularly useful
Equipment when merging different models created according to different zoom scales: at
Icons the time of merging the models, this option will reset both models to work with
Position the same scale, allowing to place the systems correctly together
Snap to Grid When the Grid is active (Draw Grid options enabled), this option places each
element in the closest grid corner.
This feature is useful to create tidy (squared) network drawings

2.3.5 The Edit Menu


In this section, the program allows selection and manipulation of various items on the network for
operations such as deleting or in the case of wells, generating lift curves.
This section will concentrate on the options which are used for important operations to the
model.

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These are the options available in the Edit menu:


Undo Options 100
Select Options 101
Selected Equipment Options 103
Find Equipment 110
Edit Options 112
Transfer and Import Options 115
Execute OpenServer Command
2.3.5.1 Undo Options
These options allow to undo an operation is performed on the network system drawing.
Every time the network drawing is modified, the program will record the action taken. These are
the options available:

Undo This will undo the last operation made


Undo All This will undo all the operations done on the network drawing
Clear Undo This will clear the list of changes made on the network
list

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Note that the Undo options are available only for actions done on the
network drawing and not on the input data entered in the equipment data
entry screens or in the various input menus

2.3.5.2 Select Options


These options allow to select items in the GAP network model. The items can be selected one
by one or by the same type (all wells, all joints, etc.).
The selection options available are:

Select All This option allows to select all the equipment in the network model
Items
Select All This option allows to select all the elements of the same type, like wells, pipes,
tanks, etc., as well as all items that have been disabled, masked, bypassed, etc.
To select the type of item to select, choose from the sub-menu:

Dialogue This option opens up a selection window where one can select the items one by
Select one:

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Unselect This option unselects all the selected items. The option is active only when there
All Items are selected items in the system

Selected items are highlighted by a cyan circle around them, as shown in


the figure below:

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2.3.5.3 Selected Equipment Options


This section of the Edit menu allows to perform operations on multiple selected elements and
elements belonging to the same type that have been previously selected.
The options available are:
Selected Items
Selected Wells and Inflows
Selected Pipes
Selected Tanks

2.3.5.3.1 Selected Items


This menu allows to perform bulk operations on all the selected pieces of equipment. For
example, after selecting a series of valves, it is possible to bypass all of them at once by using
this option.

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These are the main options:

Disable/Enable This option closes/opens an element. The closing action is irreversible, that is
to say, even if during the prediction a scheduled event sets to open the
element, this will be kept closed
Mask/Unmask This option closes/opens an element. The closing action is reversible, that is
to say, if during the prediction a scheduled event sets to open the element, this
will opened
Bypass / This bypass/unbypass option is applied to inline elements (chokes, valves,
Un-bypass inline separators, etc.)
Remove This option allows to delete an inline element and to re-establish the
(NEW!!!) connection between the upstream of the inline element and the downstream.
The objective is to eliminate inline elements from the system without having to
re-draw all the connections again.
This is the effect of Remove:

Initially an inline element is present in the system (in this case, an inline
choke):

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After selecting the element with the selection tool applying the Edit/
Selected Items/Remove, this is the effect:

The inline element has been removed and the connection between the well
and the pipeline joint created.
Show Gradient This option allows to plot the pressure gradient along all the selected pipelines
Copy/Cut/ Options to duplicate, cut and delete selected items
Delete
Extract to GAP This option allows to create a copy of the network or part of it, which can then

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Partial File (. imported in another GAP project (see below 119 for further details)
gpp)
Snap to Grid This option snaps the selected elements to grid (see above 99 )
Change Icon This option changes the elements' icon label position
Label Position

2.3.5.3.2 Selected Wells and Inflows


This option can be used to perform specific tasks on well icons, for example, setting well head
chokes for optimisation:

Set dP Control This option allow to set the wellhead choke to None (choke switched
off), Fixed pressure drop or Calculated (choke set by the optimiser to

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maximise production and honor constraints)


Set Casing Pressure This option allows to switch the Casing pressure control to a fixed
Control value or controlled by the optimiser
Set Use Casing This option is to switch on/off the casing pressure option
Pressure
Set Well model This option allows to change the well modeling for the selected wells
to: VLP/IPR Intersection, PC Interpolation, Outflow Only - VLP and
Outflow only - PROSPER on line. Refer to the Well description 165 for
further details
Set IPR Rate model This option allows to specify if the IPR is defined in terms of volumetric
flow rates of mass flow rates
Set IPR Use Original When running calculations in compositional mode the original
Composition composition entered in the model may be changed based on the input
from the reservoir model (for example when the produced GOR
changes as the reservoir pressure decreases below the bubble point).
The new composition is called "Working".
This option will reset the IPR composition to be the original one initially
entered in the model
When Composition This option is enabled when one of the compositional models is in
Changes use, as well as the lumping/Delumping option enabled.
The options available are: Do Nothing (if the composition changes,
then use the composition coming from the upstream reservoir
simulator as such), Lump (lump the composition of from the simulator)
and Delump (delump the composition from the simulator)
Refit PC curves This option regenerates the selected wells' performance curves
Reset dP chokes This option resets the values of the fixed dP choke applied to the
selected wells. Note that the fixed dP choke is the one used when
running with no optimisation or with optimisation when Fixed dP
Control is selected
Turn off if unstable The well outflow features are described in the VLP input section 198 .
Allow left hand VLP/ The options here have the objective to switch on/off these features
IPR intersection
Enable Safe VLP/IPR
intersection mode
Convert to inflow This option converts the selected wells to inflows eliminating de facto
the well outflow from the model
Split into This option converts the selected wells into its components inflow and
inflow and outflow outflow. The application of this feature is in the modeling of complex
well geometries (see example on Smart wells 793 )
2.3.5.3.3 Selected Pipes
This menu allows to change the description of the selected pipes by means of these options:

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Toggle Pipe It switches the direction of the pipe, in case the pipe was incorrectly
Description defined
Pipe Model This allows to change the mode used to calculate the pipeline dP (
GAP Internal Correlations, Lift Curves, PROSPER Online)
Lumping Calculation In Lumping/Delumping mode (one of the compositional PVT options
Model. NEW!!! has to be selected in Options/Method), this option allows to decide if
running the dP calculation using the lumped or the full composition
Convert to PROSPER This option converts the pipeline (initially modelled as GAP Internal
Online Correlations) to PROSPER Online

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2.3.5.3.4 Selected Tanks


When a prediction has been performed using MBAL tank models or external simulation models,
it is possible to switch them to decline curves.
The Selected Tanks will allow to import in the decline curve tanks from the production obtained
in the initial run by the pre-existing tank model, or from the production obtained by the inflow
elements linked to the tank itself.
2.3.5.3.5 Selected Groups
(NEW!!!)
Show members as selected
This feature allows to highlight as selected all the elements that belong to the selected groups.
After selecting the group:

and choosing the Show members as selected option the elements that are part of the group are
selected:

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2.3.5.4 Find Equipment on System Window


In large systems made up of with hundreds of elements, it may sometimes be difficult locating
individual items in the drawing, especially in big models where the icons are close together and
whose labels are therefore difficult to read.
This option pinpoints the location of an item for the user.
The top list in the dialog gives the different equipment types available as GAP nodes. When the
dialog is invoked, all equipment types are selected. The lower list displays all the system
equipment of the selected types, sorted by equipment type and alphabetically. To locate a piece
of equipment on the system window, double-click on an entry in the lower list (or select a piece
of equipment and then press Locate). A pink rectangle will appear around the icon representing
the node in all system views. The rectangle will disappear when leaving the screen.

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In the above screenshot, the Separator element called Separator will be located on the network
by selecting Locate as shown. The requested item will then be highlighted on the main window
and on the navigator window if selected.

Note that whenever a selection is made in the 'equipment type' list, the list of equipment in the
lower list changes to reflect the new selection.

Action Buttons

All Selects all the equipment types in the upper list


Invert Inverts the selection of the upper list
None Un-selects all the items
Locate Locates the currently selected piece of equipment in the system views
(equivalent to double-clicking on an item)
Edit This invokes the Data Entry screen for the currently selected piece of equipment
Select This selected the highlighted item
OK Clears the screen

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2.3.5.5 Edit Options


This sub-menu allows to modify the equipment control set up (for example chokes, gas lift
allocation, etc.) and to modify the paths of the files connected by the GAP model.
2.3.5.5.1 Edit Equipment Controls
This option has been added in GAP so that users can easily access all the control mechanisms
available in the model. In this manner well head chokes, gas lift injection rates, pump power and
frequency can be set (prior to a calculation) or viewed (following a calculation) from the same
screen:

As an example, consider a situation that the performance of a gas-lifted model needs to be


compared to reality. Then the same gas lift injection rates as were injected in reality need to be
specified in the model. These can be set from the Equipment Controls screen directly as
shown above. GAP will then use these injection rates during the unoptimized solve network
calculation.

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The Edit buttons will lead directly to the Control page of the individual well models. This can be
used to set minimum and maximum constraints for instance.

The Display and Control Type buttons enable to filter the wells to display depending on the
control parameter considered or the status of the optimiser for these wells.
A specific layout setup can be kept in memory using the Save Layout as button.
2.3.5.5.2 Edit Project Paths
This option allows all items and associated files in a GAP project to be viewed on a single
screen and shows the directory location of the associated files to the GAP network.
The paths of the files can be adjusted if required.

This option is useful when having copied a GAP file from one machine to another and the

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associated file paths are no longer valid. Selecting All and Alter Paths can allow the user to
define the new directory where the associated PROSPER, MBAL etc. files now reside.

A typical GAP project is displayed in the example above. The production system file is
displayed at the top with any associated well or tank files. Injection system files are listed in a
similar fashion below this. If a prediction history file is present this will be displayed at the
bottom.
The list icons are colour coded by type; for example well files are represented by a green icon,
tank files by a yellow icon. In addition, a tick or a cross indicates whether the file is a valid file of
the required type.

From this screen the user may view or alter the properties of associated files, or change the
paths of a group of files.

Action Buttons

Alter Paths This is used to change the paths for a group of files. The files to be altered can
be selected with the mouse or the Select button as described below. When this
button is invoked, a directory browser appears. Navigate to the new directory
and press OK. The file list will be updated accordingly
View This is only active when a single selection is made in the file list. When invoked
Details the File Properties screen appears, allowing the viewing of the file properties or
the changing of the file path.
The same action is obtained by double-clicking the left hand mouse button on a
file list entry
OK Clears the dialog, saving any changes
Cancel Clears the dialog, ignoring any changes
Apply This saves any changes without clearing the dialog. This is useful if an injection
file name has changed: this will load the new file and display its contents in the
list
Help Invokes this screen
Select Multiple selections from the file list can be made in the usual ways with the
mouse. Alternatively, all items might select of a particular type using this button.
Choose from the drop-down list the category of file to select. The following
choices are possible:
All well files
All tank files
All item model files (tanks and wells)
Injection system files (associated gas/water injection systems)
Prediction history file

When Select is pressed the files of the given type will be highlighted

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2.3.5.6 Transfer and Import Options


This submenu allows to import in GAP information from various sources, like MBAL Material
Balance data, compositional data, gas lift injection input data, etc.
2.3.5.6.1 Transfer Well Data from MBAL Models
This screen is used to transfer well data from an established material balance file within MBAL
to this GAP model.

Various categories of data can be transferred as detailed below.

On this screen two lists are shown: on the left is a listing of the components (tanks and wells) of
the MBAL model, on the right are the wells of the GAP model. Valid layers are displayed in the
GAP well list; transfers to invalid layers can be accomplished by transferring the required data to
the well icon itself and then specifying the layer number in the resulting query screen.

To transfer data, click on an item in the MBAL list and a destination in the GAP list. Click on a
button in the middle to transfer data of the required type. The actual data transferred will depend
on the type of the item selected in the MBAL list (for example, tank IPR data will include the tank
starting pressure and PVT data, whereas well IPR data includes the PI). In addition, it is not
possible to transfer, for example, VLP data from an MBAL tank.

Action Buttons

IPR This transfers IPR data from the MBAL item to the GAP target. The data
transferred is as follows:
From a tank:
Starting pressure,
Starting temperature,
Impurity data (% H2S, water salinity),
Gas gravity,
Oil/condensate gravity,
GOR/CGR.
From a well:
PI (Darcy coefficients, C and n),
Layer type,
PI Relative permeability correction (oil layers only),
Perforation depths,
Breakthrough constraints,
Match data,
Test water cut / layer pressure
VLP Transfers lift curve data to the well in question. This is only possible if the data
has been imported into the MBAL well model
Rel Perm Transfers either the tank or the well relative permeability depending on the
source type. If the MBAL well model is set to 'Use Tank Rel Perm', then this will
return the tank relative permeability anyway
New Model This will load in an additional MBAL model file (extension .mbi) and display the

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File contents in the list. Choose the required file from the file selection box
displayed. Data can then be transferred from the new elements as above.

Note that new files are not stored when the screen is cleared and must be reloaded when going
into the screen on subsequent occasions.

2.3.5.6.2 Initialise IPRs from Tank Simulations


This option is particularly useful when history matching a full GAP model. The IPR screens of
wells can be initialised with reservoir pressure data and saturations from associated MBAL
models at any point of the historical period. This allows checking production from the system at
particular points in time rather than running the whole model for the full historical period.
It is important to notice that when using this feature, an MBAL simulation will be run up to the
initialisation date. The fluid saturations in the reservoir at this point in time will be used along with
the set of relative permeabilities defined in the MBAL model in order to obtain the WC/GOR or
WGR/CGR corresponding to this specific date.

As with the previous option, more details are provided in the History Matching chapter 543 which
deals specifically with History Matching.

This screen allows to initialise a well IPR from a tank model (decline curve or material balance).
When one invokes the Edit | Initialise IPRs from Tanks menu item, a list of wells appears;
select the wells that to initialise and press OK.

The list of tanks that are connected to the selected wells appear in a list in the Tank Name
column.

In order to evaluate the tank pressure and PVT the tank models must have a history in the case
of MBAL models or, in the case of decline curve models, production data. These are the options
available:

MBAL Start For MBAL models only - the start date of the tank history
Date
MBAL End For MBAL models only - the end date of the tank history
Date
Start For Decline Curve models - the cumulative production at which the pressure
Cumulative and PVT data are to be evaluated
Production
Pressure Displays the pressure following a Calculate
Start Date For all MBAL tanks, this is the date at which the pressure and PVT should be
evaluated

Action Buttons

Calculate Evaluates the tank pressure and PVT at the specified date/cumulative
production, and displays this in the Pressure column

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Continue Calculates the PVT and pressure data at the required conditions, and places
this in the IPR data of those wells that were selected initially
Cancel Clears the screen, ignoring any changes

2.3.5.6.3 Import Compositions


NEW!!!
This option allows to automatize the import of Equation of State (EOS) in GAP.
When the model is in compositional mode, the Import Compositions feature allows to import in
one go EOS for multiple wells.
Select from the list of wells the wells to import the EOS for:

Two selection boxes are available to import the Lumping Rules - in case Lumping/Delumping is

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activated in the main program options, under EOS Model Set up - and the EOS Options - in
case the imported EOS file contains different options that need to be taken into account, like
different volume shift set up, different path to standard, etc.
Then Continue and recall the .PRP file containing the required EOS: the EOS will be
automatically imported in the wells' IPR input section.
2.3.5.6.4 Lump/Delump Compositions
NEW!!!
This option allows to apply a lumping rule in batch model to multiple wells.
2.3.5.6.5 Transfer Options for Gas Lift Injection
NEW!!!
When Gas Lift Injection network model is associated to the Production network model, three
options are available:

Transfer Well Gas Lift gas rates When a Solve Network calculation (for example, an
to Injection System Sinks optimisation) is performed in the Production system, the gas
lift rates used by each well can be passed to the Gas Lift
Injection system, which can then be used to calculate the
pressure required to flow the gas
Transfer Injection System Sink When a Solve Network calculation (for example, an
pressures to Gaslifted Wells optimisation) is performed in the Gas Lift Injection system,
casing pressure the pressure calculated for each well (casing head pressure)
can be passed to the Production system, which can then be
used to calculate the production that can be obtained
applying those casing pressures
Transfer Production System
Separator pressures to Gaslift This option transfers the Production separator pressures to
System Injection Manifolds the GasLift Injeciton Manifolds

2.3.5.7 Execute OpenServer Statement


This feature allows to perform the basic OpenServer operations on any element of the GAP
model.
The basic operations are:

DoGet To retrieve values of input data or results


DoSet To input data in the system
DoCommand To perform actions (like masking items or run calculations)

Examples of applications are: masking multiple elements at the same time, or reading the result
of a particular element.

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To use the feature enter the OpenServer string (and the value, if using DoSet to input data in the
model) and then select the Mode and then Evaluate to execute the command.
In the Returned value and message the program will highlight if the command has been
successfully executed.

Using the wildcard $ in the place of the equipment label or index will allow to
access all the items of the same type in one go. For example:
DoCmd("GAP.MOD[{PROD}].WELL[$].MASK()")
will mask all the wells in the system.
This feature can be used to change in one go parameters like pipe diameters or
rest the input of all the elements of the same type.

2.3.5.8 Importing GAP models in an existing project


GAP allows to build and match entire production sub-systems independently and to then
combine them to Build the overall system model prior to doing the gas allocation. This section
explains how to save .GPP files for sub-systems and recall them later to assemble a complete
system model.

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Saving a .GPP File


Once a sub-system model is set up (for example a platform in a multi-platform gathering
system), select all the items in this model by selecting the menu Edit / Select All Items:

The model will then be selected (cyan circles will indicate the selected items):

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Note that the section to export can be also selected manually using the cyan arrow selection tool
from the button toolbar. This allows to select sections of the system.

It is now possible to save the selected section of network as a GAP Partial file (.GPP) by
selecting the menu Edit / Selected Items / Extract to GAP partial fil (.GPP):

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and then save the .GPP file:

GAP saves a .GPP file that contains all the data for the system elements below.

Recalling a .GPP File


In the destination model, it is possible to import the just saved GAP model by right-clicking on
the main screen of the GAP model and selecting the option to import the .GPP file:

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This will allow to import the already saved .GPP file into this system and connect it as
appropriate:

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In this manner, the entire system can be built up from sub-systems that have been independently
prepared and matched.
2.3.6 The Constraints Menu
This menu provides access to the constraints applied on the entire system or to the constraints
applied on each of the system equipment.

The excessive use of constraints within GAP is discouraged. Constraints


should never be used during the matching phase of the model building
process. Once a system model has been successfully validated against

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actual measured rates, the minimum number of constraints should then be


introduced to make selected system elements behave as desired during the
optimisation phase.

General constraints (as opposed to abandonment constraints) are displayed with two RED
arrows pointing towards the element that is constrained.

Abandonment constraints are displayed with two BLUE arrows pointing towards the element
that is constrained (NEW!!!).
2.3.6.1 System Constraints
The GAP system is defined as the total production from all separators. System constraints can
be used to model, for example, pipeline export capacity for a platform with several separation
trains.

GAP constraints are used to direct the Optimiser algorithm and should not be confused with well
limits used in prediction runs to shut in high GOR wells (for example).

In this screen one can enter the global constraints that apply to the system. These constraints are
independent of the constraints that can be applied to each item in the system.

To set the total system constraints such as maximum water, gas, liquid and oil throughput,
choose System Constraints.
The following screen appears:

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These parameters are used to define the maximum and minimum production levels for the
system, where appropriate. When left blank, the program will assume no constraint for a
particular variable.

The Unscheduled Production Deferment constraint enables to take into account the effects
on the production of any non-scheduled events. The influence of these events will be taken into
account statistically as an overall percentage of production.
Therefore, if an unscheduled production deferment value of 5% is specified in the system
constraints section, the entire field will only produce 95% of the total production calculated by the
solver. This deferment is applied to all average and cumulative rates, but not on the
instantaneous rates.
It is important to notice that this constraint, if used, will overwrite any downtime applied at well
level.

The excessive use of constraints within GAP is discouraged. Constraints


should never be used during the matching phase of the model building
process. Once a system model has been successfully validated against

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actual measured rates, the minimum number of constraints should then be


introduced to make selected system elements behave as desired during the
optimisation phase.

Field Tabs

Value Enter in this screen the value of the constraint to be set in any element of
the model
Binding Selects which constraints are binding or not. The optimiser will always try
(Yes/No) to honour all the constraints set in the model, however when constraints
are set to binding Yes the optimiser will iterate until the constraints is
honoured (provided it is feasible) whilst in the case on NO binding if the
constraint can not be achieved (because physically infeasible) it will be
neglected
Potential Enables to include the constraints in the potential calculation. Those
(Yes/No) constraints set to NO will not be considered in the Potential calculation

Enter the levels of production for each item. Constraints should not be required in the matching
phase of the GAP processing.

Action Buttons

OK Use this button to leave the system constraints entry screen and save all
changes that have been made
Cancel Use this button to leave the system constraints entry screen and ignore all
changes that have been made

Report Use this button to produce a report of the data. Reports can be written to
a file, the Windows clipboard, the screen, or a hardcopy device. See the
Reports menu item for more information
Help Use this button to access this screen

2.3.6.2 Binding (Yes/No)


Binding (Yes/No)
Selects which constraints are binding or not. The optimiser will always try to honour all the
constraints set in the model, however when constraints are set to binding Yes the optimiser will
iterate until the constraints is honoured (provided it is feasible) whilst in the case on NO binding
if the constraint can not be achieved (because physically infeasible) it will be neglected
2.3.6.3 Edit Constraints Table
In GAP it is possible to set constraints on production or injection at every level of the system.
This option allows viewing, checking or editing the specific constraints of a group of selected
element items in a single edit session. When the option is invoked, a constraints screen will be
produced for the first equipment item in the selection list. This screen contains Next and

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Previous buttons for navigation through the list. For each element, enter the required constraints
into the dialog.

This option provides a single table from which all the constraints in the system, as well as the
system constraints, can be viewed and edited.
An example of the dialog produced is as follows:

The Type and Sub Type selection menus enable to filter the constraint tables as a function of
the type of element considered.
There are three screens that allow the user to enter the values for constraints, whether they are
binding or not and whether they should be included in the potential calculations or not.

When setting a constraint as Binding or Not Binding, the program will in both
cases try to honour the constraint, with the difference that in the case of the
binding constraint the program will iterate until the constraint is honoured (if it is
feasible), whilst in the case of not binding constraint, if this cannot be respected, it
will be neglected.
In general constraints like maximum rate or also NO-CLOSE Minimum Gas

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Injection Rate should be set as binding, because in most cases these are feasible
and we want the optimiser to try to honour them.

When any element of the system has been constrained, two arrows pointing
towards the element appear.
The arrows are red if the constraint is a "General" constraint
The arrows are blue if the constraint is a "Abandonment" constraint (NEW!!!)

Field Tabs

Value Enter in this screen the value of the constraint to be set in any element of
the model
Binding Selects which constraints are binding or not. The optimiser will always try
(Yes/No) to honour all the constraints set in the model, however when constraints
are set to binding Yes the optimiser will iterate until the constraints is
honoured (provided it is feasible) whilst in the case on NO binding if the
constraint can not be achieved (because physically infeasible) it will be
neglected
Potential Enables to include the constraints in the potential calculation. Those
(Yes/No) constraints set to NO will not be considered in the Potential calculation

Action Buttons:

OK Removes the dialogue and saves any changes made


Cancel Removes the dialogue and ignores any changes made

Help Displays this screen

2.3.6.4 Edit Abandonment Constraints Table


This option allows viewing, checking or editing the specific abandonment constraints of a group
of selected element items in a single edit session.

(NEW!!!) Abandonment constraints are displayed with two BLUE arrows pointing towards the
element that has the constraint.

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2.4 Describing the PVT


The following paragraphs summarise the steps to be taken in setting up the PVT options in GAP
based on the objectives and amount of PVT information available.
Under the system Options/Method four main options are available to model the fluid PVT:

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Black oil Black oil model is used for the calculation


Tracking This method is based on a combination of black oil model and full
compositional model (equation of state or EOS):
Black oil model is used for the main pressure drop calculations
The EOS is then used as a post calculation to determine the
composition in any part of the system by performing
compositional blends and flashes whenever necessary.
If a black oil reservoir simulator (like for example MBAL), the
compositional tracking provides with the unique capability to recombined
one initial composition in order to match the GOR of the fluid produced
Fully This method allows to run all the calculations using an equation of state,
Compositional which gives the compositions as well as the fluid PVT properties in any
point of the network.
NEW!!! This option allows also to perform Lumping/Delumping of an
initial EOS, which empowers the user with the possibility to decide if
running the calculations using an extended composition, or a using a
composition with a reduced number of components (lumped)
Black Oil To speed-up calculations, the Black Oil Lumping/Delumping method

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Compositional tracks the composition of the fluids throughout the network at each
Lumping/ iteration of the solver, but performs pipeline, compressor, pump,
Delumping NEW!!! choke, ... calculations using the Black Oil PVT correlations based on the
black oil standard condition properties calculated by the equation of
state. This options makes sure that the black oil model is at any point in
time consistent with the EOS.
Black Oil Lumping/Delumping may use the full or the lumped
compositions

In the case where Tracking or Fully Compositional or Black Oil Compositional Lumping/
Delumping is selected, as shown below, then an Equation of State will be required to be set up
in order to either track the compositions in the system or get the PVT directly from the EOS.

This section describes more in detail the various options available in GAP for both black oil and
compositional modelling.

IMPORTANT NOTE:
When modeling gas lifted systems (or any artificial lift systems where a
hydrocarbon fluid is mixed to the main fluid) in compositional mode, it is strongly
recommended to use the compositional Tracking mode.
This is because when using Fully Compositional or Black Oil Compositional Lumping/
Delumping modes, a full Equation of State model is used to determine the fluid
composition and PVT properties. The assumption the EOS model takes is that if two
fluids are blended, immediate and perfect mixing occurs and a new fluid is generated.
This means that after the mixing it is not possible to physically differentiate between the
gas lift gas and the reservoir fluid and separate the gas lift gas from the reservoir fluid,
hence it is not possible to have a consistent reporting of the gas lift injected throughout the
network, nor to use the gas lift gas rate as a constraint.
Compositional Tracking is recommended for gas lifted systems, as it is based on the
black oil assumption that the various phases are kept separate throughout the system,
hence it is possible to determine and report consistently the amount of gas lift gas at any
point in the system and use it for constraint purpose.
The black oil assumption behind the Tracking model, though considering separation of the
various phases, has been found to be quite reliable, also related to the physical fact that at
the relatively low pressure and temperature conditions occurring in pipeline networks
mixing of fluids becomes possibly unlikely.

2.4.1 Black Oil


If the PVT model model is set to Black Oil the PVT properties used in the pressure drop
calculations will be determined with a Black Oil model.

The term Black Oil refers to a PVT model that considers the fluid to be (when below
saturation conditions) split between a Liquid and a Gas (2 Phases) in equilibrium. The
basic implicit assumption is that the liquid and the gas are characterised by a fixed
composition, no matter the pressure and temperature conditions.
Correlations are used to calculate the Bo, Bubble Point, Gas Oil Ratio etc from

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measurements at surface (API gravity, gas gravity etc). This definition can be extended
to gases and condensates where correlations can be used to get the CGR, dew point
and other properties. Hence the existence of Black Oil PVT models for condensates.

In the MBAL and PROSPER parts of the manual, the black oil models have been described in
more detail. This description includes:
Entry of basic Black Oil PVT data
Matching of lab data to correlations
Selecting the best correlation
Discussion on the use of tables

The origin of the black oil properties used by GAP to perform the network calculations depends
on the way the model is run:

When running the model in Solve Network mode, the black oil properties used by
GAP are the ones present in the well IPR input section and that were imported from
PROSPER with an IPR generation 416 :

When running the model in Prediction mode, instead, the PVT black oil properties of

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the fluid produced from each well will be obtained at every time step from the
reservoir model (MBAL or an external simulator). The PVT information transferred
from PROSPER and present in the IPR screen of the well models in GAP will be
overwritten, along with the reservoir pressure and possible PI (if a simulation model is
used for instance).

GAP will then feed this PVT information to its internal PVT model (defined in Default Settings 83
), thus being able to calculate all the PVT properties necessary when calculating pressure drops
in the system.

When two or more fluids are present in the system, GAP will mix the fluids at every joint where
they meet in order to get the parameters for the fluid that results from the mixing. The gravities,
GORs and CGRs of the resulting fluid will be calculated by means of a mass balance (mass of
blending fluids = mass of resulting stream).

At every joint where different fluids mix, a new fluid model will be generated based on
the properties and volumes of the original fluids. This new description will then be
used for calculations downstream of this joint.

2.4.2 Compositional Options


In GAP three main compositional PVT model options are available, which allow to determine the
fluid composition everywhere in the system and its variation with changing reservoir conditions:

Tracking click here 149

Fully Compositional click here 150

Black Oil Compositional Lumping/ click here 151

Delumping

Details about each PVT model option are reported in the next few sections (click on the above
links to access them).

IMPORTANT NOTE:
When modeling gas lifted systems (or any artificial lift systems where a
hydrocarbon fluid is mixed to the main fluid) in compositional mode, it is strongly
recommended to use the compositional Tracking mode.
This is because when using Fully Compositional or Black Oil Compositional modes, a full
Equation of State model is used to determine the fluid composition and PVT properties.
The assumption the EOS model takes is that if two fluids are blended, immediate and
perfect mixing occurs and a new fluid is generated. This means that after the mixing it is
not possible to physically differentiate between the gas lift gas and the reservoir fluid and
separate the gas lift gas from the reservoir fluid, hence it is not possible to have a
consistent reporting of the gas lift injected throughout the network, nor to use the gas lift

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gas rate as a constraint.


Compositional Tracking is recommended for gas lifted systems, as it is based on the
black oil assumption that the various phases are kept separate throughout the system,
hence it is possible to determine and report consistently the amount of gas lift gas at any
point in the system and use it for constraint purpose.
The black oil assumption behind the Tracking model, though considering separation of the
various phases, has been found to be quite reliable, also related to the physical fact that at
the relatively low pressure and temperature conditions occurring in pipeline networks
mixing of fluids becomes possibly unlikely.
2.4.2.1 EoS Model Setup
When any of the three compositional options (Fully compositional, Tracking and Black Oil
Compositional Lumping/Delumping) is selected, the setup of the model is exactly the same.
The main difference among Tracking, Fully Compositional and Black Oil Compositional
Lumping/Delumping is the way the EOS model is used (see sections for each option).
Results can be viewed in exactly the same way too.

Once any of the compositional options have been selected from the System options menu, the
EOS Model Setup will be displayed.

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This allows to access a configuration section, where the EOS options can be selected:

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These options should reflect the EOS available for the fluid (from PVTP for
example) and the process (path) the fluid follows to standard conditions
(which will affect the volumes and quality of the resulting fluid).

In this section various families of options allow to decide how to run the calculations:

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General
In this field it is possible to decide which EOS model to select, as well as the calculation
engines.

EOS Model The choice is between the two industry-standard cubic EOS
models: Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong
Optimisation Mode This defines how the calculations are run. Our PVT experts have
been working on ways to speed up the calculation of properties
from an EOS model. Speed is one of the main issues with fully
compositional models and the options in this field will define the
speed of calculations. The objective of this option is to speed up
the calculations without penalising the accuracy the results. The
Medium mode is the fastest (up to 80 times) and also default and
this should be selected unless any problems are detected in the
calculations
Optimise Repeat When repetitive calculations are performed, this option can be
Calculations selected to reduce the number of compositional calculations
performed (increase of speed by up to 40 times). This option is
particularly useful when running with Black Oil Compositional
Lumping/Delumping: the determination of the equivalent black oil
model is done only when the composition changes. If the
composition does not change, that means that the black oil
properties remain indeed the same, hence it is not required to
use the EOS to re-calculate the black oil properties

Volume Shift
In this field it is possible to decide if to apply the Volume Shift correction or not to the EOS. Note
that if Lumping/Delumping is enabled, it is possible to enable/disable the Volume Shift in both
the full and the lumped compositions:

If no Lumping is enabled, the only Full composition volume shift option is available.

Lumping NEW!!!

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This option allows to enable working with Lumping/Delumping of composition.

Allow Lumping If No is selected, no Lumping/Delumping is allowed, which


means that each fluid in the system is defined by one EOS
composition. Of course the composition can vary depending on
the reservoir conditions. This option is selected whenever a Fully
Compositional calculation is performed using a unique fluid PVT
definition
If Yes is selected, the Lumping/Delumping options is enabled,
which means that each fluid in the system can be characterised
by two equivalent EOS compositions, a full (high number of
components) and a lumped (reduced number of components)
and the user can decide which one to use for the calculations
and to pass from one to the other consistently (ref. Lumping/
Delumping 6 )
Mode This option defines which composition is used in the network
calculations
Use Full Comp
The full composition is used for the calculations
Use Lumped Comp
The lumped composition is used in the network
calculations.
This option defines also which composition is run in the MBAL
models connected in the case that Lumping/Delumping is
enabled in the MBAL models too
Master Rule This field allows to select the Master Rule used to perform
Lumping/Delumping (ref. Lumping/Delumping 6 ). the Master
Rule can be created or imported from PVTP and contains the
logic followed to pass from an extended compositon to a lumped
one (lumping) and viceversa (delumping). The Master Rule is the
logic applied to all the network (included any MBAL model
connected)

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More Lumping This section defines the Lumping Rule used in the whole GAP
model. See paragraph below 142 for further details

Reference Data for Standard Conditions


This section defines the Reference Standard Temperature and Pressure used to express the
flow rates.
It is important to remark that this option affects only the standard temperature and pressure used
to express the liquid rates. As far as the gas rates are concerned, the standard conditions are
by definition defined by the particular Unit System.
For example, if the Unit System is Oilfield, the gas rates are expressed in Scf or MMscf (where
"S" indicates standard volumes), which are by definition at 60 deg F and 0 psig.
Set as Default allows to set the entered conditions as program default.

Blending
This section defines the rules followed by the program when two or more fluids compositions
mix.

Match Component The program will mix only the properties of components that have
Components Name Only the same name. When suing this option the user has to make
sure that the mixing compositions have been defined with the
by same number of components and same names
Component Name or The program will mix only the properties of components that have
Properties the same name or similar properties (Tc, Pc, etc.)
Use Number If Yes is selected, the program will try and blend components tha
correspond to the same component number. If components in two
of
blending compositions have different names, these will be
Components blended.
as key If No is selected, if components in two blending composition
have different names, the components will not be blended, bu
they will be carried on as separate components. The sketc
below shows the concept:
"No" is selected:

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This option allows to even use compositions with different numbe


of components. If that is so, each new set of pseudo componen
will be carried along.

Phase Check
This section allows to decide the method used for the phase detection. This option should not be
modified.

Path to Surface and Recycle


This field defines the path followed by the fluid down to standard conditions. When expressing
rates, in fact, they are conventionally defined at standard conditions.
However, depending on the path followed, more or less gas/oil can be reported. In general the
path to STD used in the model should be consistent with the path used in the field to meter the
phase rates.

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Flash Straight Means that the fluid is flashed straight to STD


to Stock Tank
Use Separator Means that the fluid is flashed through a series of separators down to
STD
Train
Use K Values Option is an addition to the compositional modeling that allows
modeling the process based on K values (equilibrium ratios). This
can allow process calculations from systems more complex than
separation to be represented as Pseudo separators and can be
obtained from process simulators. Note that the use of K values is
discouraged by the fact that they depend on the fluid composiiton: if
that changes, the k values may not be representative anymore,
therefore incorrect answers may be obtained

Target GOR Method


The objective of the Target GOR is to recombine and original fluid in order to reproduce the
produced GOR. In other words the objective is to determine the evolution of the fluid composition
as the GOR changes.
To achieve that, the program determines a gas and a liquid from the original composition and
then it recombines them in order to reproduce the actual producing GOR.
This entry option defines the source of oil and gas used to recombine the fluid.

Use Separator The oil and gas come from flashing the fluid through the entered
Fluids separator train. This option is the default as it works in all cases
Use Fluid The oil and gas come from flashing the fluid to a few psi below the
from PSAT saturation pressure. It should be noted that this restricts any target
that can be found to the RS of the oil below PSAT and the GOR of the
equivalent gas. Although more restricted, this mixture better reflects
the case of an oil entraining gas cap gas etc. The limits on the GOR
target are displayed as the min and max GOR. A reservoir or layer
temperature is required for this method. The PSAT is found at the
entered temperature

2.4.2.1.1 More Lumping


NEW!!!
The More Lumping button allows to access the Lump Option Dialog, where the details of the
Lumping Rule are present and can be edited, as well as the Lumping Rule itself can be defined.

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The Lump Options available are:

Lump Rules
This section allows to select the Master Rule used throughout the GAP model.

Lumping Rules
This contains a table with the list of lumping Rules imported in the GAP model.
Selecting Select it is possible to Import/Export, view or edit the Lumping Rule:

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In the Lumping Rules Summary Dialog section the lumps are described (for example, in the
figure above the first lump is N2C1, which is given by the sum of N2 and C1), giving the
correspondence between the lumped and the full composition.
At the top right of the screen a BIC Multiplier is reported, This is a multiplier to the Bi coefficients
of the lumped composition, which is a methodology available to make sure that the lumped
composition reproduces the same saturation pressure as the full composition.
The Setup button allows to define the logic behind each lump, for example:

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The remaining options are self-explanatory.

General
This section allow to select the options for Lumping/Delumping.
Allow Lumping and Mode are the same as reported in the main EOS Setup section ( see
above 138 ). As far as the other options are concerned:

Seps It is possible to perform Lumping/Delumping using gas and oil


obtained by flashing the fluid straight to Stock Tank or through
separator stages
Use Full One of the main reasons why surface and process models need
Composition for Enthalpies to have a large number of components is that thermal
calculations (heat capacities, enthalpies) require a very detailed
composition in order to be accurate.
This option forces the program to use the full composition every
time enthalpies need to be calculated, and should always be
selected

DeLumping
This section allows to define the techniques used to Delump a lumped composition.

DeLump Method This option defines the method used to determine a full composition
from a lumped one
Three main options are available:

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Use DeLump This option uses the Lumping Rule to delump the
Rule and lumped composition, along with the Target GOR
Target GOR method to make sure to reproduce the lumped
composition's GOR. This option is default and also
recommended
Use Target This option makes sure that the full composition
GOR Only obtained matched the GOR of the lumped
composition
Use DeLump Only the Lumping Rule is applied
Rule Only
Hold C1 Group in This option makes sure that the C1 amount is preserved when
DeLumping passing from the de-lumped to the lumped composition. This is
useful to quality check

Lumping
This section allows to define the techniques used to Lump a full composition.

Lump Method This option defines the method to determine the lumped
composition from the full. The options are the same as in the
DeLump Method options

2.4.2.2 Setting up a Compositional model


The process of building a GAP model when any of the compositional options is enabled (PVT
model set to Tracking or Fully Compositional or Black Oil Compositional Lumping/Delumping) is
always the same.

The following steps illustrate how to set up the model to use an EOS:

1. Enable the desired PVT Model from the Options | Method entry screen.

2. Compositions need to be entered at the well level.


Note that it is also possible to perform a batch import of compositions by using the
menu Edit / Import Compositions ( related topic 117 ).

To do it on a well-by-well basis, go to the well data input screen and navigate to the
composition tab. In this screen total fluid compositions are entered for the entire well
production (single-layer case) or for each valid layer of a multi-layer case.
Select the layer for which one wishes to enter a composition (if applicable) and press
the Composition button. Compositional information can be entered into the resulting
screen by hand, imported from a PROSPER .PRP file, or pasted from a spreadsheet
application (e.g. Excel). In this screen one may also perform phase envelope
calculations and plotting.

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When the composition has been entered, press OK. The colour of the Composition
button on the well composition entry screen will tell if the composition entered is valid.
Repeat this for all wells.

3. For gas lifted wells, one must ensure that the gaslight source has an associated
composition. This can be determined from the Well Gas lift Input screen: the colour of
the composition button will indicate whether there is a valid composition or not. If there
is not, access the Gas Injection Source table from this screen and enter a composition
from here.

4. (Prediction only). If there is gas voidage replacement / injection, then the composition of
this needs to be specified. If there is no associated gas injection system, then the
composition of the injected gas can be entered from the Prediction Forecast Set-up
screen or from the Tank Injection Entry screen.

5. If there is an associated gas injection system then the injection source has to be
specified per injection manifold of the injection system. Go to the gas injection system
and enter the injection source from the Injection Manifold Injection Source screen. In
either case the injection source must be selected from the list of gas injection sources
maintained with the production system.

During the prediction run the wells will take the fluid compositions from the tanks, provided these
have been set up in the MBAL model. If one reloads a snapshot following a prediction run the
well compositions will lbe filled in accordingly.

When a reservoir model (MBAL or an external simulator) is linked to GAP, the


composition comes from the reservoir model.
If the reservoir model is not compositional (for example, black oil), GAP will use
the composition entered in the well IPR section and will recombine it in order to
match the fluid properties (GOR) coming from the reservoir model.
This means that GAP is able to determine the composition even if the reservoir
simulator is not.

If Lumping/Delumping is selected in the EOS Model Setup options, then at step 2. it is


possible to import a .PRP containing both the lumped and the full compositions (see
figure below). The Options will then decide which of the two to use for the calculation and
where to perform the lumping/delumping.

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2.4.2.3 Tracking
If Tracking is selected as PVT model option, GAP uses the black-oil model in its calculations,
and an EOS composition is carried along and used to determine (track) fluid compositions from
the well bore through the surface network system and the composition of oil and gas whenever a
separation process occurs (for example, before a pump or after a separator) by means of flash
calculations.
The compositional tracking features allow taking advantage of the speed of the Black
Oil calculations and getting the resulting composition of the fluid at every node.
Provided that the pressure drops will not be affected significantly by the fact that the
EOS is not used directly for the PVT properties, then this method can yield very good
results without compromising on speed.

In a stand-alone (non-predictive) mode, the compositions are entered at the well level (well IPR
input area). In a prediction run (see related chapter 482 ), GAP requires that compositions have
been set up in the tank MBAL models.

Compositions are tracked during the Solve Network or during one prediction time step process:
GAP calculates fluid rates and specific gravities referred to surface conditions
throughout the system.
From these mass flow rates, and hence mole rates, can be evaluated.
Compositions at manifolds are then found by a simple combination of molar quantities
of the input stream compositions.

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By working from the bottom (well) level up, the composition of the fluid at the separator
can be deduced
If the fluid GOR changes along the time (for example, during a prediction, if the
reservoir pressure goes below the bubble point), the program will recombine the initial
composition entered in the well IPR section in order to match the fluid GOR. This
recombination technique is called Target GOR.

Gas injection at wells or in injection systems is handled in the same way. Knockout of gas at
joints is achieved by flashing the fluid to the manifold operating pressure and temperature, and
then removing the specified number of moles.

At the beginning of any calculation GAP will inform of the success of the tracking: the tracking
will fail if there are any missing compositions or in the unlikely event of a calculation failing.

When running the model as tracking, it is possible to set in the EOS Model Setup
options ( see above 135 ) if to run with the composition as it is, or if to perform
Lumping/Delumping.
This allows to decide if the composition to track is the full or the lumped one.

IMPORTANT NOTE:
When modeling gas lifted systems (or any artificial lift systems where a
hydrocarbon fluid is mixed to the main fluid) in compositional mode, it is strongly
recommended to use the compositional Tracking mode.
This is because when using Fully Compositional or Black Oil Compositional modes, a full
Equation of State model is used to determine the fluid composition and PVT properties.
The assumption the EOS model takes is that if two fluids are blended, immediate and
perfect mixing occurs and a new fluid is generated. This means that after the mixing it is
not possible to physically differentiate between the gas lift gas and the reservoir fluid and
separate the gas lift gas from the reservoir fluid, hence it is not possible to have a
consistent reporting of the gas lift injected throughout the network, nor to use the gas lift
gas rate as a constraint.
Compositional Tracking is recommended for gas lifted systems, as it is based on the
black oil assumption that the various phases are kept separate throughout the system,
hence it is possible to determine and report consistently the amount of gas lift gas at any
point in the system and use it for constraint purpose.
The black oil assumption behind the Tracking model, though considering separation of the
various phases, has been found to be quite reliable, also related to the physical fact that at
the relatively low pressure and temperature conditions occurring in pipeline networks
mixing of fluids becomes possibly unlikely.
2.4.2.4 Fully Compositional
If the PVT model is set to Fully Compositional, GAP will use an EOS model to determine the
fluid PVT properties used in the network pressure drop calculations.
At each network node the program will perform a full flash calculation using the EOS
composition to determine the liquid and vapour in equilibrium and their properties (FVFs,

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densities, viscosities, phase split). When two different fluid streams blend, GAP will perform
mass balance (in molar basis) to determine the composition of the resulting fluid.
Whenever there is a phase separation (before pumps or compressors, inline separators, main
separators, etc.) the flash calculation allows to determine the compositions of oil and gas and
the flow rates.
When running Fully Compositional, GAP internally works in molar basis. As the rates are
conventionally reported in volumetric (at standard conditions) basis, the programs converts
every time from molar rates to volumetric rates.

The flow rates reported by the program at any point in the network correspond by
definition to volumetric rate expressed at Standard Conditions (STD, by default 60 deg
F, 0 psig, but these conditions can be modified in the main program Options) and not in
in-situ conditions.
For example, if oil rate = 500 STB/day, that means: taking the whole fluid to STD, the
volume of oil produced resulting is 500 STB/d

When running the model as fully compositional, it is possible to set in the EOS Model
Setup options ( see above 135 ) if to run with the composition as it is, or if to perform
Lumping/Delumping.
This means that to run compositional with Lumping/Delumping (NEW!!!) one has to
simply switch on the option Lumping.

2.4.2.5 Black Oil Compositional Lumping/Delumping


NEW!!!
If Black Oil Compositional Lumping/Delumping is selected as PVT model option, GAP uses the
black-oil model for its calculations, and an EOS composition is carried along and used to
determine (track) fluid compositions from the well bore through the surface network system and
the composition of oil and gas whenever a separation process occurs (for example, before a
pump or after a separator) by means of flash calculations.

The difference with Tracking is that in Tracking the EoS originally entered in the well IPR section
is recombined in order to match the black oil GOR and the black oil properties where fixed by
the well IPR section (in in Solve Network calculations) or by the reservoir model.

In the case of Black Oil Compositional Lumping/Delumping, instead, the EOS is used in a full
compositional calculation, however, whenever a pressure drop calculation is performed, the
program determines a black oil model from the EOS and uses the black oil model for the
calculation.
This option ensures that the black oil model is always consistent with the EOS and is in general
the recommended option to adopt when accurate results and at the same time quick run times
are required.

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The Black Oil Compositional Lumping/Delumping is able to model fluids where the EOS
does not give accurate results, like for example heavy oils, where black oil correlations
for viscosity are more reliable than the standard LBC correlation used when running
composition.

When running the model as Black Oil Compositional Lumping/Delumping, it is possible


to set in the EOS Model Setup options ( see above 135 ) if to run with the composition
as it is, or if to use Lumping/Delumping.
This allows to decide if the composition to use along with the black oil is the full or the
lumped one. As the model is very fast, the Full Composition can be selected.

2.4.2.6 Viewing Compositional Results


Whenever running the model in Tracking or Black Oil Compositional Lumping/Delumping or
Fully Compositional, it is possible to view the composition everywhere in the GAP network for
any calculation performed.

Compositions for all nodes can be viewed from the Solve Network or the Prediction results as
required.

When inspecting the Solve Network results, the fly-over allows to view the compositional results:

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Note that to view the composition results in the fly-over, this has to be enabled in the menu View
/ Select Info Displayed.
Alternatively, results can be viewed in any of the Results screens.

It is also possible to view the full table of composition by going to the results screen of the node
in question, scrolling to the right end of the table, and clicking on the View Composition button
for the desired result:

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The composition data entry screen will be displayed with the composition for that node, at the
network-solve / time step investigated.
The View Composition screen is common to all the results screens in IPM and allows to:
view the composition
export the composition (for example for further analysis in PVTP or PROSPER)
and have further utilities like Generate (which reproduces a CCE experiment), Phase
Envelope, Target GOR (to determine how the composition varies with changing GOR),
Properties (straight flash to Standard conditions using the Separator Information

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When Lumping/Delumping is performed, in the View Composition screen it is possible to view


one composition or the other by using the View toggle:

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If the Full composition is used for the calculation, only the Full results are re-calculated.
Therefore to view the Lumped composition, use the Lump button.

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2.5 Equipment Data


After completing the system drawing, the unique characteristics of each element must be
entered.
This and the following chapter describe how to enter data to describe the properties of each of
the system elements.

In this chapter main equipment data entry / results display screen format is

described. This is the place from where all equipment data can be entered and
results of calculations for that equipment are stored.
This is followed with a detailed description of the input data that is required for a full
description of a well model in GAP.
Finally, the results screens that apply to all item types will be described.

2.5.1 Introduction
This chapter explains how to describe the different elements making up a GAP model.

Description is provided on the use of:

Equipment data Entry in general 157

Wells 164
Separators 242
Joints 260
Pipelines 264
Tanks 323 (Reservoirs)
Flares and Vents 334
Pumps 335
Compressors 347
Sources/Sinks 363
Inline elements 371
Inflow elements 402
Groups 404
Flowsheets 409

These elements can be found on the main toolbar.

2.5.2 Equipment Data Entry Screen Format


The main data entry screen is the Summary Screen, a master section from which all equipment
data can be entered.

Enter the screen by double-clicking the left-hand mouse button on any equipment icon on the

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GAP drawing. This will take us to a screen that allows us data entry / results display for that
particular well.

The input screen for all the equipment has the same general format, though the
data entry headings/ formats vary from one to the other.

The following diagram shows the data entry screen for a well.

The screen consists of three parts:

The Navigator (Equipment List)


The Section Buttons
The Action Buttons

2.5.2.1 The Navigator - Equipment list


On the right-hand side of the screen below is a list of the equipment making up the GAP
network.

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The equipment in the screen can be listed in four different ways, simply right clicking on the list:
Separator down sort
Tank up sort
Alphabetical sort by equipment label
Sort by equipment type

As in the example above, we have used Equipment Type Sort.


The default is Separator down Sort i.e. hierarchically going from the separators
down to the wells and tanks.

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The user may change the way the equipment is sorted in the list by clicking
the right-hand mouse button in the window to produce the relevant menu.

Equipment is accompanied by a tick or a cross indicating the validity of the data


associated with the item.
When first entering the screen, the piece of equipment selected is highlighted in
the system window .

2.5.2.2 Section Buttons


For each piece of equipment the data is sub-divided into these three sections.

Summary Master section from which one can access all the others
Input Accesses all the sections where data can be entered for the
particular element (for example: IPR, VLP, etc. for a well)
Results Section where the calculations results are reported
Section buttons Each section can be accessed by means of the correspondent
button at the bottom of the screen.

2.5.2.2.1 Summary
The Summary contains information about each element of the network (for example, a well, a
joint, etc.).

Label Name that appears in the GAP main screen (network drawing)
Name Extended name
Mask Options to disable the element
Comments Comments on each element can be entered
Data Summary Section containing the links to all the input screens. The number and type
of sections vary depending on the element.

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Other sections vary depending on the element in consideration.

2.5.2.2.2 Input Button


Clicking the Input button takes us to the input data screens as shown below.

On this screen, it is possible to see various tabs, where the input data is entered. The number
and type of available tabs depends on the equipment type.
For example, in the case of a well, the input data includes the inflow and outflow data, along with
constraints and any tank connections etc.

When one of these tabs / buttons is selected, a child screen appears where relevant data can be
entered.

2.5.2.2.3 Results Button


Clicking on the results button display the calculation results for the specific equipment as shown
below

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There are two tabs available for results buttons, one for each calculation type available in GAP:

Network Solver Tab reporting the results of the latest Solve Network calculation
Results performed
Prediction Results Tab reporting the results of the latest Prediction calculation performed

2.5.2.3 Action Buttons


On the screens shown above one can also find a set of buttons that perform various actions, like
Report, OK, Cancel etc.

The buttons are what are referred to as action buttons in this manual. There are action buttons at
every input data screen like the summary screen, various input screens and the results screen.

The buttons that are displayed/ active on a screen depend on the equipment type and the
screen. These are described in detail on all screens description for all equipments. Some of the
main buttons are described below.

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Run In the case of a well, this opens a link to Petroleum Experts PROSPER
PROSPER / MBAL program, to allow the setting up of PROSPER well models, the generation
of performance curves, VLP, and IPR. For a tank, this opens a link to
MBAL to allow the setting up of tank models
OK Removes the dialog screen, saving all changes. This includes changes
made in screens that have subsequently left by tabbing to another screen,
or in wells that have been left by clicking on the well list box
Cancel Removes the dialog, ignoring all changes. If any changes have been
made, a Confirmation Message will appear
Help Displays the help screen appropriate to the currently displayed screen or
tabbed screen
Revert This replaces the data of the current screen or tabbed screen with the
data that was current when the screen was entered
Validate Checks the data on the current screen or tabbed screen for validity. This
takes into account the Prediction mode or whether or not the system is an
injection system. If the data is not valid, the Validation Dialog will appear
with diagnostic messages
Calculate Available for well, compressor and pump elements when Summary and
Input Section buttons are selected.
For wells:
If selected from the Summary screen, this allows to perform a VLP/
IPR calculations
If selected from the Input screen, this allows to estimate the liquid
rate given the FBHP or viceversa
For compressors and pumps:
The Calculate button is accessible from the Input screen and allows
to perform a calculation of the compressor/pump dP, head, power,
etc. give the rate, PVT and inlet conditions.
Plot Will produce a plot screen appropriate to the screen or tabbed screen
being displayed (for example, an IPR plot for the IPR input screen). This is
greyed out when there is no suitable plot
Report Enters the GAP Reporting System. The report produced will depend on
the currently displayed screen or tabbed screen (for example, an IPR
report for the IPR input screen)
Next (selected) These buttons can be used to navigate through the equipment list. Next
Previous (selected) will move to the next piece of equipment in the equipment list. Previous will
move to the previous piece of equipment in the list. If items are selected,
these buttons will navigate between selected items
Mark These buttons allow items to be marked for reference purposes during an
Mark All editing session (for example, to indicate to the user that a well
Unmark All performance curve has been regenerated). Marked items appear with
their status (tick or cross) displayed in reverse v

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2.5.3 Wells

The modeling of the wells is the first part of building an accurate GAP field model.
The rest of this chapter is devoted to a description of the data required for a complete well
model in GAP.

The data required for a well model in GAP model description depends on the
mode in which GAP is running and the well model selection by user as
described in the following sections.

Like any other equipment, well data entry screens can be accessed by

Double-clicking the left-hand mouse button on a well icon on the main GAP drawing, or

Clicking on the appropriate well icon in the equipment list of the main data entry screen of
any element on the network.

On the well data entry / results screens, there are three sections (as explained in the details of
format for equipment in the previous section). These are listed below:

Summary Screen This allows the selection of well-model and well types, and also gives the
status of various aspects of the well-input data. See the following section
Input Screen Includes tabbed screens for the following input fields:
Control
- dP Control
- Artificial Lift control.
The type of artificial lift control available will be depending on the
well artificial lift method considered, as for example: Gas Lift
Control (For gas lifted wells only) and ESP Control (For ESP
Wells only)
IPR Input
VLP Input
PC Data Input (For manual entry / generation of PC data for
wells where PC model has been selected.)
Constraints
- General
- Abandonment
Downtime
Coning
Tank Connections
Production Data (Decline Curve prediction only)
Schedule (Only if Prediction Selected in Main Option)
Results Screen Contains the following fields:
Network Solver Results.

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Prediction Results

2.5.3.1 Well Summary Screen


This screen is accessed by clicking on the Summary button of the well data entry screen.

Input Fields:

Label Maximum of 18 characters allowed. This defaults to the name supplied in the
label dialogue box when the well icon was initially added to the system. If
blank, enter a short name or abbreviation to identify the icon on the screen

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Name Maximum of 32 characters allowed. Use this field to enter a full or descriptive
name, if any, for the well. This name will appear in the reports generated by
the allocation calculations
Mask This option allows a well to be added or omitted from the network database
and consequently the calculations to establish a total system response.
When the well is not to be taken into account in the system calculations, two
options are available:

Mask (i.e. An 'X' over the well icon indicates that this well has been
excluded from the system) where the well is excluded of the
system but will be recalled during prediction if an unmask
event appears in the well schedule
Disable (i.e. A double X over the well icon indicates that this well has
been excluded from the system) where the well will be
excluded from the system whatever events are included in the
well schedule

Comments Enter any string of comments to give more detailed information about the
well (for example, date shut-in, fractured, etc.)
Well Type Specifies the type of well. This should be the first setting to make when
creating a well, as the data required in the input screens depends on the well
type.
These options are available:

Gas Injector
Gas Producer
Liquid Injector (NEW!!!)
Oil Producer (Diluent Injection)
Oil Producer (ESP Lifted)
Oil Producer (Gas Lifted)
Oil Producer (HSP Lifted)
Oil Producer (Jet Pump Lifted)
Oil Producer (No Lift)
Oil Producer (PCP Lifted)
Retrograde Condensate Producer
Water injector
Water producer

SWAG wells can be modeled using liquid injector or gas injector well types.
GAP handles simultaneously injection of gas and water.

(NEW!!!) The Liquid Injector well type can be used to model injection of any
liquid, like for example polymer or NGL.
PROSPER GAP can work with PROSPER .ANL or .OUT files. If a PROSPER .OUT or .
File ANL file for this well is available, the file name should be specified here.
When GAP accesses PROSPER, the program will automatically open the

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relevant file
Model Select one of the following:

VLP / IPR Well rates will be calculated based on the


Intersection intersection of VLP / IPR curves
PC Interpolation Well rates will be calculated based on a
Performance Curve (PC), which is the curve
representing the relationship rate vs tubing head
pressure (or, more in general, pressure
downstream the well, as defined in the well model).
This option interpolates between the points of the
PC. If this option is selected, The PC Generation
selection will be active.
NEW!!! The PC interpolation method allows to
describe the PC by means of up to 20 points
Outflow Only VLP The well icon is only used to store the VLP curves
that need to be pre-generated. An associated
Inflow Icon will then provide the IPR in order to have
a complete well model. Equipment set between the
Well icon and the Inflow icon will be used to
dynamically correct the IPR for pressure drop
between the IPR and the VLP depths
Outflow Only The well icon will not now store any lift curves.
PROSPER When a pressure drop calculation is required, GAP
can calculate it dynamically using the equipment
set in the PROSPER on line section. Please refer to
the following sections for details

The outflow only models for well modeling have been introduced
from GAP v5.0 onwards. They increase greatly the capabilities of
GAP in terms of modeling smart well completions and multilayer
systems (an example of multilayer model 793 can be found in the
Examples Guide section)

Rate Model Rates can be defined in terms of volumes (at standard conditions) or mass.
Defining the rates in terms of mass has got the great benefit of
(only when
compositiona making the rates (hence the VLPs) process independent. This is
l model is because volumetric rates at standard depend on the process used
enabled) to analyse the fluid, whilst mass is invariant, therefore does not
depend on the process used. This option is particularly useful
when coupling models having different reference paths to
standard: using the mass one does not have to re-generate IPRs
and VLPs if the process changes.
When This option allows to lump/delump the composition entering the system
Composition through the wells

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changes
(only when
compositiona
l model with
lumping/
delumping is
enabled)
Data In addition to the selections discussed above, the well summary screen
Summary contains an input data summary area.
Area

This gives details on the status of various aspects of the well-input data. It
consists of various fields that correspond to different areas of well-input data.
These screens have the following colour code:

Red if the data is invalid or missing


Green if the data are valid
Cyan indicates that information have been entered (e.g. a
well constraint or dP control setting)

These are coloured


These are coloured
Some icons may also be coloured , which

The icons that appear in this area are dependent on well model and
Prediction Type (None / Material Balance / Decline Curve) selection.

For the various fields, the following Status might be displayed:

Tank Connections (Valid/Invalid)


IPR Input Data (Valid/Invalid)
VLP Input Data (Valid/Invalid)
Constraints Data (None/Some/Invalid)
Controls (Set/Not Set)
Pump Control (Artificially lifted wells only) (Set/ Not Set / Not

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Appl.)
Performance Curve Data (Only for PC well model) (Valid/
Invalid)
Gas Lift Control (Gas Lifted wells only)(Source name is
displayed)
Downtime (Set / None)
Coning (Set / None)
Scheduling (Set / None)

By clicking on any of these fields, one can access the input data for the field.

2.5.3.2 Calculate
On every well, in the action buttons one has access to a CALCULATE button.

On the Summary screen, the Calculate is used to determine both IPR and VLP corresponding
to one specific set of flowing conditions and then calculate the intersections between the curves.
This is a rapid way to calculate the well performance for a specific set of flowing conditions.

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The user can plot the VLP/ IPR intersection by clicking on the Plot button.

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The Initialise from solver results can be used to recall the flowing conditions
calculated during a Solve Network 463 calculation. This is useful when
troubleshooting the well performance in the same conditions as in the main
calculation.

This will prompt the following VLP/IPR intersection screen:

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Note that when there are two intersections between the VLP and the IPR curve,
GAP will by default pick up the intersection on the right hand side of the minimum
exhibited by the VLP curve (as this is generally the stable rate whereas the left
side intersection is the unstable one), except when the Force Left Hand Side
Intersection (Solver) option has been selected.

If GAP is expected to pick up the left side intersection, this can be done by
selecting the Force Left Hand Side Intersection (Solver) as described
earlier.

On the VLP input screen, this button invokes the VLP calculation dialog.
This enables to calculate the FBHP from the vertical lift performance curve of the well
considered for specific sets of flowing conditions.
The calculation screen appears as follows:

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2.5.3.3 Well Input Screens


Appropriate tabs allow to enter all the well-input data required for system optimisation or
prediction runs.

The tabs are coloured according to the validity of the data on the corresponding dialogs.
If the tab is green, then the data is valid for the current system set-up.
If it is red, then the data is invalid or empty.
If the tab is grey, then this tab is not applicable to the current model and so is
inaccessible.

The following represents the division of input data:

Tank Enter/visualize tank connections


Connections
IPR Input Used to enter/visualize IPR data, either for the well, or per-layer in a
multi-layer well.
VLP Input Used to enter/visualize the file that contains the lift curve data for the well.
Constraints Use to enter/visualize the well constraints and abandonment constraints.
Controls Used to enter/visualize control data for the well. This allows wells to be
choked back to meet some throughput constraint, or for artificially lifted
wells allows artificial lift control parameter, such as ESP frequency in
ESP wells to be accounted for in optimisation.
Pump Controls Used to set the artificial lift quantity ad Fixed value (for example,mfixed
gas lift injection rate) or Calculated by the optimiser. This section can be

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accessed from the Controls section


PC Data Use this to enter/visualize manually performance curve data, or to
generate the data from VLP/IPR intersections.
Gas Lift Control Used to set the artificial lift quantity ad Fixed value (for example,mfixed
gas lift injection rate) or Calculated by the optimiser. This section can be
accessed from the Controls section
Production Data Enter/visualize the production data for the well, for decline curve
predictions.
Downtime Enter/visualize the percentage of time a well is offline.
Coning If the well has gas coning the input data may be specified in this screen
for each layer.
Schedule Enter/visualize the Schedule for changing constraints, masking/ un-
masking wells during prediction

Apart from the screen inputs as described in the following sections, there are
various action buttons like OK, CANCEL etc. that appear in these screens. Their
function is the same in every screen.

2.5.3.3.1 Tank Connections


This section contains the list of all the tanks (MBAL models) connected to the particular well.

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Use the buttons <<<Add and Remove>>> to create connections or disconnect a well from a
tank.
2.5.3.3.1.1 Multi-Layer Case
In this case, it is simply required to make connections using the two list boxes: the breakthrough
constraints and perforation depths are entered in the Well IPR screen.

Connected tanks are assigned to single layers of the model automatically; the tank name, which
has been assigned to a specific layer, is displayed in the Well IPR Input screen.

2.5.3.3.2 IPR Input

This screen allows the input of well inflow performance data on a per-layer basis.

For a multi-layer well, any number of separate inflow performances can be


modelled (a well model can be producing from as many distinct layers as
the well has in reality).

The IPR data can be transferred from PROSPER using the Generate function of
GAP. If the user chooses to enter the data manually (IPR may have not been

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generated with PROSPER for example) then this can be done as well.

(NEW!!!) IPRs can now be generated with different PROSPER files for each layer
by associating different PROSPER model to the each layer's inflow

The IPR data input is divided into four tabbed screens as shown in the example below.

These are:

Ipr Layer Individual layer input data like PI etc


More... Data for defining relative permeability and layer breakthrough (water / gas)
parameters
Prod Data (only if decline curve is selected as tank model)
section defining the well GOR and WC (or WGR in case of gas) versus
reservoir pressure or cumulative production
Grid View Screen where a summary of all layers is tabulated and the individual IPR
data can be plotted against each other
Abandonment To define the conditions at which the layer is abandoned (production is shut
down)

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The data input for all the four sections of the well IPR input us described below:
2.5.3.3.2.1 Ipr Layer input data
In this screen, the input data can be defined, which are needed for generation of an IPR curve for
each layer. The data input screen is divided into four sections. These are:
Select
Inflow Performance Input
Fluid Properties Input
PROSPER File for IPR

Select
This section has the following sub-menus:

Layer Use this to select the layer for which data is to be entered. When the list is
List Box produced, each layer appears in the drop down list with 'Invalid' or 'OK',
representing the status of the IPR layer data
Layer Type (Available only for multi layer IPR Producers except WATER producer
and injection Wells)
This can be Oil, Gas, or Condensate. When a well is created, the layer type
is set to reflect the well type: however, the layer type can be changed by
selection from the drop down list.
Mask is possible to temporarily exclude the selected layer from the IPR by
selecting Exclude from System from this drop-down list box

Switching to the More Input Screen will display data related to the
layer that has been selected in the layer input screen.

Inflow Performance
The data items shown in this dialog depend on the well type, the layer type and the prediction
(None / Material Balance / Decline Curve) mode.
In a multi layer model, data may be entered on this dialog or in the IPR Input Grid View, which
displays all layers simultaneously.

Tank In a multi layer model, this gives the label of the tank to which the selected
Connection layer for which input is being entered is connected.

The layer-tank connections are assigned automatically when a tank is


connected to a well and are fixed throughout the life of the well. It is possible
that the tank may be assigned to a different layer if the user chooses to do so
IPR Type Select from the combo box the type of the IPR curve. The current choices
are:
Straight Line + Vogel (Oil and Water Producers / Water Injectors).
Forcheimer (Gas / Condensate Producers / Gas Injectors)

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Forcheimer Pseudo-Pressure (Gas / Condensate Producers / Gas


Injectors).
This method uses the classic Forcheimer equation solved with a
pseudo-pressure method rather than with a pressure square method.
C and n (Gas / Condensate Producers / Gas Injectors)
Table Look Up (All wells)
The Table Look Up utility has been included in the IPR types for allowing
an easy link between GAP and Reservoir Simulators. It stores the IPR
information generated by the reservoir simulator as a table with oil, gas and
water rates as a function of flowing bottom hole pressure (FBHP). IT
SHOULD ONLY BE USED FOR THOSE APPLICATIONS.
IPR dP Select here whether there is to be a manual offset from the reservoir
pressure by checking the box. If the box is checked, enter the appropriate dP
in the entry field.
The IPR dP is used when the datum for the reservoir pressure in the wel
model is significantly different to the datum used in the reservoir model. The
IPM dP corrects the reservoir pressure coming from the reservoir model to
the well model datum.
Permeability (Production systems only & NOT for Table Look Up)
Correction This is used to correct the absolute permeability of the layer as the pressure
with Pressure declines in a prediction. Enter the quantity N in the equation:

k p = k 0 {1.0 - ( p0 - p ) C f }
N

where, p is the layer pressure, kp is the layer permeability at pressure p , k0


is layer permeability at pressure p0 and Cf is the formation compressibility
Cross Flow (Production systems only & NOT for Table Look Up)
Injectivity This is only applicable to multi-layer models. In cases where there is cross-
Index flow between layers, it is possible to specify here the injectivity index to be
applied to the layer when cross-flow rates are calculated.

The crossflow injectivity index represents the rate of injection in the reservoir
should the bottom hole pressure be greater than the reservoir pressure. In
other words, the crossflow injectivity index represents the IPR curve for
negative flow rates.

If the value of the crossflow injectivity index is not specified, the rate of
injection in the reservoir will be governed by the Productivity Index (indicating
that the production capacity of the reservoir is the same as the injection
capacity).

Should there be any studies made on the injectivity index for the stated
reservoir, then this may be used to define the Crossflow injectivity index.
The use of Crossflow Injectivity Index may lead to large cross-flow rates and
potential instabilities in any prediction run as these rates are held constant
over a time-step.

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In the case of gas wells and retrograde condensate wells, the corresponding
IPR model (that is defined in the IPR type section) will be used instead of the
productivity index. Only the primary coefficient of the IPR description is
required in this case: the other (non-Darcy coefficient or n) is set to zero.

A combination of high instantaneous rates and large timesteps


may cause large cumulative volumes of fluid to be transferred in
a reservoir over the timestep. This will lead to unrealistically high
reservoir pressures to be calculated. For wells with cross flow
between layers it is recommended to use small step sizes in
prediction mode.
IPR Match Selecting Match IPR on the IPR Input screen to display the following
dialog:

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Test Layer Pressure


When an IPR transfer from PROSPER is done, this screen is
populated with data from the PROSPER IPR section.

Test Water Cut


See the Relative Permeability Section that follows for more details
about how these values are used to apply correction factors to the
IPR

Test Points
These fields hold the set of test points of measured rate and flowing
bottom hole pressure.

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Rate and pressure can be entered by hand, or pasted from the


Windows clipboard or directly from PROSPERs IPR screen.

Click Match and GAP will calculate the well productivity (or injectivity)
index and AOF (or whichever coefficients are required from the IPR
model). Click OK and the P.I. and the rest of the data will be passed
back to the well IPR screen.

When an IPR is generated, the reservoir pressure


and PVT information (e.g. GOR, Water Cut) are
used in the calculation of an IPR.

Different results may be obtained in IPR


generation when a tank is connected to a well and
thus uses the tanks PVT calculation, compared to
the situation where the well is isolated and GAP
uses its own calculation.
Gravel Pack GAP models Gravel Packed completion as in PROSPER. More
detailed information about this model is available in the PROSPER
user Guide.
When the IPR is generated from a PROSPER file that contains a
Gravel Pack completion, the Gravel Pack information are transferred
from PROSPER to GAP. It is then possible to sensitize on Gravel
Pack parameters in GAP.
When the system is solved, GAP calculates the pressure drop across
the Gravel Pack (accessible under the layer results).
It is then possible to constrain the well production based on:
The maximum gravel pack casing velocity
The maximum gravel pack screen velocity
The maximum gravel pack delta P
Fluid (for producer wells)
Properties This section contains the fluid PVT properties, which are used during the
Solve Network calculation. The properties are updated automatically during a
Prediction, based on the data coming from the connected reservoir model
(be this MBAL or a third party numerical simulator)

PVT Data Enter:


(NOT for Water Oil / Condensate API
Producers) Gas Gravity
Current Water cut/ WGR
Current GOR /CGR
Enter water Salinity
Impurity Data Mole % of CO2, N2, and H2S in gas phase can be
specified

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Use Tank (NOT for Prediction modes None & Decline Curve)
Impurities If the Use tank impurities box is checked, GAP will use the values from
MBAL tank model and the impurity input data will be made unavailable
PROSPER For multi-layer well, it is possible to import the specific PROSPER file
File for IPR corresponding to each specific layer. When the option "Generate | Generate
Well IPRs from PROSPER..." is used, GAP calls all those PROSPER files to
generate in one go all the different layers' IPRs

The Composition button allows to enter/visualize the composition for the well.

This is available when one of the compositional options are selected.


The Composition Button allows to visualize the fluid composition.

Use Original By ticking this box the original composition entered in the well IPR section
Composition will be used for the calculations, overriding any composition coming from
MBAL or the Working composition present in the well IPR section

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The IPR Input windows contain the following action buttons.

The action buttons have been explained in detail previously 162 and have here exactly the same
role: OK / Cancel / Help / Revert / Validate / Calculate / Plot / Report.

The following action buttons are particular to the Input section, and their roles are described
below:

Plot Displays the Plot screen with the IPR plot for this layer (or the well in a single
layer model). The Match data (if present) is also displayed. In case of Grid
View it displays the IPR of all layers and the total IPR of the well as well
Calculate Displays the IPR Calculation screen. This allows rates to be calculated from
flowing bottom hole pressures or vice versa for this layer (or for the well in a
single layer model)
From MBAL See description below

From MBAL

It is possible to transfer data from existing material balance models to well models inside GAP.
VLP, IPR and relative permeability data can be transferred.
This action button takes us to the screen that allows the import of well data from MBAL models
as shown in the following screen:

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On the left hand side, the MBAL files associated with the tanks in GAP are opened and lists of
either history or prediction wells can be displayed, depending on the option chosen.

On the right hand side, all the GAP wells along with their Layers are displayed.

The user selects a layer in the MBAL list and a layer in GAP list.
This gives the following two transfer options:

IPR To transfer the layer IPR


Rel Perm To transfer the MBAL layer relative permeability data

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If the user selects a well on both sides the following transfer option is available as well:

VLP To transfer the VLP data from the MBAL prediction well to
GAP well

The actual data transferred will depend on the type of item selected in the MBAL list (e.g. tank
IPR data will include the tank starting pressure and PVT data, whereas well IPR data includes
the PI).

At the bottom of the MBAL item list, is a New Model File button. Pressing this allows the user
the access to MBAL files that might not be associated with the current GAP model and from the
data can be transferred.
Note that new files are not stored when the screen is cleared and must be reloaded when going
into the screen on subsequent occasions.

The details of data transferred using this facility are:

IPR This transfers IPR data from the MBAL item to the GAP
target. The data transferred is as follows:
From a tank:
Starting pressure,
Starting temperature,
Impurity data (% H2S, N2, CO2 & water salinity),
Gas gravity,
Oil/condensate gravity,
GOR/CGR.
From a well:
PI (Darcy coefficients, C and n),
Layer type,
PI Relative permeability correction (oil layers only),
Perforation depths,
Breakthrough constraints,
Match data,
Test water cut / layer pressure.
VLP Transfers lift curve data to the well in question. This is only
possible if the data has been imported into the MBAL well
model in *.tpd format
Rel Perm Transfers either the tank or the well relative permeability
depending on the source type

2.5.3.3.2.2 More Layer Data


This is the second screen in the IPR input. It has the following sections:

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Layer This is the place where the current layer is selected. This by default is the
Selection same layer as selected in the first screen
Relative (NOT for Injectors and Water Producers). See description below:
Permeability

Relative Permeability Section

The fields available are:

Prediction Here, we define the set of relative permeability that GAP uses for:
Fractional 1. Calculating water cut and producing GOR (CGR/ WGR in gas /
Flow Condensate) wells during prediction (Material balance).
Rel. Perm 2. Calculating the changes in the well PI corresponding to due to WC and
GOR change in all cases (No prediction/ Material Balance/ Decline
Curve). Effectively, as the WC and GOR change, the fluid mobilities will be
modified.
The Options available are:

From (Available only for Material Balance Prediction)


Tank Model GAP will take relative permeability and data from the
tank associated with the layer considered (MBAL
Model)
From GAP will use the relative permeability defined entered
Rel Perm 1 or 2 under the Edit button. These rel perms can be entered
by hand or transferred from MBAL by means of the
button From MBAL (located at the bottom right of the
screen).
In both cases From Tank Model and From Rel Perm 1
or 2 the relative permeability curves are defined as
Corey functions (ref. MBAL user Guide)
From (see below 189 ) the user can enter directly the WC and
Table 1 or 2 the GOR as a function or time, pressure or cumulative
production
Shift Rel The option Shift Rel Perm to Breakthrough is used to smooth the set of
Perm to relative permeabilities of water or gas, after the breakthrough occurred (see
Breakthrough "Breakthrough and Perforation Depths" section hereafter). For instance, if this
option is turned off, and if the gas breakthrough occurs at Sgb>Sgr, the
relative permeability of the gas goes straight from zero to Krg_0 (cf. following
sketch).

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PI Correction It is possible to trigger this option on by selecting the Yes option in the
for Mobility corresponding scrollbar.
If this option is set to Yes, the PI will be corrected for mobility change as the
water cut changes. A test-water cut and a test pressure have to be entered.

The test water cut and the test reservoir pressure are used to determine the
water saturations (Sw) and oil and water viscosities. So is calculated as
described in the Vogel correction depending on the options as indicated
later.

With the use of relative permeability curves, the test mobility can be calculated
from:

K rw K ro
M test = +
mw mo

At a particular reservoir pressure and water cut, the current mobility (M) can
be calculated using similar formula. Based on the two calculated mobility
values, the corrected productivity index will be:

M
PI = PI test
M test

And this value of corrected PI will be used to generate the new IPR
Vogel (Available Only if Mobility correction for PI is on)
Correction If this option is set to Yes, the relative permeability values that are used for
for GOR PI mobility corrections are calculated using the effect of reduced oil/water
relative permeability caused by the presence of free gas down hole. It
requires the entry of a test GOR value. The GOR entered is taken as the total
produced GOR.

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Based on the PVT, a free gas saturation Sg is calculated.


The Sw is then calculated on the basis of the test water cut and test reservoir
pressure specified.

So is derived from the following relationship:

So = 1 - Sw - S g

Once the phase saturation and viscosities are known the PI is estimated from
total liquid mobility ratios as indicated above.

In case this option is set to No


The oil and water mobility values are calculated on the basis of the
assumption that the free gas down hole is zero.
The oil saturation is then calculated as

So = 1 - Sw

Based on these phase saturations, the PI correction is made from mobility


ratios as indicated above.
Test Layer (Only for Oil producers)
Pressure / Water Cut This is only available when mobility correction to PI
option is set to Yes
Test GOR (Only for Oil producers)
This is only available when Vogel correction for GOR
is set to Yes
Edit Rel. Perm This displays the Relative Permeability input screen.
The button is coloured according to the validity of
the relative permeability data. The user can enter
the relative permeability data here.
It is important to notice that for both Prediction
Fractional Flow Rel Perm and Prediction mobility
Correction Rel Perm sections, two sets of relative
permeabilities can be specified, Rel Perm 1 and
Rel Perm 2
Brakthroughs (ONLY for Material Balance Prediction)
and Here enter the perforation depths and following break-through conditions (if
Perforations any)
Gas Saturation or Gas Contact (Oil layers only) ; as soon as the Oil-
Water contact and Gas-Oil contact predicted by MBAL reach those
depths, the breakthrough is triggered
Water Saturation and Water Contact (OIL / GAS/ CONDENSATE
layers).
Oil Saturation (CONDENSATE Layers ONLY).

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Top and bottom perforation depths (Perforation depths are


currently used only when performing gas coning calculations)

Entering the Fractional Flow rel perms as Tables (NEW!!!)


It is possible to enter directly the profile of WC and GOR (or WGR for gas) as a function of time,
reservoir pressure or cumulative production. To do that, select from the drop down menu the
option "from Table 1 or 2", as shown below:

Accessing the Edit button will allow to enter the required fractional flow table:

In the Primary Column section select the basis for the fractional flow curves (time, pressure or
Cumulative Production).

2.5.3.3.2.3 Production Data


This option is active only when Decline Curve is selected as tank model.
For Prediction modeling, GAP requires the current GOR and Water Cut for each well in order to
calculate the well behaviour for some future condition. In Decline Curve prediction GAP

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interpolates a decline curve table of GOR and water cut as a function of reservoir pressure,
which is entered here.

If using Decline Curves for prediction, click the Prod. Data tab to access the well production
table, and enter the data as in the following example:

Select the layer for which to enter production data from the list box at the top of the screen. For
single-layer wells, the only layer is available. For a full complement of production data, GAP
required production data for every layer that has valid IPR data.

The required input fields are:

Current Reservoir pressure at which to evaluate GOR and Water Cut


Layer Pressure
Interpolate on Curves can be expressed as function of Reservoir Pressure or Cumulative
Production

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Action Buttons:

Calculate Calculates the water cut and GOR for the Current reservoir pressure
Plot Displays the production data in graphical form. Use Variables on the Plot
screen to switch between GOR and water cut

2.5.3.3.2.4 Tight Gas IPR


As opposed to the other pseudo-steady state IPR models, the Tight Gas IPR model is transient.
This inflow is driven by the rate history and the reservoir model i.e. permeability, drainage
radius...

IMPORTANT: the reservoir model is created within the well IPR section, and
therefore the Tight Gas well cannot be linked to any reservoir models in GAP.

The Tight Gas model is selected from the Summary section of the well screen, as shown below:

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IPR LAYER section

The inputs required for the IPR section of the Tight Gas well are:

Where, in addition to the fluid properties entries:

The reservoir characteristics are entered separately for each well. Note that the Drainage
Area Radius entry should be a result of the Type Curve Analysis, that can be carried out in
MBAL.

The Darcy and Non-Darcy Skins are the skins relating to the transient inflow equation:
1442T n
m(Pi ) - m(Pwf ) = (Q j - Q j -1 )PD (t dn - t dj -1 ) + SQn + DQn
2

kh j =1
as S and D factors respectively.

The "Current Time" input data is only used when the Network is solved at a particular date. In
that case, the time since the production started is calculated based on the difference between
the "Current Time" entered and the "Start of Production" entered. For prediction runs, the time

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User Guide 193

since production started is calculated based on the current prediction time.

The time can be considered as "Normal Time", "Pseudo Time (Pwf)" or "Normal Time (Pbar)".
The dimensionless time td in the equation above is:
0.000264 kt
td =
F(mct )i rw
2
where the subscript i refers to the evaluation of these parameters at the
initial pressure.
The time t can be considered as:

The "Normal time" (time since the production started)

The "Pseudo Time (Pwf)":


t
dt
t = (mct )i
t0
(mct )Pwf
where the subscript Pwf refers to the evaluation of these parameters at
the bottom hole pressure.

The "Pseudo Time (Pbar)":


t
dt
t = (mct )i
t0
(mct )P
where the subscript P"bar" refers to the evaluation of these parameters at
the average reservoir pressure.

More information about this model and its theory can be found in the MBAL User Guide.

PROD DATA section (optional)

In this section, a production history can be entered. It will be used to update the IPR for the
current first timestep of the prediction:

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2.5.3.3.2.5 Grid View


To display total IPR plots for a multi-layer well, go to the IPR Grid View and press Plot from that
screen. This will display the plots for individual layers, as well as the overall IPR over all layers.
This is only available in a multi-layer well model.
This screen also has the summary of all layer IPR data entered. The column headings are the
same as those displayed in the basic IPR Input screen (multi-layer case).

Action Buttons

Plot Plots the total well IPR, in addition to the individual layer IPRs for all valid
layers. This will show a plot looking like this:

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Calculate Invokes the IPR Calculation screen. This performs rate/bottom hole
pressure calculations based on the total well IPR, rather than the individual
layer IPRs
Report Invokes the standard GAP report generator. This produces a report for the
total well IPR in addition to the individual layer IPRs (valid layers only)

2.5.3.3.2.6 Abandonment Section


This section enables to define abandonment constraints (i.e. maximum GOR, maximum WC,
minimum Liquid Rate) for the entire well or the layer considered.
If these abandonment values are met by the well during the prediction, the well will be definitely
closed by GAP, meaning that the well will neither be automatically re-opened by GAP if the
abandonment constraint is not met anymore, neither re-opened through the schedule.

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Wells can be abandoned based on:

Maximum Gas Oil Ratio


Maximum Water Cut
Maximum Water Gas Ratio
Minimum Liquid Rate
Minimum Oil Rate (NEW!!!)
Minimum Gas Rate

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2.5.3.3.2.7 Note on water injector's IPR


Here is the IPR screen displayed when the well model is "water injector":

The Frac PI and Frac dP input data are entered to model fractures. The following Water
Injector IPR sketch illustrates how these two values are taken into account.

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Bottom Hole Pressure

Fractured dP
i.e. Frac dP

Normal PI Fractured PI
Initial Reservoir i.e. P.I. i.e. Frac PI
Pressure
Water Rate

The normal P.I. entered or calculated (if the IPR is generated from PROSPER) is used up to a
bottom hole pressure equal to the initial reservoir pressure + the Frac dP value entered. From
this point, the Frac PI is used.
2.5.3.3.3 VLP Input
This screen allows the user to specify the data file associated with the well considered and
containing the VLP table.
If the table does not exist, it can be generated using the Generate feature of GAP. Details on
the VLP generation are given in the VLP/IPR generation 414 section.

The screen appears as follows:

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User Guide 199

In this screen, the following input fields are available:


VLP File Name
Turn off if unstable NEW!!!
Force Left Hand Side Intersection (Solver)
Allow Left Hand Side Intersection (Optimiser)
Safe VLP/IPR intersection
Import/Export
Inspect
Generate
VLP Information

VLP In this field, a valid vertical lift performance (VLP) file is expected. The
File Name data file is a binary format file. The file can be generated in the following
ways:

1. Using the IMPORT button as shown. This button allows import of

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the following lift curve formats:


*.TPD Petroleum Experts General GAP/ MBAL Format.
(These can be generated in PROSPER well models).
*.MBV Petroleum Experts MBAL Format. (These can be
generated in PROSPER well models).
*.ECL Eclipse Format. (Generated by any nodal analysis
well modeling package).
*.VFP Eclipse Format. (Generated by any nodal analysis
well modeling package).
Once files with this format are imported, GAP automatically
creates a *.VLP file and saves it for its own use.

2. Using the BROWSE button to pick up an existing VLP File.

3. Using the Generate button available in the VLP screen. This


Generate button is a shortcut to the GAP main VLP generation
menu.

4. Using the Generate VLP from PROSPER command in the


Generate menu in main screen to batch generate the lift curves
for all wells in the model with valid PROSPER files.
The label alongside VLP file names will read either OK or Invalid.
An invalid flag means that an invalid file has been selected (e.g. a gas
VLP for an oil well), or that the path name is incorrect.
Import Import allows to import in GAP files containing the VLP sets in format .
tpd (exported by PROSPER), Eclipse .ecl and .vfp and Sensor .snr.
The file .tpd is exported from PROSPER and is the recommended format
to import, as these files contain a list of wellhead temperatures along
with the fluid rates
Export A VLP table can be exported as a *.TPD file for use in other wells or
applications using the Export button
Turn off if This option allows to shut down the well as soon as the well becomes
unstable unstable (VLP and IPR intersect on the left-hand section of the VLP)
Force Left Selecting this option will force the solver to select the well rates
Hand Side (calculated by VLP / IPR intersection) on the left hand side of the
Intersection minimum stable rate as indicated by the VLP. The two plots below
(Solver) describe this phenomenon.

Right hand intersection: Stable Well Production

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Left hand intersection: Unstable Well Production

Allow Left Checking this option will allow the optimiser to use the unstable part of
Hand Side the lift curve in the search for the optimum solution. This can be the case
Intersection in wells which are coning gas for instance, where a higher Well Head
(Optimiser) Pressure will result to higher liquid rates (as the cone is eliminated)
Safe This is a new feature in GAP 5.0 and is an improvement in the case of

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VLP/IPR complex lift curves (primarily for gas coning wells). As the GOR for these
intersection lift curves is a function of the liquid rate (and given by the coning model),
this intersection method provides a much safer way of getting an
intersection that the default method. It is, however, much slower than the
default method and should only be used when absolutely necessary
Inspect This option allows to view the tables of VLP curves and also to plot
them, which can be used to quality check the sets of VLPs in use
Generate This option accesses the VLP generation dialog (see below 429 )
VLP Information In this section information concerning the VLP curves used are
displayed:
Type of well (indication of the VLP format)
Calculated Variables (sensitivity variables included in the VLPs
Surface and Vertical Correlation (NEW!!!): multiphase flow
correlations used to produce the VLP set in use

InGenerate
case where a new well model is constructed, it is recommended to go through
menu option as this ensures that the correct variable formats that are
needed for the well performance in GAP are picked up.

.
2.5.3.3.3.1 Inspection of VLP Data
The VLP data that is associated with a file in the form of a VLP file can be inspected manually
by selecting the "Inspect" button from the VLP Input screen.

The VLP tables look as shown below:

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User Guide 203

This is a lookup table of VLP results. The left and right hand columns give the VLP curves for the
variable parameters highlighted (in reverse video) in the central columns.

The data presented here is editable. It may be exported into a performance data file by pressing
the Export button; this produces a File browser allowing to select the appropriate file destination.

The variables that are a part of the VLP file depend on the type of well. For
example this is a naturally flowing oil well VLP table.

It is recommended to check the VLP data manually before, running the prediction
cases in order to check the data validity.

On this screen, there are a few action buttons. These are:

OK Validate and go back to the previous panel


Cancel Disregard all changes and go back to the previous panel
Validate To visualize eventual out-of-range data
Plot The "Plot" button can be used to plot on the same graph some VLP curves and
to verify the quality of the curves:

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The Variables menu can be used to select the sensitivity cases to plot.

Help To visualize this panel

2.5.3.3.4 Well Constraints

2.5.3.3.4.1 General Constraints


Well constraints can be used to control a well to meet physical or contractual requirements
forcing the well to produce at maximum potential or below it. Select the Constraints tab to
display the well constraints screen as follows:

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Maximum Rates are controlled based on this maximum temperature at the wellhead
Temperature
Minimum well Well is shut in/choked back if the flowing bottom hole pressure falls below
flowing this value
bottom-hole
pressure
Maximum Draw GAP will ensure that the flowing bottom hole pressure does not vary from the
down / reservoir pressure by more than this amount.
Reservoir In a snapshot calculation, the reservoir pressure entered in the IPR section
Pressure will be used to calculate the constraint.
In a prediction run, the reservoir pressure will continually be recalculated for
each time step.
In the case of a multi-layer well, the reservoir pressure reference is taken
from the extrapolation of the total IPR to zero rate
Well This is a multiplier that is used on the well production during the optimisation
optimisation process. It essentially weights the well in the optimisation purposes
weighting
Well shut in (Gas lifted systems only)
priority If GAP has to shut in wells during optimisation, then this value sets a shut in

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priority for the wells considered: if a value greater than one is entered, then
this well will have a greater chance of being shut in during optimisation (all
other conditions being equal). If no entry is made, this value defaults to unity
Maximum (NOT FOR GAS WELLS)
Liquid Well production cannot exceed this maximum. Naturally flowing wells will be
Production / choked back using dP Control if necessary to meet the maximum rate
Injection constraint. Artificially lifted wells will be controlled using both dP control and
artificial lift specific controls to meet the maximum rate constraint
Minimum (NOT FOR GAS WELLS)
liquid GAP will try to produce this minimum rate irrespective of oil rate
production optimisation considerations. Use this to set production targets for particular
rate/ Injection wells
Maximum gas (GAS WELLS)
production / Sets upper production limit for the well considered
Injection
Minimum gas (GAS WELLS)
production / GAP will try to produce this minimum gas rate irrespective of optimisation
Injection considerations
Binding This option can be used to set whether a particular constraint is binding or
(Yes / No) not (see binding/not binding topic 127 )
Potential Includes or excludes the constraint it relates to in the potential calculations
(Yes / No)

GAP has the capacity of optimising the production from gas lifted wells by altering
the amount of gas lift gas injected in the well. If the gas lifted control has been
selected (refer to the Gas lift control 213 section) the constraints screen will allow
entering relevant constraints for gas lifted wells.

The following constraints are available for gas lifted wells control:

Maximum gas Used to set field operational limits for injection gas
injection rate
Minimum gas GAP leaves the well shut in unless it deserves at least this volume of
injection rate gas to optimise production
NO-CLOSE Forces GAP to allocate this volume of gas irrespective of whether the
minimum gas well should be allocated gas to optimise production or not. Used to
injection rate model particular field operating practices e.g. to ensure flow stability

GAP has the capacity of optimising the production from diluent injection wells by
altering the amount of diluent injected in the well. If the diluent control has been
selected the constraints screen will allow entering relevant constraints for diluent

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User Guide 207

injected wells.

The following constraints are available for diluent wells control:

Maximum Used to set field operational limits for diluent injection


diluent rate
Minimum GAP leaves the well shut in unless it deserves at least this volume of
diluent rate diluent to optimise production
Maximum Set the field operational limits relative to the maximum motor power used
motor power in the well considered
Minimum Set the field operational limits relative to the minimum motor power used
motor power in the well considered

GAP has the capacity of optimising the production from pump lifted wells by altering
the frequency of the pumps in the network. The constraints screen will allow entering
relevant constraints for pump lifted wells.

The following constraints are available for pump lifted wells control:

Maximum Pump Frequency (ESP Wells)


Minimum Pump Frequency (ESP Wells)
Maximum Power Fluid Rate (HSP and Jet Pump Wells)
Minimum Power Fluid Rate (Jet Pump Wells)
Maximum Speed (HSP and PCP Wells)
Minimum Speed (HSP and PCP Wells)
Maximum motor power
Minimum motor power
Maximum power fluid surface pressure (HSP wells)

These constraints will be available through the Constraints | General screen, as illustrated below
for an ESP well.

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However, it is possible to note that for pump lifted wells, it will be possible to specify tables of
pumping characteristics vs. minimum and maximum pump rates given by the pump
manufacturer.
These tables will be used to check make sure the pumps will operate in a suitable range of rates
for a given frequency in the case of ESP wells for instance.

The following tables can be entered, according to the type of artificial lift system selected:

Table of Operating Frequency vs. Minimum Pump Rates (ESP Wells)


Table of PCP Speed vs.Minimum Pump Rates (PCP Wells)
Table of Power Fluid Rate vs. Minimum Pump Rates (Jet Pumps Wells)
Table of Rotational Speed vs. Minimum Pump Rates (HSP Wells)

To enter these constraints tables, click the Pump subsection tab in the Constraints menu, as
illustrated below for an ESP Well.

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2.5.3.3.4.2 Abandonment Constraints


Abandonment constraints can now be set from the data entry screen and on a per-
layer basis.

To enter abandonment constraints, click the Abandonment tab of the constraints screen.
On the resulting screen, the user may enter abandonment constraints for the entire well, or for
individual layers (in the multi-layer model).

Abandonment constraints are used as criteria to shut the well in during a prediction run: for
example, if one sets a maximum GOR abandonment constraint, then the well will be shut in
during a prediction run if the produced GOR exceeds this value.

The following abandonment may be set:

Maximum GOR
Maximum WC
Maximum WGR
Minimum Liquid Rate
Minimum Oil Rate
Minimum Gas Rate

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Enter into the fields the abandonment constraints that one wishes to apply.

2.5.3.3.4.3 Symbols
When setting Constraints, the program will plot in the network picture two arrows pointing
towards the element.

General red arrows pointing to the element


Constraints
Abandonment blue arrows pointing to the element
Constraints

2.5.3.3.4.4 Notes on Constraints

When setting up the model, it is recommended to start with the minimum


necessary number of Constraints. In this way the user has the possibility to
validate that the model performs as it is supposed to.
After that, the number of Constraints can be increases, if necessary.

provides with a physical model of the whole production/injection system. This


GAP
means that any constraint imposed in the system should reflect the physical reality
of the field.

For example, if a well at its maximum production cannot produce more than 1000
STB/day oil rate, it would not have sense to set up a minimum production
constraint of 2000 STB/day, as this would be impossible to achieve.

Based on these considerations, it is recommended not to use minimum


constraints during a prediction run.

In the case where minimum constraints cannot be physically honoured (because

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User Guide 211

the system not necessarily can deliver the minimum liquid rate as the reservoir
depletes, for example), the optimiser will try to honour an infeasible situation. This
may provide unreliable results for the whole system.

If the objective is to shut down the well if this cannot produce a minimum amount,
this can be achieved by setting up an Abandonment Constraint of minimum rate in
the Abandonment section: as soon as the well production decreases below the set
minimum abandonment constraint, the well will be closed.

2.5.3.3.5 Controls
The Controls section allows to set choke values for the current well, and artificial lift controls (in
the case of an artificially lifted well).
2.5.3.3.5.1 Symbols
When activating a control (dP Control or Artificial Lift quantity control) the program will display in
the network picture the following symbols:

dP Control A thin solid red circle is set around the well icon.

If no circle is around the well, the control is set to None or Fixed Value
Artificial Lift A thin rounded square is set around the well icon.
Control If the square is dashed, the control is set to Fixed Value
If the square is solid, the control is set to Calculated

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2.5.3.3.5.2 dP Control
The Controls section allows to set choke values for the current well, and artificial lift controls (in
the case of an artificially lifted well).

dP Control options

None There is no choke at the wellhead. Equivalent of having the well fully open
Fixed Value Allows to enter a fixed dP at the wellhead to model the effect of a choke.
Fixed pressure option includes the quantity specified in the next field as
the wellhead choke dP
Calculated GAP optimiser is used to calculate the pressure loss in the wellhead
choke to maximise production and at the same time honour constraints

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The choke defined in this section is at the end of VLP curves. If the curves include
pressure losses up to the wellhead, the choke is at the wellhead level. If the curves
include Pressure losses in the downhole equipment and a flow-line up to a
manifold, the choke is then considered to be at the end of flow line.

In the Calculated Option , the results screen has a choke-calculator, which allows the user to
estimate the choke setting that corresponds to the dP calculated using the Perkin' s choke
model (SPE20633).

2.5.3.3.5.3 Gas Lift Control

Gas Lift Control

Control Mode (Fixed / Calculated)


The gas lift gas rate injected in gas lifted wells can be controlled by GAP
by setting the Control Mode field to Calculated.
Minimum and Maximum gas lift gas injection rate need to be specified
Fixed Gas The value of gas lift gas injection rate that GAP will use in calculations for
Lift Gas fixed gas lift gas rate control mode
Injection Rate

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Fluid Properties The fluid properties of the gas lift gas used can be specified.
If compositional PVT modeling is enabled, this section will allow to access
and edit the composition of the injected gas

2.5.3.3.5.4 ESP Control

ESP Control

Frequency (Fixed / Calculated)


Control The operating frequency of ESP wells can be controlled by GAP by
setting the Frequency Control field to Calculated
Fixed The value of fixed frequency that GAP will use in calculations, for fixed
Frequency frequency control

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2.5.3.3.5.5 Diluent Control

Diluent Control

Control Mode (Fixed / Calculated)


The diluent rate injected in diluent injected wells can be controlled by GAP
by setting the Control Mode field to Calculated.
Minimum and Maximum diluent rates need to be specified
Fixed Diluent The value of fixed diluent rate that GAP will use in calculations, for fixed
Rate diluent rate control mode
Fluid Properties The fluid properties of the diluent used can be specified, as well as the
injected fluid temperature.
If compositional PVT modeling is enabled, this section will allow to
access and edit the composition of the injected fluid

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2.5.3.3.5.6 HSP Control

HSP Control

Control Mode (Fixed / Calculated)


Rotational speed in HSP wells can be controlled by GAP by setting the
Control Mode field to Calculated
Rot.Speed The value of fixed rotational speed that GAP will use in calculations, for
fixed rotational speed control mode
Min Rot. Speed When the Control Model is set to Calculated, Minimum and Maximum
and rotational speed can be specified
Max Rot. Speed
Power Fluid Mode Enables to specify if the power fluid is commingled with the production
fluid or in a closed loop.
If the power fluid is commingled with the production fluid, its impact on the
pressure drop throughout the system will be taken into account
Fluid Injected The fluid properties of the power fluid used can be specified by defining in
the Edit List table the fluid type as Water or Other

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2.5.3.3.5.7 Jet Pump Control

Jet Pump Control

Control Mode (Fixed / Calculated)


The power fluid rate injected in jet pump wells can be controlled by GAP
by setting the Control Mode field to Calculated.
Minimum and Maximum power fluid rates need to be specified
Fixed Power The value of fixed power fluid rate that GAP will use in calculations, for
Fluid Rate fixed power fluid rate control mode
Power Fluid Mode Enables to specify if the power fluid is commingled with the production
(Available only in fluid or in a closed loop.
the Well Summary If the power fluid is commingled with the production fluid, its impact on the
screen) pressure drop throughout the system will be taken into account
Fluid Properties The fluid properties of the power fluid used can be specified, as well as
the power fluid temperature

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2.5.3.3.5.8 PCP Control

PCP Control

Speed Control (Fixed / Calculated)


The operating speed of PCP wells can be controlled by GAP by setting
the Control Mode field to Calculated
Fixed Speed The value of fixed speed that GAP will use in calculations, for fixed speed
control

2.5.3.3.5.9 Fluids Property Setup


Fluid Properties Setup

(i.e. For all artificially lifted wells using either an injection fluid or a power fluid)

For artificial lift systems associated with an injection/power fluid, it is possible to alter / modify
the fluid properties used in the Control screen, as illustrated below for a gas lifted well.

The Control screen allows to change/ define the gas lift source properties that are associated
with this well.

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The source names are set up in the Injection Fluids dialog, which can be accessed from the
Options menu. It can also be invoked by pressing the Edit List button of this screen.

Select the required Gas lift source in the Enter Choice drop down list box. The properties of the
source will be displayed for convenience in the Fluid Properties area beside this.

The composition of the source can be displayed by selecting the Composition button at the
base of the screen (when compositional tracking is enabled). This can only be edited through
the Injection Fluids screen. The colour of the button indicates the validity of the source
composition. If compositional tracking or full compositional modeling are enabled, this must be
valid for the calculations to be performed.

2.5.3.3.6 PC Data
When the well mode is set to PC Interpolation, in the Input section the PC Data tab is available.
This tab contains all the information on the PC (ref. Summary screen for definition of PC 165 ),
which can be entered by hand or calculated on the basis of the well VLP/IPR.

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The quality of the PC used can be verified by accessing the menu Results/Plot Performance
Curves, as shown in a later section 532 . This feature allows to spot if VLP and IPR have been
correctly generated.
2.5.3.3.6.1 PC Generation
This screen is used to generate a set of well performance curves using the VLP and IPR data
entered in the Well IPR Input screen and the VLP file entered in the Well VLP Input screen. It is
called from the Well PC Data screen from the 'PC Generation' button.

Input Fields

Reservoir The current reservoir pressure


Pressure
IPR dP Shift If enabled (from the Use IPR dP checkbox), offsets the Reservoir
pressure used by the IPR
PVT Data These fields hold the PVT data for the IPR, ie Water cut, GOR, Oil gravity
and Gas gravity for an oil well
Manifold These fields hold the generate wellhead pressures. For non-gaslifted
Pressures wells, clicking the Automatic WHP button will allow PC generation using a
set of pressures which cover the wells operating range.

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The data items displayed on this screen are those that are global to the
well; thus for a multi layer well with more than one valid layer the reservoir
pressure, PVT data and impurity data (for example) can not be displayed.

The reservoir pressure, PVT quantities etc are the same as those entered
in the Well IPR Input screen

Command Buttons

Generate Use this button to calculate the performance curves. An informational


message will be output when the process is complete
Ok Use this button to leave the screen and save all changes that have been
made. The data generated in any 'Generate' process will be written to the
Well PC input dialog
Cancel Use this button to leave the screen and ignore any changes made
Help Use this button to access this screen

2.5.3.3.7 Downtime
This screen allows entering the well downtime for a prediction run.
Production constraints are evaluated using the potential well rates.

Cumulative production is calculated from the instantaneous rate times the well efficiency factor
(100% - down time).

The well down time factor can be entered in the field provided. The efficiency can also be
adjusted in the Prediction Wells screen that is in turn accessed from the Prediction Forecast
set-up screen.

For decline curve prediction models, the well efficiency is also included in the Well Production
Data screen.

2.5.3.3.8 Coning (For Oil Producers Only)


Coning of gas from a reservoir can be accounted for in the GAP well models.

Two scenarios are possible:


1. The well layer is not linked to any MBAL model. In that case one can directly switch the Mode
from None (no coning) to one of the coning options
2. The well layer is linked to a MBAL model. In that case, the Mode option will be active only of
the coning model has been enabled in MBAL first

See the MBAL manual for more information on the theory behind gas coning modeling.

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Layer Selection This list box contains a list of all valid layers, along with the name of the
tank to which they are attached, and whether or not gas coning is set up
in the tank model. Select from the list the layer for which one wishes to
enter data
Mode Select this check box to enable coning for the layer. Coning will then be
applied in prediction, provided that the coning data is validated
successfully. Two options are available:

Analytic This allows to match an analytical method to match the profile


of Liquid Rate vs Produced GOR
Lookup Table This allows to directly enter in the program the table of Liquid
rate vs Produced GOR. In this case up to 10 points of the
table can be entered

Perforation Depths These are repeated from the "IPR | More..." screen. Enter the top and
bottom perforation depths for the well relative to surface
Gas-Oil Contact The gas-oil contact depth tracked in the MBAL model during a
prediction run overwrites this field. It may be used following a snapshot
reload, or whenever a performance curve is regenerated outside of a
prediction, to adjust the gas-oil contact depth from the tank model

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Matching Data/Test These are used to evaluate the coning coefficients F2, F3, and the
Data exponent. Enter up to three match points (liquid rate against producing
GOR) and test values for gas-oil contact, water cut, and layer pressure.
When the Match button is selected, the values for the coefficients will
be entered automatically into the dialog fields
Results The coning coefficients F2, F3, and the exponent may be entered by
hand (without performing a Match). They must be present for the data to
be validated prior to performing a prediction run
Note When the Validate button is selected, validation information for the
current layer will be displayed. The dialog tab will be coloured
according to the validity of the entire coning data set - any invalid or
missing fields in any layers will be picked up. Only those layers that
have coning enabled will be included in the validation

2.5.3.3.9 Schedule (ONLY for Prediction)

This is used during the prediction to change the well constraints or to include or exclude the joint
from the system at a specific time in the forecast.

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Since IPM version 6, this is possible to schedule any variable change, using the variable
OPENSERVER access string. The variable OPENSERVER access string can easily been
accessed "Ctrl+Right clicking" on the variable tab.

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2.5.3.4 Outflow Only Well


This method is a feature that offers greater flexibility in terms of modeling downhole networks
(multilayer systems and smart well completions). This option can be activated from the well
summary screen:

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Two methods are available for the Outflow only well:

VLP The dP along the wellbore is determined on the basis of VLP curves
PROSPER The dP along the wellbore is calculated using PROSPER online

These two options enable to specify the method by which the pressure drops in the Outflow part
of the well will be calculated, either using VLP tables or calculated on the fly using the
PROSPER online options. In the latter case, the well equipment and temperature options are
defined inside GAP and used whenever a pressure drop calculation needs to be performed as
opposed to simply looking up the pre-calculated pressure drops from the VLP table.

The IPR part of the well needs to be considered separately using an inflow icon, described in
Inflow section 402 .

Only limited information can be entered in the outflow section, relating exclusively to the well

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outflow performance, and therefore the VLPs.


In the main GAP screen, the outflow only well is identified with the following icon:

2.5.3.4.1 Outflow Only - VLP


If the VLP only case is selected, then the well icon will only include the lift curves, no IPRs can be
specified. In the Input Data section only data relevant to the outflow part of a well can be entered.

In the VLP section:

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A VLP file can be imported if it already exists or can be generated using the Generate feature
from the GAP main screen (Please refer to VLP generation 429 section for details on the VLP
Generation).

The functions of this screen have already been explained in the previous section of this chapter.

2.5.3.4.2 Outflow Only - PROSPER


This option can be selected from the well summary screen.

The purpose of the Outflow Only PROSPER model is to enable the user to specify the well
equipment in GAP, or import them from an existing PROSPER file. The pressure drops in the well
bore can then be calculated whenever needed by GAP rather than being looked up from a table.

There are two main advantages for using this method:

The advanced thermal options of PROSPER are now available in GAP for the
pressure drop calculations
The pressure drops are calculated with the PVT of the fluid that goes into the

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wellbore, which may be changing over time. This is particularly useful in


multilayer systems in which the rate contribution from each layer changes
significantly over time (depending on the rate of depletion of each). When lift
curves are used, one can only assume the contribution of each layer and use
one set of PVT as the rate of depletion cannot be decided before a prediction is
done.

The well equipment can be setup in two ways, either directly from an existing PROSPER file or
entered directly in GAP.

2.5.3.4.2.1 Importing the equipment data from PROSPER


This can be done by selecting the Import button, as shown previously.

The program will then prompt with a file selection menu where an existing PROSPER file can be
imported.

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Selecting Open, GAP will transfer the equipment data from the PROSPER file into the
equivalent screens in GAP:

The correlations used in PROSPER along with the corresponding match parameters will also be
transferred, as seen from the screen above. One can then go through the screens (starting from
Options in order to validate that the data transferred are OK).

Selecting Options will prompt the Options screen of PROSPER:

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In this screen the Options selected in the PROSPER file can be seen.
Moving to the PVT section:

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The PVT used in PROSPER are transferred along with the PVT Matching parameters for the
different correlations.

The Pressure drop calculations will be done based on the fluid entering the
well at every timestep. This PVT section is only used to match the
correlations that will subsequently be used to provide the PVT parameters
for the pressure drop calculations. The GOR and gravities entered here will
therefore be ignored during the calculations, only the matched (or original in
the case of no matching) correlations will be used.

Following the PVT, the equipment section can be accessed:

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Here one can specify the equipment based on which the pressure drop calculations can be
done. This section is the same as in PROSPER with screens for entering the deviation survey,
any surface equipment to be included in the pressure drop calculations, the well equipment and
geothermal gradient (these data for the Rough Approximation temperature method only). Further
screens will be made available if the Improved Approximation or Enthalpy balance methods are
selected.

Note on Surface Equipment: There is no need to include any surface pipelines in


this section as they can be described separately in GAP. The user has the option
of including a single flow line leading from the well-head to a manifold in either
program depending on the objective of the model. However, pipelines that carry
fluid originating in more than one wells need to be described as separate GAP
pipelines.

The next section is related to erosional velocities and solids transport.


Selecting the Solids button will prompt the following screen:

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The variables in this section there are:

Density of sand Used to calculate the Maximum Grain Diameter that can be transported
based on the velocities in the well
Sand production Will be used to determine the erosional velocities in the pipe using a
rate and S factor Conoco model (Improvement to API14 E)
C factor Will be used to compute erosional velocities based on the API 14E
recommendation. A value of 400 is recommended as opposed to 100
recommended by the API as this was found by various researches to be
very pessimistic
Turner Constant Used for liquid loading calculations. Turner proposed this constant to be
20.4 but after extensive testing, we have found that 2.04 gives much
more realistic results

These constants can be left to their default values or changed depending on the users
engineering judgement.

The last section in the PROSPER on line data has to do with matching of the pressure drop
correlations:

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In the case where test data are available, these can be entered and all the quality check and
matching features of PROSPER can be utilised to QC the data and match a correlation, making it
unique for the well in question.

Selecting Correlation Matching for the downhole equipment, the test can be entered and then
the quality check and matching procedure described in PROSPER can be followed, leading to a
consistent and predictive well model. More information are available on this topic in the
PROSPER user Guide.

Having finished this section, the well summary screen can now be revisited and therefore ensure
that the Outflow only well model is valid:

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2.5.3.4.2.2 Entering The Equipment in GAP Directly


Selecting the Edit button in the screen shown above will allow the user to enter the well
equipment data directly in GAP, without the need to specify a PROSPER file at all:

This button will prompt the Equipment screen and all the sections described above can be
visited and populated with data. Matching of the PVT and pressure drop correlations can also
be done in this section as described previously.

2.5.3.4.2.3 Completing the Outflow Only Well - Inflow Performance Setup

In order to complete an Outflow only well, one or more corresponding inflows need to be
specified, with or without equipment between the inflow and the well. One example of a three
layer system is shown below:

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Completed well
model with Outflow
Part
Outflow only well
icon and inflow
icons.

Inflows

An example of how to set up a model with Inflow and Outflow elements can be found in the
Examples Guide 793 .
2.5.3.5 Well Results Screen
This screen contains all the results from allocations or predictions that pertain to the current item.

To switch between item results, use the list box on the parent screen:

Network Solver The results screen is divided into two sections. The first is the Network
Results Screen Solver results:

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Prediction and the second is Prediction results, which is only valid if a prediction
Results Screen run has been carried out:

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2.5.3.5.1 Gradient Results


In the case where the well is modelled as an Outflow only well PROSPER the results after a
solve network or a prediction calculation will include a new screen where the gradient results can
be seen. This can be accessed from:

Selection of this will prompt the Gradient calculation screen of PROSPER that will display the
gradient traverse calculations corresponding to the results:

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This list includes up to 77 variables that are calculated using the gradient traverse features and
includes erosional velocity, holdup, mass flowrates etc.

2.5.3.5.2 Well Layer Results


In the case where the well is connected to more that one layers as shown below:

The results can be seen as total for the well (as shown in the previous section) or on a layer by

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layer basis. When the prediction is done, the Layers button will appear:

This allows access to the results of each layer:

Crossflow is calculated based on the IPRs of each layer and will be shown as
negative rates in the layer results.

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2.5.3.5.3 Reporting Results


In these sections all the results related to the performance of the well in question can be
accessed and exported using the Report Button highlighted above. Selecting the Report
button will prompt the following screen:

If results need to be exported to Excel, the Clipboard and Tab Delimited formats can be
chosen. Selecting Run Report will then allow the program to place the results on the Clipboard
and then pasted into Excel.
2.5.4 Separators (Production / Injection)

In GAP, separators are nodes where a pressure value is fixed regardless of the rate through
them.
It does not necessarily denote the presence of an actual separator in the system; it could be any
fixed pressure point in the network.

The effect of the P and T conditions at various separators in the network on fluid
formation volume factors etc. is accounted for using the PVT data from the wells
or reservoirs providing the fluid to the separators.

In a single GAP model there can be more than one separator defined, each with its own fixed
pressure value. Each of these separators can have independent constraints.

For systems with more than one separator, make sure that each separator has a
different name to enable easy identification in reports.

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