Mathematics 55
I. Directional Derivatives and Gradients
~ (x, y, z) ~u
1. D~u f (x, y, z) = f
~ = hfx (x, y, z), fy (x, y, z), fz (x, y, z)i
~u is a UNIT VECTOR.
If the direction is along a value , use ~u =
hcos , sin i.
2. The directional derivative is the rate of change
along the direction of ~u.
max at (x0 , y0 , z0 ): ||f~ (x0 , y0 , z0 )|| along of quadric S is.
~ (x0 , y0 , z0 )
the direction of f
min at (x0 , y0 , z0 ): ||f~ (x0 , y0 , z0 )|| along V. Double Integrals
~
the direction of f (x0 , y0 , z0 )
II. Tangent Planes and Normal Lines to a Surface
To define an equation for the tangent plane and normal
line, a normal vector and a point is necessary.
1. Suppose S : F (x, y, z) = k for some constant k.
~ and below by z = f1 (x, y), then we have
The normal vector to S at (x, y, z) is (x, y, z).
~
2. Suppose S : R(u, v) = hx(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)i.
~ u (u, v)
The normal vector to S at (x, y, z) is R
~
Rv (u, v)
Example.
Let f (x, y, z) = (x + y)2 z
1. Determine the rate of change of f at the point
(1, 2, 1) along h2, 1, 1i.
2. Find the minimum possible value of D~u (1, 2, 1)
and the direction in which it occurs.
3. Find an equation of the tangent plane and nor-
mal line to the surface f (x, y, z) = 1 at the point
(1, 2, 1).
III. Relative and Absolute Extrema of Functions
Second Derivative Test: open regions
Lagrange Multipliers: boundaries of closed regions
Examples.
1. Let g(x, y) = 43 x3 x2 y + y 2 3y. Find all critical
points of g and classify each critical point using
the Second Derivative Test.
2. Find the absolute extreme values of the function
f (x, y) = xy subject to the constraint x2 +3y 2 = 6.
IV. Parametric Surfaces
1. How to convert from parametric to Cartesian and
vice-versa?
Trigonometric Identities
Systems of Equations: solve for the parame-
ters u, v in terms of x, y, z.
First Long Exam Reviewer
2. Sketching parametric surfaces with restricted pa-
rameters
Example. Let S be the surface defined parametrically by
1. x = u cos v, y = 3u sin v, and z = 9u2 2 where
u R and v [0, 2]
~
2. R(u, v) = hu, v 2 4, v 2i where u [0, 3] and
v [0, 4].
Find a Cartesian equation for S and identify what type
ZZ
1. Things we need for f (x, y) dA
R
Interpretation: This gives us the volume of
solid bounded above by z = f (x, y), BE-
LOW by the xy-plane, over the region R.
If the solid is bounded above by z = f2 (x, y)
f (x, y) = f2 (x, y) f1 (x, y).
Region R: make sure to graph and classify as
Type I or II
Limits of integration from R
Convenient order and method of integration
2. Conversion of Integrals from Polar to Cartesian
and vice-versa
3. Applications of Double Integral
Examples.
Z 3Z 9
3
1. x3 ey dy dx
0 x2
2. Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the
paraboloids z = x2 + y 2 and z = 8 x2 y 2
3. Let S be the solid in the first octant bounded
above by the surface f (x, y) = 5x12 y2 , below by
the xy-plane,
and laterally by x = 0, y = x, and
y = 4 x2 . Set-up an iterated double integral
in polar coordinates that represents the volume of
S.
4. A lamina R occupies the region in the first quad-
rant bounded above by the ellipse x2 + 2y 2 = 4
and below the circle x2 + y 2 = 1. If the den-
sity of the lamina at any point (x, y) is given by
(x, y) = 1 + x, set up the iterated double inte-
gral(s) in Cartesian coordinates equal to the mass
of R.
5. Let R be the region above the x-axis inside (x
1)2 + y 2 = 1. Find
p the surface area of the portion
of the cone z = x2 + (y + 1)2 above R.