Anchor Bolt ACI PDF

R. A.
Cook ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic
APPLICATIONS
ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETE Fasten an Attachment (Concrete, Steel,
- SELECTION AND DESIGN or Timber Element) to Concrete, e.g.
Precast element to precast element
Ronald A. Cook, Ph.D., P.E. Roof truss to tilt-up concrete wall
Professor
Steel column to concrete footing
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Florida
Wood frame to concrete
Connections to concrete in general
1 University of Florida
2
General Types of Anchors

Covered by ACI 318-05 Not Covered by ACI 318-05
Overview:
How todays codes and standards work
together for selection of anchors:
Design
Product Approval
Design and product approval considerations
Cast-in-Place
Post-Installed Mechanical
Bonded
Cast-in-Place Mechanical Bonded
Undercut Expansion Screw Adhesive Grouted
4
What Design and Product Approval

How Todays Codes and Standards Work
Mean in Todays Codes and Standards for
for Selection of Anchors:
Anchorage to Concrete
Design and Product Approval
Design:
Based on Strength (LRFD) design concepts Cast-in-place anchors
No more Allowable Load Tables Post-installed mechanical anchors
Requires the expertise of a Professional Screw anchors
Engineer
Bonded anchors
Product Approval
Must be based on criteria that are in-sync
Adhesive anchors
with the design provisions Grouted anchors
6
1
R. A. Cook ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic
Design of Cast-
Cast-in-
in-Place Anchors
Cast-
Cast-in-
in-Place Anchors
hef
hef = Effective Embedment Depth IBC 2006 ACI 318-05 ACI 318-05
1912 8.1.3 Appendix D
8
IBC
IBC2006 Provisions ACI 318-
318-05 Provisions
Appendices are generally not mandatory
ACI 318 Chapter 8 Analysis and Design
General Considerations 8.1.3 makes
Appendix D mandatory:
8.1.3 Anchors within the scope of

Appendix D, Anchoring to Concrete, installed
in concrete to transfer loads between
connected elements shall be designed using
Appendix D.
10
Product Approval for Cast-

Cast-in-
in-Place Product Approval for Cast-
Cast-in-
in-Place
Anchors Anchors ACI 318-
318-06 Appendix D
IBC 2006 ACI 318-05 ACI 318-06

Lots of text but basically any standard headed anchor or
D.2.3
hooked anchor will meet these requirements
12
2
Cast-
Cast-in-
in-Place Anchors:
Post-
Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors:
Effects of Cracking
Undercut Anchors
Tensile
Force
Headed Anchors
Curves in uncracked and
cracked concrete
Pre-Drilled Cone Anchor Sleeve

Undercut
14
Post-
Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors: Post-
Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors:
Torque-
Torque-Controlled Expansion Anchors Displacement-
Displacement-Controlled
Expansion Anchors
(1) Heavy Duty (2) Wedge Fastener (3) Sleeve Fastener

Sleeve Fastener (1) Drop-In Fastener (2) Self-Drilling (3) Stud Fastener
Fastener
16
Design of Post-
Post-Installed IBC
IBC2006 Provisions
Mechanical Anchors
IBC 2006 ACI 318-05 ACI 318-05

18
3
Product Approval for Post-

Post-
Installed Mechanical Anchors ACI 318-
318-05 Appendix D
ACI 318 Chapter 3 Materials 3.8.6

D.2.3 Headed . Post-installed anchors
makes ACI 355.2-04 mandatory:
that meet the assessment requirements of
ACI 355.2 are included. The suitability of
the post-installed anchor for use in concrete
shall have been demonstrated by the ACI
355.2 prequalification tests. 3.8.6 Qualification of Post-Installed
Mechanical Anchors in Concrete (ACI 355.2-
04) is declared to be part of this code as if
fully set forth herein, for the purpose cited in
IBC 2006 ACI 318-05 ACI 318-06 Appendix D.
D.2.3
20

Post-Installed Product Approval for Post-
Post-
Mechanical Anchors:
Installed Mechanical Anchors:
ACI 318-
318-06 Appendix D How this is currently implemented
D.2.3 Post-installed anchors that meet the
assessment requirements of ACI 355.2 are
included. The suitability of the post-installed ICC ES
anchor for use in concrete shall have been Evaluation
demonstrated by the ACI 355.2 prequalification Report
tests.
ACI 355.2-04 ICC ES AC193 ACI 355.2-04
22
Post-
Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors: Design of Post-
Post-Installed Screw
Screw Anchors Anchors
(not specifically covered by ACI 318-
318-05)
IBC 2006 ICC ES AC193 ACI 318-05

104.11 Appendix D
24
4
Product Approval of Post-

Post-
IBC-
IBC-2006 Provisions
Installed Screw Anchors
ICC ES
Evaluation
Report
IBC 2006 ICC ES AC193

104.11
26
Bonded Anchors-
Anchors- Adhesive and Grouted
ICC-
ICC-ES Evaluation Reports
(not covered by ACI 318-
318-05)
having an evaluation report does not obligate
the AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction) to
approve the evaluated product. The report is
simply technical evidence upon which the AHJ
can approve the product if, on the job site, it is
used within the report conditions. The approval
decision lies with the AHJ.
Ref.: Code Approval; The Basics, The Subtleties, and

The Abuses www.icc-es.org Adhesive Grouted
Hole diameter Unheaded Headed
1.5 anchor diameter
Hole diameter > 1.5 times anchor diameter
28
Design and Product Approval of Design and Product Approval of

Post-
Post-Installed Adhesive Anchors Post-
Post-Installed Grouted Anchors
Currently not
covered by ICC-ES
Acceptance Criteria
IBC 2006 IBC-ES AC308 104

104.11 Design and Product Approval 104.11
30
5
ACI Consensus Standard Status

on Bonded Anchors Design and Product Approval
Considerations
Adhesive anchor design provisions
have been balloted by ACI 318 Sub B Cast-in-place anchors
An adhesive anchor product Post-installed mechanical anchors
approval standard is in the ACI 355
balloting process Screw anchors
Grouted anchors need to be included Bonded anchors
The goal is to have ACI consensus Adhesive anchors
standards issued by 2011. Grouted anchors
32
Design and Product Approval of ACI 318-

318-05 APPENDIX D
Cast-
Cast-in-
in-Place and Post-
Post-Installed ANCHORING TO CONCRETE
Mechanical Anchors
Introduced in ACI 318-02
ACI 318-05 Appendix D for Design
Developed by three ACI Committees
Basic design considerations (318, 349, and 355) over more than ten
ACI 355.2-04 for Product Approval years
Previously presented by John Silva Applies to cast-in-place and post-
installed mechanical anchors (some
limitations)
34
What is included and not included

in ACI 318-
318-05 Appendix D D.3.5 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
D.2.2 - SCOPE Code formulas are valid for:
Included:
Cast-in-Place Anchors fc 10,000 psi for cast-in anchors
Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors fc 8000 psi for post-Installed
Excluded: Post-installed anchors in concrete
Specialty Inserts with fc > 8000 psi must be tested
Through Bolts
Multiple Anchors Connected to Single Plate
at the Embedded End of the Anchors
Adhesive & Grouted Anchors
Powder/Pneumatic Actuated Nails or Bolts
36
6
D4.1.1 - STRENGTH OF ANCHORS D.4.2 - NOMINAL STRENGTH

Nn Nua (D-1) Design models in agreement with
Vn Vua (D-2) Test Results
Lowest Nn and Vn from applicable Based on 5% fractile of basic

failure modes individual anchor strength
Interaction for combinations of Nua 90% confidence that 95% of actual
and Vua strengths will exceed nominal strength
38
Lower Fractile Design Approach
Average (Mean) Statistical parameters

D.5 - DESIGN FOR TENSILE LOADING
Average (mean)
D.5.1 Steel Strength
Frequency
Standard deviation
5 % Fractile Coefficient of D.5.2 Concrete Breakout Strength
variation
Number of samples D.5.3 Pullout Strength
D.5.4 Concrete Side-Face Blowout
Strength of a Headed Anchor
Tested Capacity
40
D.5.1 - STEEL STRENGTH (TENSION) D.5.2 - CONCRETE BREAKOUT (TENSION)
Nn Nsa = nAsefuta (D-3)
Nn Nn
where futa 1.9 fya
125,000 psi
42
7
D.5.2.1 - CONCRETE BREAKOUT STRENGTH D.5.2.1 - PROJECTED AREA ANo

OF ANCHOR GROUP (TENSION)
ANc
N cbg = ec , N ed , N c , N cp , N N b ( D 5) Nn
ANco 1.5hef
1.5hef 1.5hef
1.5hef
Basic single anchor strength
Accounts for post-installed anchor 350 hef 1.5hef 1.5hef
Accounts for cracking
Accounts for edge effects Elevation Plan View
Accounts for eccentricity 2
ANco = 9hef (D-6)
Accounts for projected area of failure surface
Consider Only Anchors in Tension

44
D.5.2.1 - PROJECTED AREA AN D.5.2.2 - BASIC CONCRETE BREAKOUT
c1 s1 1.5hef c1 1.5 hef Single Anchor in Tension in Cracked

s1 1.5 hef Concrete
N b = k f c' hef1.5 (D-7)
1.5hef ANc nANco
- k = 24 for cast-in anchors
s2
c2 1.5 hef - k =17 for post-installed anchors
c2 s2 1.5 hef (or higher value from ACI 355.2)
46
D.5.3 - PULLOUT STRENGTH D.5.4 - SIDE-

SIDE-FACE BLOWOUT
Npn = c,PNp (D-14) Nn
Npn
Headed Stud/Bolt
Np = 8Abrgfc (D-15)
Headed anchor with deep embedment,
close to edge (ca1 < 0.4hef )
J-Bolt or L-Bolt
eh
Np = 0.9fcehdo (D-16) N sb = 160ca1 Abrg f c' (D-17)
where 3d0 eh 4.5d0
For post-installed mechanical anchors, Np
must be based on results of tests
performed and evaluated per ACI 355.2
48
8
D.6 - DESIGN FOR SHEAR LOADING D.6.1 - STEEL STRENGTH (SHEAR)

(a) Cast-in Headed Stud Anchors
D.6.1 Steel Strength Vsa = nAsefuta (D-19)
Vn
D.6.2 Concrete Breakout Strength
(b) Cast-in Headed and Hooked Bolts,
D.6.3 Concrete Pryout Strength and Post-Installed Anchors
Vsa = nAse (0.6futa) (D-20)
where futa 1.9fya

125,000 psi
With built-up grout pads, use 0.8Vsa
50
D.6.2 - CONCRETE BREAKOUT D.6.2.1(b) - CONCRETE BREAKOUT

(SHEAR) STRENGTH OF ANCHOR GROUP (SHEAR)
AVc
Vn Vcbg = ec ,V ed ,V c ,V Vb ( D 22)
AVco
Basic single anchor strength
Accounts for cracking
Accounts for edge effects
Accounts for eccentricity
Accounts for projected area of failure surface
52
ca1
1.5ca1 If ha < 1.5ca1 and s1 < 3ca1
35o
Plan view
Vn
AVc = (2 x 1.5ca1 + s1)ha
AVco = 2 (1.5ca1) (1.5ca1)
Vn
= 4.5(ca1)2 (D-23) 1.5ca1
1.5ca1 1.5ca1 Edge of concrete
AVc
Vn ca1
hef ha
AVco 1.5ca1
1.5ca1 s1 1.5ca1
Front view Side section
54
9
D.6.2 - BASIC CONC. BREAKOUT (SHEAR)

D.6.3 - CONCRETE PRYOUT
Single anchor in shear in cracked concrete
0.2
Single Anchor Vcp = kcpNcb (D-29)
A
( ca1 ) Group of Anchors Vcpg = kcpNcbg (D-30)
1.5
Vb = 7 e do f c
'
(D-24)
do Vn
If anchors are rigidly welded to attachment where
kcp = 1.0 for hef < 2.5 in.
0.2
A kcp = 2.0 for hef 2.5 in.
Vb = 8 e ( ca1 )
' 1.5
do f c (D-25)
do Ncb computed from Eq. (D-4)
Ncbg computed from Eq. (D-5)
56
D.8 - PRECLUDE SPLITTING FAILURE

D.7 TENSION/SHEAR INTERACTION
At Design Stage, Specific Products May not
Nu be Known
5 5
N ua 3 V ua 3
Nn + = 1 .0 In Absence of Reinforcement for Crack
N n Vn Control, D.8 Sets Minimum Cover, Spacings,
Member Thickness
N ua V ua Lesser Values are Permitted per ACI 355.2
+ = 1 .2
N n V n Nn
Nn Nn
Nn
0.2Nn
Vu
0.2Vn Vn
58

Post-Installed ACI
Mechanical Anchors 355.2
ACI 355.2-
355.2-04 Sample
Format
Testing Requirements in Uncracked
Concrete, and in Cracked Concrete
Identification Tests
Reference Tests
Reliability Tests
Service-Condition Tests
60
10
Todays Design and Product Background on Behavior, Design, and

Product Approval of Bonded Anchors
Approval of Bonded Anchors
The following presents background information on
ICC-ES AC308 for Design behavior, design and product approval of bonded
anchors
Adhesive anchor design considerations Specific design requirements for adhesive anchors
are now in ICC-ES AC308 and being balloted by ACI
ICC-ES AC308 for Product Approval 318
Adhesive anchor product approval tests Specific product approval requirements for adhesive
anchors are in ICC-ES AC308 and being balloted by
Grouted anchors are currently not ACI 355
covered by ICC-ES AC308 Grouted anchors are currently not covered by ICC-ES
AC308
62
How Bonded Anchors Transfer

Potential Embedment Failure
Tension Loads
Modes of Bonded Anchors
N
N 0
hef
Threaded Rod Mortar Concrete

Cook et al, 1998
Eligehausen et. al., 2004

64
Bond Failure at Steel/Mortar Interface Bond Strength of Single Bonded Anchor

(Grout or Adhesive) Uniform Bond Stress Model
Nbond
hef N bond = d hef
The presence of the shallow cone has been shown to be d

secondary, the strength is dependent on bond
66
11
Comparison of loads with the uniform bond model

(data set average bond stress normalized to 10 MPa)
MPa) Grouted Anchor Failure Modes
600
measured loads
500
mean - uniform bond model
5% fractile - uniform bond model
400
Load (KN)
300
200
100 Only 17 of 891 data points below 5% fractile (1.9%)
Cook et al, 1998 Bond Failure at Concrete Breakout Failure

0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 Grout/Concrete Interface
Bond Area (A b ) (mm2)
(withofor without head) Zamora et al 2003
67 University Florida
68
Bond Strength Considerations for Bonded Strength Considerations

Grouted Anchors for Bonded Anchors
For adhesive anchors (d1.5d0), the bond
strength can be based the nominal bond
stress relative to the anchor diameter ()
h ef hefef 00 For grouted anchors (d>1.5d0), the bons
strength needs to consider both the
nominal bond stress at the anchor/grout
d dd00 interface () and at the grout/concrete
interface (0)
Bond failure at Bond failure at
steel/grout interface grout/concrete interface
Zamora et al 2003
70
Design of Bonded Anchors Behavior of Bonded Anchors

Bond failure Concrete breakout failure
Bond strength can be based on the
uniform bond stress model up to
Tension Load
hef/d of ~20.
N = d hef
Strength is limited to the concrete
breakout strength as provided in ACI N =k f c' hef1.5
318-05 Appendix D
Anchor diameter (d)
72
12
Critical Spacing and Edge Distance

Critical spacing and edge distance
for Bonded Anchors
ca1 s1 0.5 scr Cast-in-place and post-installed mechanical anchors:
0.5 scr 0.5 scr
scr = 2ccr = 3.0 hef ACI 318-05 Appendix D
0.5 scr
0.5 scr
Bonded anchors:

s2 0.5
0.5 scr
ca2 scr = 2ccr = 20d

AN 0 = scr2
AN = (ca1 + s1 + 0.5 scr)(ca2 + s2 + 0.5 scr)
1450
if ca1 and ca2 < 0.5 scr Eligehausen et al 2006
and s1 and s2 < scr
a) Single anchor away from b) Four anchor group with close

edges and other anchors spacing and located near a corner Why the difference?
74
For bond failure, embedment length

For bond failure, bond strength has a
does not have the same effect as that
significant influence on critical spacing
for post-
post-installed mechanical anchors
N
hef=10d
= 1390 psi [9.9 MPa]
N
hef =20d = 2850 psi [19.6 MPa]
Appl and Eligehausen 2005 Appl and Eligehausen 2005

76
Product Approval Standard:

Strength of Bonded Anchors: Factors Influencing Bonded Anchor Strength
A
N bond , group = Nc ec , N g , N N bond basic bond strength damp hole installation
ANc 0 temperature submerged installation
N bond = d hef long term strength

(creep)
hole orientation
freeze/thaw

0.5
loading after short
scr = 2ccr = 20d term cure fire resistance
1450 Improperly cleaned durability
But not greater than the concrete breakout strength holes
calculated by ACI 318-05 Appendix D Eq. (D-5) cracked concrete
mixing method (bulk
products) etc., etc.
Eligehausen et al 2006
78
13
Example: Relative Bond Stress Comparison

Adhesive and Grouted
Example: Influence of Hole Moisture
35
4000 Grouted mean = 2594 psi

DRY HOLE (BASELINE)
Average Uniform Bond Stress, [psi]
Adhesive mean = 1850 psi 30 DAMP HOLE
Average Uniform Bond Strength, MPa

3055
3040
WET HOLE
2946
2901
2872
2850
2663
3000 25
2586
2579
2564
2480
2342
2314
2306
2259
2227
2104
2013
20
1800
1780
1659
1656
2000
1631
1627
1450
15
1063
793
1000 10
447
334
0
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Product A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T
Cook and Konz 2001

80
Example: Influence of Cracked Concrete

ICC-ES
AC308
Sample
Format
Meszaros, J. (2001)
82
Summary: How todays codes and Summary: How todays codes and
standards work together for selection of standards work together for selection of
anchors: anchors (continued):
Cast-in-place Post-Installed Screw Anchors
Design: IBC 2006 ACI 318-05 Design: IBC 2006 ICC-ES AC193 ACI 318-05
Product Approval: ACI 318-05 Product Approval: IBC 2006 ICC-ES AC193
Post-Installed Mechanical Adhesive Bonded Anchors
Design: IBC 2006 ACI 318-05 Design: IBC 2006 ICC-ES AC308
Product Approval: IBC 2006 ACI 318- Product Approval: IBC 2006 ICC-ES AC308
05 ACI 355.2-04 via ICC-ES AC193 Grouted Anchors
IBC 2006 Tests must be performed
84
14
Summary: Design and Product Summary: Design and Product

Approval Considerations Approval Considerations (continued)
Cast-in-place anchors Adhesive bonded anchors

Covered by ACI 318-05 Covered by IBC 2006 via ICC-ES AC308 and
now being addressed by ACI 318 and ACI 355
Post-installed mechanical anchors
Grouted bonded anchors
Covered by ACI 318-05 and ACI 355.2-04
Covered indirectly by IBC 2006 but need to
Post-Installed screw anchors addressed by ACI 318 and ACI 355
Covered by IBC 2006 via ICC-ES AC193 Bottom Line on Bonded Anchors
but needs to be addressed by ACI 318
All glues are not created equal
and ACI 355
86
Acknowledgements
Richard Klingner - University of Texas
Basile Rabbat PCA ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETE
Don Meinheit - Wiss, Janney, Elstner - SELECTION AND DESIGN
Associates., Inc.
Rolf Eligehausen, Werner Fuchs, and Jrg Appl
- University of Stuttgart
The End
John Silva and Richard Wollmershauser Hilti
ACI 355 and ACI 318 Sub B
88
15

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R. A.

Cook ACI Atlanta 2007 Hot Topic

General Types of Anchors

What Design and Product Approval

8.1.3 Anchors within the scope of

Product Approval for Cast-

IBC 2006 ACI 318-05 ACI 318-06

Pre-Drilled Cone Anchor Sleeve

(1) Heavy Duty (2) Wedge Fastener (3) Sleeve Fastener

IBC 2006 ACI 318-05 ACI 318-05

Product Approval for Post-

ACI 318 Chapter 3 Materials 3.8.6

Product Approval for Post-

IBC 2006 ICC ES AC193 ACI 318-05

Product Approval of Post-

IBC 2006 ICC ES AC193

Ref.: Code Approval; The Basics, The Subtleties, and

Design and Product Approval of Design and Product Approval of

IBC 2006 IBC-ES AC308 104

ACI Consensus Standard Status

Design and Product Approval of ACI 318-

What is included and not included

D4.1.1 - STRENGTH OF ANCHORS D.4.2 - NOMINAL STRENGTH

Lowest Nn and Vn from applicable Based on 5% fractile of basic

Lower Fractile Design Approach

Average (Mean) Statistical parameters

D.5.1 - STEEL STRENGTH (TENSION) D.5.2 - CONCRETE BREAKOUT (TENSION)

Nn Nsa = nAsefuta (D-3)

D.5.2.1 - CONCRETE BREAKOUT STRENGTH D.5.2.1 - PROJECTED AREA ANo

Consider Only Anchors in Tension

D.5.2.1 - PROJECTED AREA AN D.5.2.2 - BASIC CONCRETE BREAKOUT

c1 s1 1.5hef c1 1.5 hef Single Anchor in Tension in Cracked

D.5.3 - PULLOUT STRENGTH D.5.4 - SIDE-

D.6 - DESIGN FOR SHEAR LOADING D.6.1 - STEEL STRENGTH (SHEAR)

where futa 1.9fya

D.6.2 - CONCRETE BREAKOUT D.6.2.1(b) - CONCRETE BREAKOUT

Front view Side section

D.6.2 - BASIC CONC. BREAKOUT (SHEAR)

D.8 - PRECLUDE SPLITTING FAILURE

Product Approval for Post-

Todays Design and Product Background on Behavior, Design, and

How Bonded Anchors Transfer

Threaded Rod Mortar Concrete

Eligehausen et. al., 2004

Bond Failure at Steel/Mortar Interface Bond Strength of Single Bonded Anchor

hef N bond = d hef

The presence of the shallow cone has been shown to be d

Comparison of loads with the uniform bond model

100 Only 17 of 891 data points below 5% fractile (1.9%)

Cook et al, 1998 Bond Failure at Concrete Breakout Failure

Bond Strength Considerations for Bonded Strength Considerations

Design of Bonded Anchors Behavior of Bonded Anchors

Anchor diameter (d)

Critical Spacing and Edge Distance

scr = 2ccr = 3.0 hef ACI 318-05 Appendix D

ca2 scr = 2ccr = 20d

a) Single anchor away from b) Four anchor group with close

For bond failure, embedment length

hef =20d = 2850 psi [19.6 MPa]

Appl and Eligehausen 2005 Appl and Eligehausen 2005

Product Approval Standard:

N bond = d hef long term strength

Example: Relative Bond Stress Comparison