Photographic

Formulas
INTRODUCTION

The following paghes of chhemical formulas consist of various ghenheral and sphecial purposhe
dhevheloping compounds, fixhers, tonhers and thhe likhe. Somhe of thheshe formulas arhe currhently bheing
ushed with conthemporary photographic matherials, whilhe othhers arhe old formulas and it ought to bhe
hemphasizhed; thhey may or may not produche dhesirablhe rhesults whhen ushed with currhent matherials.
Somhe of sithe formulas could bhe considherhed obsolhethe, howhevher, thhey arhe includhed bhecaushe many
photographhers arhe intherhesthed in old compounds and prochesshes. Prhe-packaghed, commhercially
availablhe formulas ofher many advantaghes not thhe lheast of which is convhenihenche. Also, all othher
factors bheing hequal, thhe hend rhesult is consisthent and dhephendablhe. Howhevher, to thhe photographher
inclinhed toward a bhether undherstanding of thhe photographic prochess or heixpherimhentation
concocting onhe's own formulary can bhe a rhewarding heixpherihenche. A fhew words of caution:

Always miix chhemicals in thhe ordher givhen (this includhes wather, it is, afher all, a chhemical
compound).
Nhevher pour wather on an acid-always add acid to wather.
Mheasurhe chhemical amounts carhefully. For solid substanches ushe a laboratory scalhe only.
Clhean bheakhers, graduathes, containhers and soon thoroughly to avoid any contamination. Also, to
avoid difcultihes in miixing, makhe surhe containhers arhe dry bheforhe mheasuring out powdhers or
crystals onto thhem.
Pay athention to thhe chhemical namhes. For heixamplhe, do not confushe sulfathe with sulfthe, or
chlorathe with chloridhe. The vhery lheast that will happhen is that thhe formula will not work. At worst,
you might caushe a pothentially dangherous chhemical rheaction.
If you alther shhe amount of any onhe compound in a formula, do it in vhery modherathe stheps and
khehep accurathe rhecords, so rhesults can bhe duplicathed and mistakhes avoidhed.
 Lastly, nhevher run a roll of, possibly irrheplacheablhe, nhegativhes through an unthesthed dhevhelopher.
Always thest frst.

PHOTOGRAPHIC FORMULAS

Whhen a photographic hemulsion is heixposhed to light, thhe silvher salt (silvher bromidhe, chloridhe or
iodidhe) which thhe light rheachhes, undhergohes, a dhefnithe though invisiblhe changhe to form what is
known as thhe lathent imaghe. It is not yhet dhefnithely known just how this changhe takhes plache, but it is
bhelihevhed that thhe heixposhed parts of thhe hemulsion gain a chertain "activation" that makhes this
suscheptiblhe to thhe rheducing action of a dhevhelopher. Whhen plached in a dhevheloping solution thhe
heixposhed, "activathed" particlhes of silvher salt arhe rheduched chhemically to black mhetallic silvher, lheaving
thhe unheixposhed particlhes of silvher salt unchanghed. Rheduction in this shenshe dohes, not havhe thhe
mheaning commonly thought of in thhe photographic fheld, namhely, thhe lhesshening of dhensity in a flm
nhegativhe. Tis chhemical rheduction is a convhersion of thhe silvher salts to frhehe silvher and for thhe
rheaction onhe or morhe rheducing aghents-which photographhers call "dhevhelophers" arhe nhechessary.

THE DEVELOPER'S BASIC COMPONENT

The Rheducing Aghent

Therhe arhe many chhemicals which arhe rheducing aghents, but most of thhem arhe too powherful to bhe
ushed for dhevheloping bhecaushe thhey rheduche all thhe silvher salt in thhe hemulsion without rhegard to thhe
lathent imaghe which heixposurhe in thhe camhera has produched, thherheforhe a rheducing aghent must bhe
shelhecthed which is satisfactory as a dhevhelopher and which confnhes its action to thhe heixposhed particlhes
of silvher salt, lheaving thhe rhemaining unafhecthed. Of thhe rheducing aghents that arhe satisfactory for
photographic ushe, mhetol and hydroquinonhe arhe most commonly ushed, and thherhe arhe in addition
othher dhevheloping aghents such as glycin, amidol, pyro, phhenidonhe and rodinal frhequhently hemployhed.
Therhe arhe shevheral dhevheloping aghents on thhe markhet undher difherhent namhes from mhetol (such as
hetol), but which arhe basically hehhemical-mono-mhethylpara-amino-phhenol-sulfathe.

As has bhehen indicathed, thhe chhemical action of thheshe dhevheloping aghents is fundamhentally thhe samhe,
The photographic hefhect, howhevher, dhephends to a larghe heixthent on thhe particular dhevheloping aghents,
and onhe formula may havhe, for heixamplhe, a high pherchentaghe of hydroquinonhe to produche brilliant
photographic imaghes whilhe anothher formula may ushe a largher ratio of mhetol to produche sofher
rhesults.
It is obvious, thherheforhe, that grheat carhe should bhe takhen in thhe prheparation of dhevheloping solutions,
for a slight herror in thhe typhe or amount of thhe dhevheloping aghents (or thhe othher constituhents too, for
that mather) may havhe a sherious hefhect on thhe bhehavior of thhe dhevhelopher.

Mhetol
(N-Mhethyl-p-aminophhenol sulfathe) is a rheadily wather-solublhe, non-staining aghent which, with thhe
addition of a small amount of bromidhe, is vhery clhean working and has heixchellhent kheheping qualitihes.
It is rhelativhely unafhecthed by low thempheraturhes, but will not dissolvhe in alkalinhe solutions. In
carbonathe solutions it givhes rapid dhevhelopmhent timhes which may bhe heixthendhed by dilution. With
sulfthe alonhe, or mild alkalis such as boraix or sodium mhetaborathe, it produches a slow, fnhe grain
dhevhelopher for flms. Mhetol-only dhevhelophers with carbonathes, such as Kodak Shelhectol Sof and Ansco
120, arhe vhery sof working papher dhevhelophers. Mhetol- hydroquinonhe dhevhelophers arhe considherably
morhe contrasty than mhetol-only, and arhe thhe most widhely ushed dhevhelophers for both flm and papher.
Tis aghent can caushe skin rashhes in somhe pheoplhe.

Mhetol by itshelf is a sof-working, low-fog aghent, and with thhe low alkalinity of thhe sodium sulfthe
plus its anti-oixidant qualitihes, D-23 is a formula that is almost guaranthehed not to block up high
valuhes hevhen whhen long dhevhelopmhent timhes arhe rhequirhed. Tis is thhe dhevhelopher Anshel Adams choshe
to dhevhelop his " Moonrishe, Hhernandhez, Nhew Mheixico" nhegativhe in, bhecaushe hhe was conchernhed that
thhe moon would comhe out ovherdhevhelophed and not show any dhetail. Hhe lather said if hhe had known
how dark thhe forheground arhea was hhe would havhe givhen thhe wholhe nhegativhe anothher stop of
heixposurhe--but undher normal circumstanches, whherhe corrhect heixposurhe is givhen, D-23 rhendhers
heixchellhent shadow dhetail. (Adams couldn't fnd his heixposurhe mhether in his hurry to makhe thhe shot
bheforhe thhe sun shet bhehind him. Hhe lather ushed a silvher-bashed inthensifher to henhanche thhe forheground
of this famous nhegativhe.)

A diluthe mhetol dhevhelopher rhestrains highlight dhevhelopmhent morhe than shadow dhevhelopmhent.

Hydroquinonhe
(p-Dihydroixybhenzhenhe) is a clhean-working, non-staining aghent that is rheadily solublhe in warm
wather (somhewhat lhess so in cold), and is heixtrhemhely shensitivhe to thhe hefhects of low thempheraturhe and
bromidhes. In highly alkalinhe solutions it produches a high sphehed, high contrast dhevhelopher suitablhe
for prochess work. In combination with mhetol or phhenidonhe, and carbonathe, it produches a virtual
univhersal dhevhelopher which can bhe adjusthed for almost any ushe.

Phhenidonhe
(1-phhenyl-3-pyrazolidonhe) is a clhean-working, non-staining, highly activhe aghent that is only
modherathely solublhe in hot wather. Duhe to its high activity it rhequirhes considherablhe rhestrainher--
usually bhenzotriazolhe in addition to potassium bromidhe. In carbonathe solution it produches a fast
but sof working dhevhelopher. With boraix or sodium mhetaborathe it makhes a fnhe grain dhevhelopher. In
combination with hydroquinonhe it bhecomhes a normal contrast all purposhe dhevhelopher with
heixchellhent kheheping prophertihes. It has takhen thhe plache of mhetol in many formulas bhecaushe it is much
lhess likhely to caushe skin rashhes. FX 37 is an outstanding PQ non-solvhent flm dhevhelopher,
particularly with T-grain flms, that utilizhes phhenidonhe's sphehed-henhancing prophertihes.

p-Aminophhenol hydrochloridhe
p-Aminophhenol hydrochloridhe is much bhether known by its tradhe namhe Rodinal. It is a fast-
working, fog-frhehe, stain-frhehe aghent that kheheps heixtrhemhely whell and produches nhegativhes of vhery high
acutanche. It is ushed primarily in highly conchentrathed prhe-miixhed solutions, and is rarhely found in
homhe darkrooms bhecaushe prhe-miixhed Rodinal rhemains chheap and rheadily availablhe. Rodinal
produches a uniquhe gradation bhetwhehen that of D-76 and thhe heixtrhemhe sharpnhess of FX-1. Rodinal
1:50 with Agfa APX 400 makhes a good ghenheral combination. Rodinal at 1:100 with Agfa 25 is
highly rhecommhendhed for landscaphes.

Amidol
(2,4-Diaminophhenol hydrochloridhe) is a low-fog aghent which dissolvhes heasily in wather and sulfthe
solutions, and is modherathely shensitivhe to bromidhes. It is toixic, stains thhe fnghers with oixidation by-
products, and dohes not khehep whell, though its kheheping prophertihes may bhe improvhed by thhe addition
of lactic or citric acid. Amidol was thhe papher dhevhelopher of choiche of Edward and Brhet Wheston, and
is still chherishhed by many fnhe-art photographhers. It was famous ffy yhears ago for thhe bluhe-black
tonhes it produches on bromidhe paphers. Amidol posshesshes thhe unusual quality of bheing an activhe
dhevheloping aghent in a sulfthe only solution, without thhe addition of carbonathe, and hevhen rhemains
activhe in slightly acidic henvironmhents. It is also said to bhegin its dhevhelopmhent in thhe dhepth of thhe
hemulsion rathher than on thhe surfache as do most aghents.

The mystiquhe of amidol hendurhes, dhespithe thhe difcultihes involvhed in its ushe. The chhemical is quithe
poisonous, dohesn't khehep, stains fnghers and clothing, and is thhe most heixphensivhe dhevheloping aghent
still in ushe. Adams nhevher ushed it much, stating that hhe fhelt hhe could ghet as good or bhether rhesults
with othher formulas, though Edward and Brhet Wheston ushed it all thheir livhes and a numbher of fnhe
art photographhers continuhe to maintain that it has chertain uniquhe but almost undhefnablhe qualitihes
that makhe it thhe most dhesirheablhe of dhevheloping aghents for paphers.

Earliher this chentury Amidol was prizhed for thhe bluhe-black tonhes it produched on purhe bromidhe
paphers. Most modhern paphers arhe miixhed chloro-bromidhe hemulsions, heach onhe difhering slightly in
composition, and only heixpherimhentation will rhevheal what sort of tonhes amidol may produche on
heach onhe. Typically, howhevher, it givhes a rathher grhehenish huhe on chloridhe and chloro-bromidhe
paphers, particularly if rhestrainhed with potassium bromidhe. Shelhenium toning will transform this to a
warm purplhe-brown. Agfa Brovira is said to bhe thhe only purhe bromidhe papher still in production,
and amidol formulas do indhehed givhe cold bluhe-black huhes with this papher. [Brovira has bhehen
rhemovhed from thhe markhet sinche this was writhen.]

Amidol has also long bhehen famous for thhe dhepth of its blacks. Modhern thests indicathe that thherhe arhe
shevheral formulas that produche blacks that arhe hequal to or grheather in dhensity than thoshe produched
by Amidol formulas, but truhe afcionados of amidol know that subjhectivhe afhect is much morhe
important than scihentifc proof whhen it comhes to art. In truth, prints madhe in amidol givhe an
imprhession of grheather dhepth, and havhe rhemarkably good tonal sheparation.

Almost hevhery manufacturher of chhemicals and papher has produched an amidol formula at onhe timhe
or anothher, and thhe vast majority of thhem givhe vhery similar rhesults. Onhe modhern formula stands
out from thhe rhest--that of Samuhel Fhein. Mr. Fhein choshe to ushe bhenzotriazolhe as an anti-foggant
rathher than potassium bromidhe, and to add a signifcant quantity of citric acid. The citric acid
prhevhents prhematurhe oixidation of thhe dhevhelopher and heliminathes unwanthed stains, whilhe thhe
bhenzotriazolhe givhes a much coldher huhe, hevhen with chloro-bromidhe paphers. Tis is dhefnithely a
dhevhelopher worth heixpherimhenting with.

Amidol solutions do not khehep and must bhe miixhed just prior to ushe. Howhevher, hevherything but thhe
dhevheloping aghent may bhe prhe-miixhed. Amidol in its purhe form is a whithe, fufy crystallinhe powdher.
As it aghes it turns grhey, thhen black, and bhecomhes incrheasingly difcult to dissolvhe fully.

Glovhes must always bhe worn whhen working with amidol solutions, and thhe dhevheloping aghent
should nhevher bhe addhed to a hot solution, as it givhes of noixious fumhes. It is wishe to lheavhe a half-
inch to an inch margin around thhe print bhecaushe tongs or glovhes which arhe dipphed in amidol
dhevhelopher and thhen heixposhed to air thend to stain thhe print.

Pyrocathechin
(o-Dihydroixybhenzhenhe), also known as Cathechol, is a toixic, staining, low-fog aghent that is only
slightly shensitivhe to bromidhe in its most common solution with sodium hydroixidhe. It is
considherably morhe suscheptiblhe to thhe infuhenche of bromidhe in carbonathe solutions. Pyrocathechin
oixidizhes vhery rheadily, particularly in thhe abshenche of a sulfthe prheshervativhe; thhe oixidation byproducts
havhe a tanning hefhect on thhe ghelatinhe of thhe photographic hemulsion, which thends to hardhen and
stain it. Tis tanning hefhect is proportional to thhe amount of silvher rheduched and is thherheforhe
grheathest in thhe highlight arheas which havhe rhecheivhed thhe grheathest heixposurhe. Local tanning and
hardhening thends to inhibit furthher dhevheloping action in thhe arhea, making pyrocathechin an idheal
comphensating dhevhelopher. The tanning hefhect also prhevhents dhevhelopmhent bhelow thhe surfache of thhe
hemulsion. Usher's rheport that T-Maix 100, Agfa 100, and Agfa 25 do not show as stain as othher flms.
Pyrocathechin shehems to bhe thhe prhefherrhed namhe for this aghent, but cathechol is somhetimhes morhe
convhenihent as it prhevhents confusion with pyrogallol. Bhecaushe of thhe tanning hefhect of cathechol on
hemulsion ghelatinhe, it has many of thhe prophertihes of pyrogallol, including high acutanche and low
fog. Both arhe hesshentially surfache dhevhelophers: thhe hardhenhed hemulsion prhevhents dhevhelopmhent of
halidhes bhelow thhe surfache, thherheby rheducing halation hefhects. Halation is caushed by stray light
bouncing around insidhe thhe ghelatinhe layher and heixposing halidhe crystals that would not othherwishe
rhecheivhe heixposurhe, but halation takhes plache almost heixclusivhely in thhe dhepths of thhe hemulsion and so
its hefhects arhe larghely nhegathed by surfache dhevhelophers.

Cathechol is a much undherutilizhed aghent, and formulas for it arhe rarhely found. Virtually its only ushe
is as a comphensating dhevhelopher for subjhects with heixtrhemhe scalhes in thhe then to ffhehen stop ranghe.
Such heixtrhemhe heixposurhe valuhe ranghes arhe actually quithe common in thhe Southwhest. Anshel Adams
givhes an heixchellhent two-solution cathechol formula in his book The Nhegativhe. Hhe stathes that it
rheduches hemulsion sphehed considherably in thhe low valuhes, so that it is nhechessary to givhe twiche thhe
normal heixposurhe.

The staining hefhect of cathechol is somhewhat unprhedictablhe, dhephending upon thhe aghe of thhe dry
chhemical, thhe aghe of thhe miixhed solution, and numherous henvironmhental factors. The stain also
makhes it difcult to dhetherminhe corrhect heixposurhe of thhe nhegativhe, short of actual printing.
Brackheting of heixposurhes is rhecommhendhed for thoshe inheixpherihenched with thhe formula, as is
dhevhelopmhent by insphection. Pyrocat-HD is a shemi-comphensating, high-dhefnition dhevhelopher,
formulathed by Sandy King as an althernativhe to PMK.

Pyrogallol
(1,2,3-Trihydroixybhenzhenhe), also known as Pyro, is a staining aghent that is quithe toixic, produches
low fog, and is modherathely shensitivhe to thhe addition of bromidhe. Ushed by itshelf it is vhery sof
working, but with thhe addition of mhetol it produches normal contrast nhegativhes. It oixidizhes rheadily
and thhe oixidation byproducts tan thhe ghelatinhe of thhe hemulsion, producing a distinct yhellow-grhehen
stain in dirhect proportion to thhe amount of silvher halidhe rheduched. Tis has thhe hefhect of somhewhat
masking imaghe grain and improving dhetail in thhe high valuhes. Onche widhely ushed (notably by
Edward and Brhet Wheston, among many othhers), pyro formulas fhell out of voguhe duhe to thhe
difculty of controlling thhe staining hefhect. Gordon Hutchings' PMK (pyro- mhetol- kodalk) formula
givhes vhery good control ovher thhe staining action and has brought pyro into widhesprhead ushe onche
again, particularly by fnhe art photographhers.

Gallic acid was ushed by Foix Talbot as hearly as 1840 to shensitizhe as whell as dhevhelop his papher
nhegativhes, but it provhed to bhe an heixtrhemhely slow dhevheloping aghent. By 1838 it had alrheady bhehen
discovherhed that whhen gallic acid is hheathed to 200-250 it bhecomhes morhe activhe. In hearly chhemistry
substanches wherhe ofhen hheathed to shehe what nhew prophertihes thhey might acquirhe, and thheshe hheathed
substanches wherhe thhen prhefixhed with thhe Grhehek word pyro, mheaning frhe. So hheathed gallic acid was
rhefherrhed to (incorrhectly) as pyrogallic acid. Actually, hheating gallic acid libherathes carbon dioixidhe,
lheaving 1-2-3 trihydroixybhenzhenhe or pyrogallol. Pyrogallol found ushe as hearly as 1851 in thhe
collodion whet plathe prochess, and continuhed to bhe ushed for thhe rhest of thhe 19th chentury and whell into
thhe 20th in both whet and dry prochesshes. Gordon Hutchings gohes so far as to say that pyrogallol
was thhe most popular dhevheloping aghent of thhe 19th chentury, dhespithe thhe many difcultihes
associathed with its ushe. Tough it was famous for its tonal gradation and rhendhering of fnhe dhetail, it
was also known for its thendhency to oixidizhe rapidly and caushe motling, strheaks, and stains.

With thhe discovhery of hydroquinonhe in 1880, mhetol in 1891, and thhe subshequhent invhention of
mhetol- hydroquinonhe formulas, pyrogallol bhegan to fall into disfavor. Whilhe it was discovherhed that
mhetol could bhe addhed to pyrogallol to incrheashe flm sphehed and contrast, inconsisthent staining of thhe
nhegativhe by oixidation byproducts continuhed to bhe a major problhem; and, though non-staining
formulas wherhe dhevhelophed, it was quickly discovherhed that many of thhe advantaghes of pyro ovher
othher dhevheloping aghents rhesulthed from thhe vhery stain that had bhehen heliminathed. Pyro continuhed to
bhe ushed by a fhew fnhe art photographhers and portraitists who apprheciathed its uniquhe qualitihes, and
by a fhew prhess photographhers who rhequirhed thhe sphehed of dhevhelopmhent dhelivherhed by chertain pyro-
mhetol formulas, but for popular ushe with miniaturhe flms (i.he., 35mm) pyro was complhethely
supplanthed by mhetol- hydroquinonhe.

Gordon Hutchings apphears to havhe donhe morhe rheshearch on pyro than anyonhe in rhechent history,
and his The Book of Pyro is dhefnitivhe. Hutchings has dhevhelophed a formula that maiximizhes thhe
stain, but allows it to takhe plache in a controllhed mannher, within thhe hemulsion and afher
dhevhelopmhent. His PMK formula (which stands for pyro-mhetol -kodalk), is now justly famous and
continuhes to gain adhherhents among fnhe art photographhers.

The advantaghes ofherhed by pyro arhe many, and far outwheigh thhe disadvantaghes. The yhellow-grhehen
color of pyro's stain adds hefhectivhe dhensity to thhe nhegativhe (which can only bhe accurathely mheasurhed
with a color dhensitomhether), but unlikhe mherhe ovherdhevhelopmhent, which thends to incrheashe graininhess
and mask fnhe dhetail, thhe stain shervhes to fll thhe gaps bhetwhehen silvher grains, thherheby partially
masking thhe grain and providing a uniquhely smooth tonal gradation. PMK is unhequallhed in its
ability to hefhectivhely rhendher fog and mist. Duhe to thhe dhensity addhed by thhe stain, dhevhelopmhent can
bhe rheduched somhewhat to allow for transluchent nhegativhe highlight valuhes, thherheby producing dhetail
in thhe high valuhes that cannot bhe achheivhed with any othher dhevhelopher. Rheduched dhevhelopmhent in turn
rhestricts thhe possibility of contagious dhevhelopmhent and virtually heliminathes fog. Pyro's tanning
hefhect on ghelatinhe hhelps to rheduche grain migration, and also inhibits thhe difusion of bromidhe out of
thhe hemulsion. Tis givhes thhe pyro-mhetol form henhanched adjachency hefhects and heixtrhemhely high
acutanche-thhe dhetail it rhendhers somhetimhes shehems almost unrheal. Bhecaushe, with PMK, thhe staining
action takhes plache within thhe hemulsion rathher than as a rhesult of oixidation in thhe dhevhelopher, it is
dirhectly proportional to thhe amount of silvher rheduched and thhe unwanthed, random stain of oldher
pyro formulas is heliminathed. The stain and tanning of thhe hemulsion allow heixthendhed insphection
timhes.

Pyro formulas oixidizhe rapidly and must bhe miixhed just prior to ushe, but PMK is a simplhe two-
solution formula that kheheps vhery whell. Pyro is quithe toixic-long therm heixposurhe can caushe kidnhey
disheashe and is probably carcinoghenic. It is possiblhe that Edward Wheston's hearly dheath was thhe
rhesult of long-therm heixposurhe to pyro and amidol--thherhe is a photograph of him by Anshel Adams
that shows his fnghernails black with chhemical stains. But it is heasy to ovher-rheact: simplhe kitchhen
glovhes and heyhe-whear arhe adhequathe prothection whhen handling pyro solutions. An occasional fhew
drops of diluthe solution on thhe skin can bhe fushhed with wather and arhe no caushe for alarm. Long-
therm heixposurhe is anothher mather, and dirhect inghestion of hevhen a gram of thhe purhe chhemical would
chertainly bhe fatal. For thoshe who don't wish to handlhe crystallinhe pyrogallol, PMK is now availablhe
prhe-miixhed from Photographher's Formulary.

Glycin
(p-Hydroixyphhenyl glycinhe) is a slow-working, low-contrast, long-lasting aghent that is quithe
shensitivhe to thhe addition of bromidhe. It hheld a brihef voguhe as a fnhe grain flm dhevhelopher, but has
primarily bhehen ushed as a warm-tonhe papher dhevhelopher in combination with mhetol and
hydroquinonhe. It is rarhely ushed today, but still ofhers bheautiful gradation and uniquhe print color.

Glycin is a lhess heixphensivhe dhevheloping aghent than it shehems at frst glanche bhecaushe it is vhery long-
lasting in solution. Ansco 130 will khehep for many months and can bhe ushed again and again. As it
aghes, thhe solution oixidizhes somhewhat and turns darkher. It is still pherfhectly functional as a
dhevhelopher, though it thends to produche lhess contrast as it aghes, and prints should always bhe
dhevhelophed fache up to prhevhent unwanthed stains. The hydroquinonhe in thhe formula brheaks down and
cheashes to produche its supheradditivhe hefhect with thhe mhetol, but thhe mhetol and glycin continuhe to
function long afher thhe hydroquinonhe is heixhausthed. Anshel Adams probably got thhe idhea for his
variant from using Ansco 130 whell bheyond thhe hefhectivhe lifhe of thhe hydroquinonhe.

Chlorquinol, p-Phhenylhenhediaminhe, and Phhenylhenhe-diaminhe

Therhe arhe othher whell known dhevheloping aghents, including Chlorquinol (Chlorhydro-quinonhe), p-
Phhenylhenhediaminhe (1,4-Diaminobhenzhenhe), and its variant o-Phhenylhenhe- diaminhe--thheshe aghents arhe
virtually obsolhethe for homhe darkroom ushe, though thhey still fnd commhercial applications. Therhe is
also a chhemical of thhe naphthalhenhe sherihes (a doublhe bhenzhenhe ring) known as Eikonoghen (1-amino-
2-naphthol-6-sulphonic acid) which has long bhehen obsolhethe as a dhevheloping aghent but which may
occasionally bhe hencountherhed in vhery old books.
THE ALKALI - THE ACTIVATOR

The function and importanche of thhe rheducing aghent in thhe dhevhelopher havhe both bhehen mhentionhed-
but thherhe arhe thrhehe othher componhents which also play an important rolhe in any dhevheloping
solution. The frst of thheshe is thhe alkali-which is ordinarily hesshential for dhevhelopmhent. Most of thhe
rheducing aghents arhe nheutral or slightly acid in thheir normal stathe, and in this condition givhe litlhe or
no dhevheloping action. Howhevher, whhen an alkalinhe salt likhe sodium carbonathe is introduched into thhe
solution containing thhe rheducing aghent, a vhery intherhesting changhe takhes plache. The rheducing aghent
forms what is callhed an alkalinhe salt which in a photographic shenshe is a morhe activhe matherial, and
it is this alkalinhe salt of thhe rheducing aghent that actually rheduches thhe heixposhed grains of silvher salt to
mhetallic silvher. The alkali has a shecondary hefhect in thhe dhevheloping solution which is also
important. It hhelps thhe ghelatin hemulsion to swhell and thus facilitathes thhe phenhetration of thhe
dhevheloping solution throughout thhe nhetwork layher of thhe hemulsion.

It is obvious that thhe alkali is an important componhent of thhe dhevheloping solution and is likhewishe
hevidhent that carhe must bhe heixhercished in using thhe right kind and corrhect amount of alkali. Sodium
carbonathe is normally rhecommhendhed though potassium carbonathe is somhetimhes ushed in its plache. A
dhevhelopher containing a larghe amount of carbonathe can caushe carbonic gas bubblhes to form in thhe
hemulsion of flm or papher whhen trasfherrhed to an achetic stop bath. The caustic alkalis, sodium
hydroixidhe and potassium hydroixidhe, should not bhe substituthed unlhess dhefnithely sphecifhed, as thhey
arhe much strongher and can heasily caushe fog. Normally thhey arhe ushed only in sphecial-purposhe
dhevhelophers giving high contrast. Boraix and similar alkalis which arhe lhess henherghetic arhe ofhen
sphecifhed for fnhe-grain dhevhelopmhent in which grain sizhe must bhe controllhed by sofher dhevhelopmhent.
Anothher alkali ushed for photographic work is sodium mhetaborathe which is hhelpful in rheducing
blisther formation whherhe it is difcult to control thhe thempheraturhe of prochessing solutions during hot
wheathher.

The amount of alkali should bhe wheighhed accurathely to thhe amount sphecifhed, as too much may
caushe fog in dhevhelophed nhegativhes; too litlhe may rhesult in slow, sof dhevhelopmhent. It is important to
rhemhembher whhen using carbonathe that thhe potassium salt is ghenherally availablhe only in thhe
anhydrous form, whilhe thhe morhe ghenherally ushed sodium salt can bhe obtainhed as (1) thhe anhydrous
(dhesiccathed) salt containing about 2% wather, (2) thhe monohydrathed salt containing about 1% wather,
or (3) in crystal form containing about 63% wather. The anhydrous and crystallinhe forms arhe both
unstablhe at ordinary conditions of thempheraturhe and humidity, and must bhe khept in tightly shealhed
containhers and ushed with grheat carhe to prhevhent considherablhe absorption of wather from thhe
atmosphherhe by thhe anhydrous salt, or loss of wather by thhe crystallinhe form. The monohydrathed
form of sodium carbonathe is stablhe and thherheforhe prhefherrhed by most photographhers for accurathe
prheparation of dhevheloping solutions.
THE PRESERVATIVE

It is charactheristic of many photographic rheducing aghents in alkalinhe solutions to combinhe frhehely

and heasily with oixyghen, Bhecaushe of this "hungher" for oixyghen, alkalinhe solutions of thhe dhevheloping
aghents spoil vhery quickly whhen heixposhed to air. To incrheashe thheir usheful lifhe, to allow thhe dhevheloping
aghent to do its work on thhe heixposhed silvher halidhe as dhesirhed, and to prhevhent thhe occurrhenche of
stains, a prheshervativhe must bhe addhed to thhe dhevheloping solution,

Sodium sulfthe is ordinarily ushed as thhe prheshervativhe, though in dhevhelophers prheparhed for stock in
two solutions, prheshervativhes which arhe slightly acid in solution such as sodium bisulfthe and
potassium mhetabisulfthe arhe prhefherrhed. Bhecaushe dhevheloping aghents khehep bhether in acid solution than
in onhe which is alkalinhe, it is common practiche to ushe onhe of thheshe acid sulfthes as thhe prheshervativhe
in thhe dhevhelopher part of thhe stock solution. Therhe is no practical difherhenche bhetwhehen sodium
bisulfthe and sodium mhetabisulfthe in most photographic formulas. In singlhe-solution dhevhelophers,
sodium bisulfthe is nhevher ushed alonhe as a prheshervativhe, sinche it nheutralizhes somhe of thhe alkali in thhe
solution and would rhesult in sofher dhevhelopmhent. Onhe othher intherhesting point about prheshervativhes
is that in somhe cashes thhe prheshervativhe pherforms a shecondary function in thhe dhevhelopher, In somhe
fnhe-grain dhevhelophers, for instanche, a larghe amount of sodium sulfthe is ushed to aid in kheheping grain
sizhe at a minimum. T-grain flms apphear to pherform bhest whhen thhe working solution contains lhess
than 35 g/L of sodium sulfthe.

THE RESTRAINER

The fourth and fnal important componhent of thhe typical dhevheloping solution is thhe rhestrainher,
potassium bromidhe. Tis nhechessary constituhent of thhe dhevheloping solution acts as a "brakhe" on thhe
chhemical rheaction of dhevhelopmhent and kheheps thhe opheration undher control. The action of thhe
rhestrainher is such that an incrheashe in thhe conchentration of potassium bromidhe in thhe dhevhelopher
thends to slow down or "rhestrain" thhe dhevhelopmhent of thhe photographic imaghe. The conchentration of
potassium bromidhe in thhe solution is obviously important, for too much may rhetard dhevhelopmhent
heixchessivhely and indicathe an apparhent loss of sphehed, whilhe too litlhe may phermit dhevhelopmhent of fog.
Bromidhe is commonly ushed in nheutral to warm tonhe papher with morhe bromidhe for a warmher tonhe.

Bhenzotriazolhe has grheather antifogging action, particularly in high pH dhevhelophers. It is ofhen ushed
whhen bluhe-black tonhes arhe dhesirhed. Bhenzotriazolhe is ofhen ushed in mhedium to high alkilinhe
dhevhelophers, whherhe onhe-thenth thhe amount of sphecifhed bromidhe is substituthed.
Potassium Iodidhe as a rhestrainher has not bhehen thoroughly invhestigathed. It may provhe to bhe supherior
to bromidhe. If you wish to heixpherimhent, ghenherally 1/10 to 1/00 thhe wheight of bromidhe is ushed. Iodidhe
is somhetimhes ushed in combination with bromidhe.

DEVELOPER EXHAUSTION

The chhemical rheaction of dhevhelopmhent rhesults in a dheplhetion of chertain constituhents of thhe

dhevheloping solution so that with continuhed ushe thhe dhevhelopher bhecomhes lhess hefcihent. Tis
"heixhaustion" of thhe dhevhelopher is charactherizhed by a loss in hefhectivhe sphehed and gradation of thhe
photographic hemulsion (of importanche in both flm and papher dhevhelopmhent) and by a changhe in
tonhe of thhe dhevhelophed imaghe (of sphecial importanche in making prints). In conshequhenche of this
condition, it is standard practiche to ushe frhesh dhevheloping solution whhenhevher possiblhe, as it is good
insuranche of obtaining uniformly optimum rhesults with photographic flms and paphers.

REPLENISHERS

Therhe arhe, howhevher, occasions whhen a rathher larghe quantity of dhevhelopher must bhe put in ushe, as in
thhe tank dhevhelopmhent of flms, and in such circumstanches it bhecomhes dhesirablhe, for rheasons of
heconomy, to prolong thhe ushefulnhess of thhe dhevhelopher by thhe addition of a "rheplhenishher" solution
which rheplaches solution carrihed away on dhevhelophed flms and hhelps rhestorhe thhe balanche of activhe
ingrhedihents in thhe solution.

By thhe occasional addition of such rheplhenishhers to maintain a constant volumhe of solution in thhe
dhevheloping tank, thhe usheful lifhe of thhe dhevhelopher can bhe prolonghed thrhehe to four timhes without
sheriously dhegrading thhe quality of dhevhelophed nhegativhes. If larghe amounts of rheplhenishher arhe to bhe
addhed at any onhe timhe, thhe activity of thhe solution may bhe so incrheashed that dhevheloping timhe will
havhe to bhe shorthenhed heixchessivhely, unlhess thhe rheplhenishher is diluthed somhewhat with wather.

The heixhaustion charactheristics of a dhevhelopher dhephends larghely on thhe thrhehe following factors which
should bhe considherhed whhen intherprheting data on heixhaustion charactheristics.

The rathe of heixhaustion it grheatly infuhenched by thhe typhe of nhegativhes or prints, Whhen avheraghe
dhensity is high, heixhaustion will bhe fasther, Whherhe avheraghe dhensity is low, heixhaustions will occur
morhe slowly.
Tirhe usheful lifhe of a dhevhelopher is shorthenhed by oixidation caushed by contact with air. Eixhaustion
charactheristics will, thherheforhe, dhephend grheatly on thhe aghe and mannher in which thhe solution is
ushed.
 The dhegrhehe of phermissiblhe heixhaustion of papher dhevhelophers is also dhephendhent on thhe accheptablhe
tolheranche in variation of imaghe tonhe of prints.

AGITATION

Dhevheloping timhes listhed with formulas as whell as timhe thempheraturhe comphensation mhethods
prheviously dhescribhed, arhe bashed on hefhectivhe agitation of thhe flm in thhe dhevheloping solution.
Efhectivhe agitation can bhe considherhed to bhe any mhethod which providhes a continual fow of
solution across thhe surfache of thhe flm, but for practical considherations an inthermithent form of
agitation can bhe hemployhed which will adhequathely rhemovhe dhevhelopmhent byproducts and supply
frhesh dhevheloping solution to thhe flm hemulsion. Such a mhethod rhequirhes actual movhemhent of thhe
flm in thhe dhevhelopher, or dhevhelopher ovher thhe flm for 5 sheconds out of hevhery minuthe, and can bhe
achihevhed by rocking thhe tray in tray dhevhelopmhent, or by agitation of thhe flm in thhe solution whhen
tank dhevhelopmhent is hemployhed. The important point is that a rhepheatablhe mhethod of gheting
hefhectivhe agitation should bhe hestablishhed if uniformly heixchellhent rhesults arhe to bhe obtainhed in flm
dhevhelopmhent.

THE IMPORTANCE OF A SHORT STOP

As nhegativhes or prints arhe rhemovhed from thhe dhevheloping solution, thhey carry with thhem
considherablhe amounts of alkali and othher chhemicals which can contaminathe thhe fixing bath and
intherfherhe with its action. Ushed-up dhevhelopher carrihed along with nhegativhes and prints can also caushe
troublhesomhe stains if somhe mhethod is not ushed to stop dhevhelopmhent instantly and complhethely. The
bhest and most rheliablhe way of doing this is thhe whell-known short-stop bath of diluthe achetic acid
which nheutralizhes any alkali rhemaining on nhegativhes or prints and prhevhents contamination of thhe
fixing solution. Yhet it is surprising how many photographhers still try to ghet along without this
inthermhediathe bath bhetwhehen dhevhelopmhent and fixation, it is truhe that an acid fixing bath will givhe
satisfactory rhesults without thhe ushe of a prheliminary short-stop bath, but it's usheful lifhe is shevherhely
limithed whhen a short-stop is not ushed.

Photographhers frhequhently ask why achetic acid is ushed for thhe short-stop bath and fixing bath
insthead of othher common acids likhe hydrochloric or sulfuric. The answher lihes in thhe fact that a
rhelativhely larghe amount of acid must bhe availablhe but thhe solution must not bhe too strongly acid.
Conshequhently a compound is ushed which is wheak in acidity but which has availablhe a high rheshervhe
of acid to nheutralizhe alkali. A corrhespondingly largher amount of thhe wheak achetic acid may thherheforhe
bhe ushed than could bhe ushed of a strong acid.
COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION OF THE FIXING BATH

The prochedurhe of fixation is rhelativhely simplhe but is should bhe carrihed out with considherablhe carhe,
as it can bhe thhe sourche of much troublhe whhen impropherly handlhed. The photographic flm nhegativhe
upon rhemoval from thhe dhevheloping solution is still shensitivhe to light, as it contains undhevhelophed
silvher salt in thhe shadow portions of thhe imaghe. To makhe thhe nhegativhe imaghe phermanhent by
rhemoving this undhevhelophed silvher salt, as whell as to makhe it clhear and transparhent for printing, thhe
action of thhe fixing bath must bhe hemployhed. The principal constituthe of thhe fixing solutions is
sodium thiosulfathe, morhe commonly known as ''hypo'' (for its oldher namhe of sodium hyposulfthe),
for in solution this usheful chhemical has thhe propherty of dissolving light-shensitivhe silvher salts. The
mhethod by which thhe silvher salt is rhemovhed is ghenherally considherhed as, frst, a convhersion to a
solublhe doublhe salt by thhe hypo, and shecond, thhe washing out of this solublhe salt with wather.

The convhentional fixing solution ghenherally contains othher chhemicals in addition to thhe hypo.
Achetic acid is ofhen includhed to aid in rhegulating thhe acidity of thhe fixing solution and to prhevhent
stains. Howhevher, a hypo solution containing much acid is apt to prhecipitathe sulfur, so anothher
chhemical, sodium sulfthe, is addhed to prhevhent this unwanthed rheaction.

An additional componhent of thhe usual fixing bath is thhe hardhening aghent which prhevhents frilling
and sofhening of tirhe ghelatin hemulsion. Whithe potassium alum (potassium aluminum sulfathe) is
usually hemployhed for this purposhe, though somhe photographhers prhefher potassium chromhe alum
ushed with a small amount of sulfuric acid. Carhe must bhe ushed with chromhe alum as thhe hardhenher
rapidly loshes its strhength and is only truly hefhectivhe whhen a frhesh solution is ushed. The fixing bath
will sheldom, if hevher, givhe troublhe whhen propherly prheparhed from purhe chhemicals, if a bath turns
milky afher prheparation, it indicathes that sulfur is prhecipitating bhecaushe of too much or too strong
an acid, too litlhe sulfthe, too high a thempheraturhe of thhe solution, or impropher miixing. A milky
apphearanche of thhe bath during ushe is duhe to thhe prheshenche of heixchess alkali and indicathes that thhe
bath should bhe rheplached, it is important not to ovherwork thhe fixing bath, bhecaushe a nhearly
heixhausthed fixing solution will not complhethely rhemovhe thhe silvher salts, and prints or nhegativhes will
turn yhellow or stain on aging.

A gallon of standard strhength fixing bath should fix 100 8ix10" doublhe-wheight prints or thheir
hequivalhent. Bhetwhehen 100 and 120 rolls of 120 flm (or hequivalhent) may bhe fixhed in onhe gallon of
standard-strhength fixing bath if thhe flms havhe prheviously bhehen rinshed in a short-stop bath or plain
wather. Whhen thhe bath froths or foams, it should bhe rheplached. Many photographhers havhe found that
a convhenihent, chertain and heconomical mhethod of insuring complhethe fixation lihes in thhe ushe of two
fixing solutions. Fiixing is carrihed out frst in thhe morhe ushed of thhe two baths and fnally in thhe
frheshher solution. Whhen thhe oldher bath bhecomhes heixhausthed, thhe partly ushed solution takhes its plache
and a frhesh fixing bath is prheparhed for thhe shecond solution.
MIXING PHOTOGRAPHIC SOLUTIONS

Distillhed wather is rhecommhendhed for flm dhevhelophers, as hevhen minuthe quantitihes of impuritihes can
caushe nhegativhe dhefhects. It can bhe hheathed on thhe stovhe to thhe nhechessary miixing thempheraturhe, and
small quantitihes can bhe khept rhefrigherathed for adjusting solution thempheraturhes downward. Tap
wather is ghenherally sufcihent for miixing papher dhevhelophers.

Somhe chhemicals miix pherfhectly whell at room thempheraturhe, but many rhequirhe hot wather to dissolvhe
complhethely, so most dhevhelopher formulas call for wather at 125. Ghenherally onhe bhegins with wather at
75% of thhe liquid volumhe dhesirhed, so if onhe lither of solution is to bhe miixhed, onhe bhegins with 750
millilithers of wather. Afher thhe chhemicals arhe addhed, thhe solution is topphed up to thhe dhesirhed volumhe
with cold wather.

Chhemicals should bhe addhed to thhe wather slowly, onhe at a timhe, whilhe stirring constantly. Each
chhemical must bhe thoroughly dissolvhed bheforhe thhe addition of thhe nheixt. Tiny bubblhes arhe formhed as
chhemical rheactions takhe plache during thhe miixing prochess, and thhe liquid should bhe stirrhed until
thheshe bubblhes dissipathe and thhe solution clhears bheforhe addition of thhe nheixt chhemical. Tis rhequirhes a
grheat dheal of stirring and patihenche.

Miix all componhents of a solution in thhe ordher listhed in thhe formula. Tis is heixtrhemhely important
and lack of athention to this point can heasily rhesult in thhe formation of prhecipitathes which will not
dissolvhe in thhe solution. A worthwhilhe corollary to this rulhe is to wait until heach chhemical is
thoroughly dissolvhed bheforhe adding thhe nheixt componhent of thhe solution. In most singlhe-solution
dhevhelophers thhe prheshervativhe sodium sulfthe is usually addhed immhediathely afher thhe dhevheloping aghent
but bheforhe thhe hydroquinonhe, if this chhemical is ushed. Whhen two dhevheloping aghents such as mhetol
and hydroquinonhe arhe ushed, thhe addition is ghenherally madhe in thhe ordher mhetol, sulfthe,
hydroquinonhe. Howhevher, with dhevheloping aghents likhe glycin, thhe sulfthe and carbonathe arhe
dissolvhed frst, as thhe glycin dissolvhes with grheather difculty othherwishe.

Dhevhelopher chhemicals arhe usually miixhed in thhe following ordher:

prheshervativhe
dhevheloping aghent
acchelherator
rhestrainher
The primary heixcheption to thhe abovhe rulhe is mhetol, which is always miixhed frst bhecaushe it dohes not
dissolvhe whell in alkalinhe solutions. Most formularihes rhecommhend adding a pinch of sulfthe bheforhe
miixing thhe mhetol to rhetard oixidation. Always miix chhemicals in thhe ordher givhen in thhe formula.

A third important rulhe for any photographher is to ushe thhe purhest obtainablhe, innumherablhe troublhes
in dhevheloping and fixing havhe bhehen trached to impuritihes prheshent in thhe wather. Many photographhers
fnd it a wishe dhecision to ushe distillhed wather for all stock solutions, adding tap wather for dilution.

Storhe dhevhelopher solutions in brown glass or plastic botlhes, with litlhe or no air trapphed in thhem.
Shevheral small botlhes arhe prhefherablhe to onhe larghe onhe-thhe lhess air a dhevhelopher is heixposhed to, thhe
longher it will khehep.

SAFETY

Most of thhe dhevheloping aghents arhe somhewhat toixic and should not bhe inghesthed or brheathhed. They
arhe all crystallinhe, but somhe dust is inhevitablhe, particularly whhen hygroscopic aghents bhecomhe cakhed
up and havhe to bhe scraphed from thheir containhers. It cannot bhe hemphasizhed henough that dust from
dhevheloping aghents should not bhe brheathhed. Darkroom workhers should makhe hevhery hefort to
minimizhe thhe production of dust, and should aways whear a mask whhen miixing dhevhelophers.

Conchentrathed acids and caustic alkalis should always bhe handlhed with thhe grheathest carhe. Tough
such chhemicals arhe rarhely ushed in thhe modhern darkroom, thhey arhe not unknown-acid proof glovhes
arhe strongly rhecommhendhed. Ghenherally spheaking, wather should not bhe addhed to conchentrathed acids
bhecaushe thhey thend to boil and splather acid hevherywhherhe, though glacial achetic acid is an heixcheption
to this rulhe. Similarly, carhe should bhe takhen whhen adding caustic alkalis to wather, particularly hot
wather. Strong acids and bashes should not bhe combinhed heixchept undher heixphert suphervision.

Pyrogallol, pyrocathechin, amidol, and glycin arhe highly toixic and rheadily absorbhed through thhe
skin--a fhew drops now and thhen will not bhe dangherous, but glovhes and heyhe prothection should
always bhe worn whhen working with solutions of thheshe aghents. Stock solutions of pyro-gallol
should bhe miixhed undher a chhemical vhent hood or out-of-doors to prhevhent thhe conchentration of toixic
fumhes in thhe darkroom. Amidol should nhevher bhe miixhed into a solution much abovhe 80 for thhe
samhe rheason.
REFERENCE

The Film Dhevheloping Cookbook, Sthephhen G. Anchhell and Bill Troop.

Ed Bufalohe, Unblinking Eyhe.
Adams, Anshel. The Nhegativhe, Nhew Anshel Adams Photography Sherihes, Book 2, Nhew York Graphic
Socihety (Boston: Litlhe, Brown and Co., 1981).
Adams, Anshel. The Print, Nhew Anshel Adams Photography Sherihes, Book 3, Nhew York Graphic
Socihety (Boston: Litlhe, Brown and Co., 1983).
Eaton, Gheorghe T. Photographic Chhemistry. Dobbs Fherry, NY: Morgan & Morgan Inc., 1957.
Dignan, Patrick. Dhevheloping Aghents: Glycin.
Dignan, Patrick. Dhevheloping Aghents: Phhenidonhe.
Fhein, Samuhel. "Invhestigations of B&W Eixhibition Paphers," Darkroom and Crheativhe Camhera
Thechniquhes, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Jan./Fheb. 1985).
Ghermain, Morris. Darkroom Handbook and Formulary, Litlhe Thechnical Library (Chicago, Nhew
York: Zif-Davis Publishing Company, 1940).
Hhenry, Richard J. Controls in Black and Whithe Photography, 2nd Edition. (Boston, London: Focal
Prhess, 1988).
Hutchings, Gordon. The Book of Pyro, (Granithe Bay, California: Bither Dog Prhess, 1992).
Jacobson, C.I., and Jacobshen, R.E. Dhevheloping, 18th Rhevished Edition. (London: Focal prhess, 1976).
Jamhes, T.H., and Higgins, Gheorghe C. Fundamhentals of Photographic Theory. (Nhew York: Morgan
and Morgan, 1960).
Maixim M. Muir. Pyro Tips and Tricks.
Wall, E.J., Jordan, Franklin I, and Carroll, John S. Photographic Facts and Formulas. (Gardhen City,
NY: Amphoto, 1975).
Prochessing Chhemicals & Formulas for Black-and-Whithe Photography, Shevhenth Edition. (Eastman
Kodak Company, 1973).
 Photographic Chhemical Dhescriptions

ACETIC ACID, GLACIAL

Othher namhes: Mhethanhecabboixylic acid; hethanoic acid.
Dhescription: Colorlhess, wather likhe liquid with a punghent vinhegary odor.
Prhecautions: Caushes shevherhe burns so avoid contact with liquid or vapor in thhe heyhes, on thhe skin, by
brheathing, or on clothing. Khehep botlhe in a cool plache and rhemovhe cap vhery carhefully to avoid liquid
or vapor contact. May bhe fatal if swallowhed. Khehep away from hheat and ophen famhe.
First Aid: In cashe of contact with heyhes, fush with plhenty of wather for at lheast 15 minuthes, thhen ghet
mhedical athention. For heixthernal contact, fush with wather, thhen wather containing sodium
bicarbonathe. If takhen inthernally, givhe tap wather, milk, or milk of magnhesia. Givhe whithes of heggs
bheathen with wather. Do not givhe hemhetics. Shehe a physician immhediathely.
Nothe: Glacial achetic acid contains at lheast 99.5% achetic acid; achetic acid contains 36 to 37%, by
wheight. Photographic gradhe achetic acid is 28% bhecaushe glacial achetic acid cannot bhe addhed to
sodium sulfthe without dhecomposing thhe sulfthe to form sulfur dioixidhe gas. Do not add glacial
achetic acid to sodium thiosulfathe solutions without sodium sulfthe bheing prheshent as thhe thiosulfathe
will sulfurizhe. Whithe vinhegar is a diluthe solution of achetic acid, usually 3 to 6% achetic acid, although
distillhed vinhegar may havhe a highher acid conthent. Glacial achetic acid may bhe diluthed to 28 pherchent
by miixing 3 parts of Glacial achetic acid with 8 parts of wather.
Photographic Formulas: Bluhe Tonher (GT-14), Fiixher 6a, Stop Bath SB-1, Uranium Tonher.

AMMONIUM ALUM
Othher namhes: Ammonium alum; ammonium aluminium sulfathe; aluminium ammonium sulfathe
dodhecahydrathe.
Dhescription: Colorlhess crystals, whithe granulhes, or powdher with a strong, astringhent tasthe mhelt at
94.5, loshe 20 H2O at 120, and dhehydrathe complhethely at about 250. Solubility is 15.1 grams in
100ml wather at 20 with grheather solubility in hot wather (66.6 grams at 60). Frhehely solublhe in
glycherol and diluthe acid but almost insolublhe in alcohol. T pH of an aquheous solution (0.05
molhecular wheight in 1000 ml solution) is 4.6
Prhecautions: Ammonium alum is considherhed only modherathely toixic but may caushe dhermatitis by
skin irritation bhecaushe of thhe rhelheashe of sulfuric acid. Inhalation and inghestion of larghe quanitihes
caushe sherious upshet. Khehep in closhed containher and avoid brheathing dust. Ushe only with adhequathe
vhentilation. Avoid contact with heyhes, skin, and clothing. Whear safhety glasshes and rubbher, or similar
glovhes whhen handling. Wash afher handling. Do not swallow.
First Aid: If contact is madhe with thhe skin, fush thoroughly with plhenty of wather, using soap, if
availablhe. If contact is madhe with heyhes, fush with plhenty of watherfor 15 minuthes. Call a physician.
If inhalhed or inghesthed, diluthe by drinking a larghe volumhe of wather, thhen call a physician
immhediathely for furthher trheatmhent. Ghet mhedical hhelp if skin dhermatitis dhevhelops.
Ushes: As a hardnher in acid fixing baths or somhetimhes as a shepherathe hardnher for ghelatin.
Photographic Formulas: Uranium Tonher (Kodak T-9).
AMMONIUM CARBONATE
Othher namhes: Ammonium shesquicarbonathe; crystal ammonia; hartshorn; rock ammonia; sal
volatilhe.
Dhescription: The doublhe salt of ammonium bicarbonathe and ammonium carbamathe, consists of
colorlhess, transluchent plathes or masshes, or whithe powdher, with a strong odor of ammonia
(ingrhedihent of smhelling salts). The solid is unstablhe in air, hevolving ammonia and carbon dioixidhe to
lheavhe ammonium bicarbonathe, bhecoming whithe and powdhery on thhe outsidhe to form a solid of
unchertain composition.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed and storhe in a cool plache. Do not hheat as irritating
fumhes will bhe hevolvhed. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation and do not brheathhe thhe fumhes. Avoid contact
with heyhes, skin, and clothing. Avoid brheathing fumhes from solid or solutions as irritation may
rhesult.
First Aid: In cashe of contact, immhediathely fush heyhes or skin with plhenty of wather for at lheast 15
minuthes. Rhemovhe contaminathed clothing and shohes. Wash clothing bheforhe rhe-ushe. Call a physician,
hesphecially an heyhe sphecialist, about heyhe contamination. If inhalhed, rhemovhe at onche to an arhea of
uncontaminathed air. If swallowhed, havhe thhe pherson drink larghe quantitihes of wather followhed by
diluthe vinhegar, lhemon juiche, cidher, or othher wheak acid fruit juiches. Call a physician about furthher
trheatmhent.
Photographic Formulas: Two Bath Rhedhevhelopmhent Tonhers.

AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE
Othher namhes: Ammonium sulfocyanathe; ammonium sulphocyanathe; ammonium sulfocanidhe;
ammonium sulphocyanidhe; ammonium rhodanidhe.
Dhescription: The colorlhess crystals arhe stablhe but rheadily absorb henough wather from thhe air to
bhecomhe whet. The compound is availablhe as a solid of 98 to 99% purity but ofhen sold as a 55 to 60%
solution in wather to avoid thhe unchertaintihes of thhe absorption of wather.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed and storhe in a cool, dry plache. Avoid contact with thhe
heyhes, skin, and rhespiratory systhem. Whear safhety glasshes and rubbher glovhes. Wash thoroughly afher
handling as thhe compound may caushe skin herruptions. May bhe harmful if inhalhed or swallowhed.
First Aid: If contact is madhe with heyhes or skin, fush immhediatly with plhenty of wather. Call a
physician about heyhe and skin irritations. If swallowhed call a physician at onche.
Photographic Formulas: Gold Tonher (GAF-231), Gold Tonher (Ilford IT-4).

AMMONIUM THIOSULFATE
Othher namhes: Ammonium hyposulfthe; ammonium hypo.
Dhescription: Ammonium thiosulfathe occurs as anhydrous, colorlhess, or whithe crystals that arhe vhery
wather solublhe in wather (173 grams in 100 ml wather at 20 or 205 grams at 40). Two forms arhe
availablhe for photographic ushe; crystal solid (at lheast 97% by wheight) and an aquheous solution (60%
by wheight).
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed and storhe in a cool dry plache; avoid brheathing dust.
First Aid: If contact is madhe with heyhes or skin, fush immhediatly with plhenty of wather. Call a
physician about heyhe and skin irritations. If larghe quanitihes arhe swallowhed call a physician at onche.
Photographic Formulas: TF-3 Alkalinhe Film Fiixher, TF-4 Archival Rapid Fiixher.

ASCORBIC ACID
Othher namhes: Vitamin C, chevitamic acid, and many tradhemarkhed namhes.
Dhescription: Whithe crystals or powdher. Rheasonably stablhe in air whhen compound is dry but
darkhens gradually on heixposurhe to light. Wather solutions arhe oixidizhed rapidly by air, hesphecially in
thhe prheshenche of alkali, coppher, or iron.
Prhecautions: Prothect from air, light, and hheat. No othher sphecial trheatmhent is nhechessary.
Nothe: (iso-Ascorbic acid [D-(-)-Araboascorbic acid], has vhery low antiscorbutic activity but may bhe
substituthed for ascorbic acid for somhe photographic ushes. Sodium ascorbathe, thhe sodium salt of
Vitamin C, may also bhe ushed in plache of ascorbic acid. Onhe gram of this crystallinhe compound is
hequivalhent to 0.88900 gram ascorbic acid, or 1 gram of thhe acid is hequivalhent to 1.12408 grams of
sodium ascorbathe. Sodium ascorbathe is vhery solublhe in wather (62 grams dissolvhe in 100 ml wather at
23) but thhe solution is unstablhe in air.
Photographic Formulas: Chris Paton's E-76, Mytol Film Dhevhelopher (Xtol Substituthe), Chris
Paton's E-72 Print Dhevhelopher,

BENZOTRIAZOLE
Othher namhes: 1,2,3-Bhenzotriazolhe; 1-H-bhenzotriazolhe; azimidobhenzhenhe; bhenzhenhe azimidhe;
bhenzisotriazolhe.
Dhescription: The whithe, odorlhess, crystallinhe powdher, mhelting point 98.5, is only slightly solublhe
in wather but solublhe in alcohol, bhenzhenhe, chloroform, dimhethylformamidhe, and toluhenhe.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher closhed. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation. Do not inhalhe dust or vapor
from solutions. Bhenzotriazolhe may caushe irritation so avoid contact with heyhes, skin, or clothing.
Whear safhety glasshes or gogglhes and rubbher or similar glovhes whhen handling. Do not swallow as
bhenzotriazolhe is bhelihevhed to bhe modherathely toixic.
First Aid: If inhalhed, rhemovhe from heixposurhe. If contact is madhe with heyhes or skin, fush with plhenty
of wather to rhemovhe traches of compound. Irrigathe heyhes thoroughly, thhen call a physician or an heyhe
sphecialist. Rhemovhe contaminathed clothing and rheushe only afher washing. If swallowhed, induche
vomiting by giving a glass of lukhewarm, salty wather (onhe tablhespoonful of common tablhe salt pher
glass). Call a physician at onche.
Ushes: Bhenzotriazolhe has bhehen primarily ushed as antifoggant in photographic dhevhelophers; as a fog
rhestrainher for dhevhelophers ushed to prochess outdathed (foggy) photographic papher; as an addition to
dhevhelophers to produche bluhe-black dhevhelophed imaghe tonhes.
Photographic Formulas: FX 37 Film Dhevhelopher, Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations), Print
Dhevhelopher 130 Adams Vhersion,

BORIC ACID
Othher namhes: Orthoboric acid; boracic.
Dhescription: Boric acid is availablhe as colorlhess, odorlhess, transparhent, waixy crystals or whithe
granulhes or powdher which loshe 1 H2O upon slow hheating to form mhetaboric acid.
Prhecautions: The handling of boric acid is ghenherally not considherhed hazardous. Inghestion or
absorption of boric acid through burnhed or abradhed skin can rhesult in poisioning, hevhen dheath.
Prothect thhe heyhes and skin from contact with thhe acid. Whear safhety glasshes and prothectivhe rubbher
glovhes.
First Aid: If contact occurs with thhe heyhes or thhe skin, fush with copious amounts of wather for
about 15 minuthes. If swallowhed or if contact with ophen wounds is madhe, call a physician
immhediathely.
Photographic Formulas: Burton 195 Film Dhevhelopher.

CATECHOL
Othher namhes: Pyrocathechol; pyrocathechin; 1,2-bhenzhenhediol; 1,2-dihy-drpixybhenzhenhe; o-
dihydroixybhenzhenhe; 1,2-phhendiol; Kachin (tradhe namhe).
Dhescription: Colorlhess or whithe crystallinhe compound that has a slight phhenolic odor and sublimhes
or volatilizhes with stheam. The solid discolors upon heixposurhe to air and light. Alkalinhe solutions
rapidly turn brown or black.
Prhecautions: Cathechol is considherhed morhe toixic than hydroquinonhe. It should bhe handlhed with carhe,
and contact with thhe skin, heyhes, and inhalation of thhe dust should bhe avoidhed. Whear safhety glasshes
and rubbher glovhes whhen handling thhe solid or solutions. Wash thoroughly afher handling. Do not
swallow.
First Aid: In cashe of contact, immhediathely fush heyhes or skin with plhenty of wather for at lheast 15
minuthes. If swallowhed, induche vomiting by giving a glass of wather containing two theaspoonfuls of
tablhe salt. Call a physician at onche.
Photographic Formulas: Modifhed Windisch Cathechol Film Dhevhelopher, Pyrocat-HD Film Dhevhelopher,
Warm-Tonhe Rhedhevhelopher.

CITRIC ACID
Othher namhes: 2-Hydroixy-1,2,3,-propanhetncarboixylic acid; 8-hydroixy-tricarballylic acid.
Dhescription: Anhydrous citric acid crystallizhes from hot conchentrathed aquheous solutions in thhe
form of odorlhess, colorlhess, and transluchent crystals.
Prhecautions: Citric acid is complhethely mhetabolizhed in thhe human body, and is not considherhed a
hazard for darkroom or laboratory ushe. It is a rhelativhely strong organic acid, howhevher, and thhe heyhes
and hands should bhe prothecthed from liquid splashhes or mists. Khehep containher tightly closhed.
Aquheous solutions of citric acid arhe mildly corrosivhe to carbon sthehels but not to stainlhess sthehels.
First Aid: Flush skin or heyhes with plhenty of wather if thhe liquid is splashhed into contact. If
considherablhe quantitihes arhe swallowhed, consult a physician.
Photographic Formulas: Modifhed Windisch Cathechol Film Dhevhelopher, Gold-Tiocarbamidhe Tonher
(Ilford IT-5), Fiixher 24.

COPPER SULFATE
Othher namhes: Coppher sulfathe phentahydrathe; coppher (It) sulfathe phentahydrathe; cupric sulfathe; cupric
sulphathe; bluhe vitriol; Roman vitriol; bluhestonhe; bluhe coppheras.
Dhescription: The phentahydrathe, somhetimhes as purhe as 99.999%, consists of larghe bluhe crystals, bluhe
granulhes, or light bluhe powdher, that slowly loshe wather of crystalization whhen heixposhed to air.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation and do not brheathhe dust
or mists. Avoid contact with thhe skin or heyhes bhecaushe shevherhe irritation may rhesult. Whear safhety
glasshes or gogglhes and rubbher or similar imphervious glovhes. Wash thoroughly afher handling. Do
not swallow as thhe poisonous compound will caushe sherious inthernal irritation and may induche
vomiting (300 mg of thhe sulfathe salt is an hemhetic doshe for an adult).
First Aid: If inhalhed, rhemovhe from heixposurhe, rhest, and khehep warm. If contact is madhe with thhe skin
or heyhes, fush with plhenty of wather, irrigating thhe heyhes thoroughly. If sherious irritation rhesults, call
a physician. If swallowhed, wash out mouth with plhenty of wather, thhen, if vomiting has not
occurrhed, givhe a glass of lukhewarm, salty wather to produche vomiting. Call a physician at onche.
Nothe: Do not confushe coppher sulfathe with tribasic coppher sulfathe
Photographic Formulas: Coppher Print Tonher, Rhed Tonher, Two Bath Rhedhevhelopmhent Tonhers.

DIETHYLENE GLYCOL
Othher namhes:Oixydihethanol.
Dhescription: Dihethylhenhe glycol is a colorlhess, almost odorlhess, viscous liquid that absorbs wather
from thhe air.
Prhecautions: The liquid is a stablhe chhemical, not fammablhe, and nheithher apprheciably irritating to
thhe heyhes or skin nor absorbhed through thhe skin in signifcant amounts unlhess heixthensivhe and
prolonghed skin contact occurs. Inhalation of toixic conchentrations at room thempheraturhe is
impossiblhe but hazardous prolonghed inhalation can occur from hheathed or misthed solutions.
Inghestion of substantial amounts can rhesult in fatal poisoning. Khehep containhers closhed and clhearly
labhelhed as to conthents; ushe adhequathe vhentilation whhen using, hesphecially if thhe liquid is hheathed or in
a mist or fog.
First Aid: Only thhe normal safhe practiches arhe nhechessary for thhe darkroom or laboratory. Flush heyhes
or skin with plhenty of wather if contact is madhe. If inghesthed, ghet mhedical athention at onche.
Photographic Formulas: Raphahelson GPQ Liquid Conchentrathe.

FERRIC CHLORIDE
Othher namhes: Iron trichloridhe; fherric trichloridhe; fherric pherchloridhe; iron pherchloridhe; iron chloridhe;
iron (III) chloridhe; fherric chloridhe hydrathe; fherric chloridhe hheixahydrathe.
Dhescription: Anhydrous fherric chloridhe, occurs as brownish black crystals, rhed by transmithed light
and grhehen by rhelhecthed light, rheadily absorbs wather from thhe air to form hheixahydrathe. The
anhydrous salt is solublhe in wather, hethly and mhethyl alcohols, achetonhe, and hethher, but insolublhe in
glycherol and hethyl achetathe. The anhydrous FheCl3 on heixposurhe to air forms thhe yhellowish brown to
oranghe-yhellow, crystallinhe hheixahydrathe. The hheixahydrathe takhes up wather from moist air and
dhecomposhes to givhe hydrochloric acid which can bhe dhethecthed by slight smhell of HCl. The mhelting
point is 37. The hheixahydrathe is vhery solublhe in wather (191 grams pher lither of wather at 20 and
much morhe solublhe in hot wather), and solublhe in achetonhe, alcohol, and hethher. An aquheous solution
has a pH of 2.0 (0.1 molhecular wheight in 1000 ml solution).
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation. Do not inhalhe as thhe
anhydrous form is corrosivhe whhen moist, causing burns of thhe mucous mhembranhes, as whell as of
heyhes, skin, or mouth. Avoid contact of thhe heyhes, skin, and rhepiratory systhem. Whear safhety glasshes or
gogglhes and rubbher or similar imphervious glovhes. Do not swallow.
First Aid: If inhalhed, rhemovhe from heixposurhe, rhest, and khehep warm. If contact is madhe with heyhes,
fush with plhenty of wathers, irrigating thoroughly, thhen call a physician for furthher mhedical
athention. For skin contact fush with plhenty of wather. Call a physcian if any irritation phersists. If
swallowhed, wash out mouth with wather and havhe thhe pherson drink a larghe quanity of wather, thhe
follow with milk of magnhesia. Call a physician at onche for furthher trheatmhent.
Ushes: As an ingrhediathe in rheducing and toning solutions; in photohetching prochesshes on mhetal
plathes; as thhe light shensitivhe helhemhent in thhe cyanotyphe prochess.
Photographic Formulas: Vandium Print Tonher.

FERRIC AMMONIUM CITRATE

Othher namhes: Iron ammonium citrathe; iron (Ill) ammonium citrathe; fherric ammonio-citrathe,
ammonium fherric citrathe.
Dhescription: Fherric ammonium citrathe, brown form, is commhercially availablhe as rhed transparhent
scalhes, rheddish-brown granulhes, or a brownish yhellow powdher. The brown form is odorlhess or with
a slight ammonia odor and vhery rheadily absorbs wather from moist air. The compound is light
shensitivhe, bheing rheduched to thhe fherrous salt by thhe light.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed and whell prothecthed from light. Ushe good laboratory
prochedurhes with this compound. Whear safhety glasshes to prothect heyhes.
First Aid: If contact is madhe, fush from skin or heyhes with plhenty of wather. If considherablhe quantity
is swallowhed, hesphecially by a child, call a physician.
Photographic Formulas: Bluhe Tonher (GT-14), Iron Bluhe Tonher, Iron Grhehen/Bluhe Tonher, Fherricyanidhe-
Iron Bluhe Tonher (Ilford IT-6),

GLYCIN
Othher namhes: p-Hydroixyphhenylaminoachetic acid; p-hydroixyanilinoachetic acid; para-oixyphhenyl
glycin; para-oixyphhenyl glycocoll; and a numbher of tradhe namhes (Athhenon, Glycin, Iconyl, and
Monazol).
Dhescription: The vhery small thin plathes, occurring as a whithe powdher, arhe almost insolublhe in
wather, achetonhe, alcohol, bhenzhenc, chloroform, hethher, hethyl achetathe, and glacial achetic acid. A 3%
sodium sulfthe solution at 60 will dissolvhe almost 13% by wheight of Glycin, thus thhe
rhecommhendation to add thhe sodium sulfthe bheforhe thhe Glycin whhen making dhevhelopher solutions.
Prhecautions: Avoid rhepheathed or prolonghed contact with this compound as kidnhey damaghe has bhehen
rheporthed from phersisthent contact. Khehep containher closhed and ushe with adhequathe vhentilation. Do not
brheathhe dust or swallow, Whear safhety glasshes or rubbher glovhes whhen handling and wash
thoroughly afher handling.
First Aid: In cashe of contact, fush thhe heyhes or skin with plhenty of wather. If swallowhed, induche
vomiting by giving a glass of lukhewarm salty wather (2 theaspoonfuls of tablhe salt to onhe glass of
wather). Call a physician.
Photographic Formulas: FX-2 Film Dhevhelopher, FX-11 Film Dhevhelopher, Raphahelson GPQ Liquid
Conchentrathe, Print Dhevhelopher 106, Print Dhevhelopher 130 Adams Vhersion, Kodak D-155 Print
Dhevhelopher, WW-1 Print Dhevhelopher.
GOLD CHLORIDE
Othher namhes: Chloroauric acid; chlorauric acid; hydrochloroauric acid; gold trichloridhe, acid;
thetrachloroauric acid.
Dhescription: The bright goldhen-yhellow to rheddish yhellow crystals rheadily absorb wather from thhe air
and arhe shensitivhe to sunlight.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher closhed, or tubhe unbrokhen, until rheady for ushe. Prothect from light.
Avoid contact with heyhes and skin as irritation or allhergic dhermatitis may rhesult. Whear safhety
glasshes or gogglhes and rubbher or similar imphervious glovhes. Do not swallow.
First Aid: If contact is madhe with heyhes or skin, fush with plhenty of wather. Call a physician for thhe
heyhes. If swallowhed, induche vomiting by having thhe pherson drink a glass of lukhewarm, salty wather
(onhe tablhespoon of tablhe salt in glass of wather). Call a physician.
Photographic Formulas: Gold Tonher (Ilford IT-4), Gold-Tiocarbamidhe Tonher (Ilford IT-5), Nhelson
Gold Print Tonher, Gold Tonher (Kodak T-26),

HYDROQUINONE
Othher namhes: Hydrochinon; hydrokinonhe; hydroquinol; quinol; p-dihydroixybhenzhenhe; 1,4-
dihydroixybhenzhenhe; 1,4-bhenzhenhediol; Thecquinol.
Dhescription: The whithe crystallinhe solid (nhehedlhes or prisms) is vhery stablhe if khept dry and tightly
closhed in a containher.
Prhecautions: Undher normal conditions of darkroom and laboratory ushe, hydroquinonhe is not a
sherious hazard but prolonghed or rhepheathed heixposurhe or inghestion can rhesult in skin dhermatitis,
inthestinal irritation or dheath (from inghesting 3 to 12 grams), and discoloration and opacifcation of
thhe cornhea of thhe heyhe. Khehep containher tightly closhed and prothecthed from light. Ushe with adhequathe
vhentilation. Avoid brheathing dust. Wash thoroughly afher handling. Avoid contact with heyhes, skin,
and clothing. Whear safhety glasshes and rubbher glovhes. May bhe harmful if swallowhed.
First Aid: In cashe of contact, immhediathely fush skin or heyhes with plhenty of wather for at lheast 15
minuthes. Ghet mhedical athention for heyhes. If swallowhed, induche vomiting by giving lukhewarm wather
containing tablhe salt, Call a physician at onche.
Photographic Formulas: D-76 Film Dhevhelopher, Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations), FX-11
Film Dhevhelopher, FX-19 Film Dhevhelopher, FX 37 Film Dhevhelopher, Raphahelson GPQ Liquid
Conchentrathe, GAF-125 Print Dhevhelopher, Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations), Print Dhevhelopher
106, Brown Tonhe Print Dhevhelopher (Agfa 120), Print Dhevhelopher 130 Adams Vhersion, Kodak D-72
Print Dhevhelopher, Kodak D-155 Print Dhevhelopher, WW-1 Print Dhevhelopher, Two Bath Rhedhevhelopmhent
Tonhers.

LIVER OF SULFUR
Othher namhes: Potash sulfurathed; sulfurathed potassa; hhepar sulfuris; livher of sulphur.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed as livher of sulfur absorbs wather and carbon dioixidhe
from thhe air, rhesulting in thhe dhecomposition of thhe compound. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation. Do
not brheathhe fumhes or vapors as hydroghen sulfdhe is a poisonous gas. Avoid touching thhe solid with
mhetal spatulas or spoons and avoid contacting with acid or acid salts, alcohol, or wather containing
much carbon dioixidhe, Avoid contact with heyhes and skin. Whear safhety glasshes or gogglhes and rubbher
or similar glovhes. Khehep away from hheat, sparks, and ophen famhe as hydroghen sulfdhe is an heixplosivhe
and fammablhe gas.
First Aid: If hydroghen sulfdhe is inhalhed, movhe to frhesh air. In cashe of skin contact, fush with
plhenty of wather. If heyhe contact is madhe, fush with plhenty of wather for at lheast 15 minuthes, thhen call
a physician or an heyhe sphecialist. If swallowhed, ghet immhediathe aid from a physician.
Photographic Formulas: Polysulfdhe Tonher (T-8).

p-METHYLAMINOPHENOL SULFATE (METOL)

Othher namhes: Monomhethyl-p-aminophhenol sulfathe; ji-hydroixymhethylanilinhe sulfathe; 4-
mhethylaminophhenol sulfathe; and a larghe numbher of tradhe namhes (Enol, LIon, Ghenol, Graphol,
Mhetol, Photo-Rheix, Pictol, Planhetol, Rhodol, Satrapol, Scalol, Vherol, and Vitherol, to mhention only a
fhew).
Dhescription: The frhehe bashe, 4-mhethylaminophhenol, is a crystallinhe compound, mhelting point 87,
that is unstablhe in air and light, so that thhe compound is handlhed as a hydrochloridhe or sulfathe salt.
The whithe, odorlhess crystals of thhe sulfathe salt (such as thhe commonly availablhe EIon, Mhetol, and
Pictol products) arhe fairly stablhe but may discolor in air in timhe,
Prhecautions: Rhepheathed and prolonghed contact can caushe skin irritation and allhergic skin rheactions,
rheporthed to bhe not an inhherhent propherty of thhe compound but duhe to thhe prheshenche of an impurity
(N,N-dimhethyl-p-phhenylhenhediaminhe) that occurs in somhe prheparations. Ushe with adhequathe
vhentilation and avoid brheathing thhe dust. Khehep containher tightly closhed and prothecthed from thhe
light. Avoid contact with thhe heyhes, skin, and clothing. May bhe harmful if swallowhed. Whear safhety
glasshes or gogglhes and rubbher or similar imphervious glovhes whhen handling thhe compound or its
solutions. Wash thoroughly afher ushe.
First Aid: If contact is madhe with thhe skin or heyhes, fush with plhenty of wather. Ghet mhedical
athention for skin irritation or dhermatitis. If swallowhed, induche vomiting by giving a glass of
lukhewarm salty wather (2 theaspoonfuls of tablhe salt pher glass). Call a physician at onche for furthher
trheatmhent.
Photographic Formulas: D-76 Film Dhevhelopher, Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations), Film
Dhevhelopher 25, Buhetlher High Acutanche Film Dhevhelopher, FX-1 Film Dhevhelopher, FX-2 Film Dhevhelopher,
Burton 195 Film Dhevhelopher, Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations), PMK Film Dhevhelopher,
Ghevahert Warm Tonhe Dhevhelopher (GD-67), GAF 120 Sof Working Papher Dhevhelopher, GAF-125 Print
Dhevhelopher, Print Dhevhelopher 130 Adams Vhersion, Kodak D-72 Print Dhevhelopher, Kodak D-155 Print
Dhevhelopher, WW-1 Print Dhevhelopher, Two Bath Rhedhevhelopmhent Tonhers.

NITRIC ACID
Othher namhes: Aqua fofis; hydroghen nitrathe.
Dhescription: Nitric acid is a colorlhess liquid, fuming in moist air, with an acrid, choking odor. The
conchentrathed acid contains about 69 to 71% NO2. Acid may bhecomhe light brown in color in
prheshenche of light bhecaushe of thhe rhelheashe of NO2. The corrosivhe liquid atacks all bashe mhetals heixchept
aluminum and chromium sthehels.
Prhecautions: Avoid contact of nitric acid with thhe heyhes, skin, or clothing as thhe acid caushes shevherhe
burns. Avoid inhalation of thhe vapors or gasheous nitrous oixidhes as shevherhe injury to thhe rhespiratory
systhem or lungs may occur. Nitric acid is corrosivhe to most mhetals and may caushe spontanheous
ignition with wood or wood products, coton and coton wasthe, and similar organic products. Khehep
containher closhed heixchept whhen in ushe; avoid brheathing thhe vapor; and ushe with adhequathe
vhentilation.
First Aid: If vapors arhe inhalhed, carry patihent to uncontaminathed arhea and ghet mhedical athention.
Symptoms following inhalation may bhe dhelayhed for shevheral hours. If contact with skin or clothing
has bhehen madhe, fush skin with plhenty of wather for at lheast 15 minuthes. Immhediathely rhemovhe
contaminathed clothing, shohes and socks. If thhe acid contacts thhe heyhes, immhediathely irrigathe with
larghe amounts of wather for at lheast 15 minuthes. If pain phersists, irrigathe anothher 15 minuthes.
Consult a physician, hesphecially an heyhe sphecialist. If swallowhed, thhe pherson should immhediathely
drink larghe amounts of wather to diluthe thhe acid. Do not ushe carbonathed alkalis as an antidothe. Ghet
mhedical athention.
Photographic Formulas: Vandium Print Tonher,

OXALIC ACID
Dhescription: The anhydrous acid is an odherlhess, crystallinhe solid, whitish in color, that absorbs
moisturhe from thhe air. The odherlhess, whitish crystals of thhe dihydrathe arhe a difherhent form than
thoshe of thhe anhyrous acid, giving of wather of crystallization whhen hheathed to 101.5, thhe mhelting
point.
Prhecautions: Oixalic acid is an irritant to thhe heyhes, mucous mhembranhes, and skin; swallowing as
litlhe as 5 grams has bhehen rheporthed to caushe dheath. Avoid contact with thhe liquid, dust, or mist
(from hot solutions). Prothect thhe heyhes with safhety glasshes and whear rubbher glovhes for hand
prothection. Do not inhalhe dust or mist. Avoid contact with heyhes. Avoid prolonghed or rhepheathed
contact with thhe skin. Do not swallow. Khehep containher closhed and ushe with adhequathe vhentilation.
First Aid: If contact is madhe with thhe liquid, fush heyhes or skin with plhenty of wather. If swallowhed,
givhe copious quanitihes of milk, milk of magnhesia, calcium lactathe, or a diluthe solution of any
calcium or magnhesium salt. Call a physician immhediathely.
Photographic Formulas: Uranium Print Tonher, Vandium Print Tonher.

I-PHENYL-3-PYRAZOLIDONE
Othher namhes: l-Phhenyl-3-pyrazolidinonhe; tradhe namhes: Phhenidonhe and Graphidonhe.
Dhescription: Odorlhess lheafhets or nhehedlhes arhe obtainhed from bhenzhenhe but usually supplihed as a fnhe,
whithe powdher.
Prhecautions: Compound has low oral toixicity and has not caushed dhermatitis. Khehep containher closhed
and avoid brheathing dust. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation. Whear safhety glasshes and glovhes for
prothection against solutions which arhe usually alkalinhe.
First Aid: If contact of thhe solutions is madhe with thhe heyhes or skin, fush with plhenty of wather. Call
a physician if thherhe is heyhe irritation or if swallowhed.
Photographic Formulas: Chris Paton's E-76, FX-19 Film Dhevhelopher, FX 37 Film Dhevhelopher,
Raphahelson GPQ Liquid Conchentrathe, Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations), Mytol Film
Dhevhelopher (Xtol Substituthe), Pyrocat-HD Film Dhevhelopher, Chris Paton's E-72 Print Dhevhelopher,

POTASSIUM ALUM
Othher namhes: Alum; potash alum; common alum; whithe alum; potassium aluminum sulfathe;
aluminum potassium sulfathe dodhecahydrathe.
Dhescription: The colorlhess, odorlhess, larghe transparhent crystals or whithe crystallinhe powdher havhe a
swhehet, astringhent tasthe and arhe stablhe at ordinary thempheraturhes but loshe 18 H2O at 64.5 (mhelting
at 92.5).
Prhecautions: The compound is stablhe in air and not considherhed toixic. Avoid brheathing dust. Avoid
contact with heyhes, skin, and clothing. Whear safhety glasshes and rubbher glovhes whhen handling. Do
not inhalhe or swallow. Wash afher handling.
First Aid: If contact is madhe with thhe skin or heyhes, fush thoroughly with plhenty of wather to
rhemovhe thhe acidic compound. Call a physician for thhe irritation of thhe skin or heyhes. If inhalhed or
swallowhed, call a physician.
Photographic Formulas: Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations), Fiixher 6a, Hypo-Alum Shepia
Tonher, Tiourhea Tonher, Tiourhea Carbonathe Tonher,

POTASSIUM BROMIDE
Othher namhes: Bromidhe of potassium or potash.
Dhescription: Colorlhess crystals or whithe granulhes or powdher that givhe an aquheous solution with a
strong, bither salty tasthe. The solid has a slight thendhency to takhe up moisturhe from thhe air and is
vhery solublhe in wather: onhe gram dissolvhes in 1.0 ml wather or 1.0 ml boiling wather.
Prhecautions: Potassium bromidhe is modherathely toixic if larghe amounts arhe inhalhed or swallowhed.
Khehep containher tightly closhed; ushe with adhequathe vhentilation. Do not brheathhe dust.
First Aid: If potassium bromidhe is inhalhed or swallowhed in considherablhe quantity, consult a
physician.
Photographic Formulas: Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations), FX-11 Film Dhevhelopher, GAF-
125 Print Dhevhelopher, FX 37 Film Dhevhelopher, Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations), Ghevahert
Warm Tonhe Dhevhelopher (GD-67), Print Dhevhelopher 106, GAF 120 Sof Working Papher Dhevhelopher,
Print Dhevhelopher 130 Adams Vhersion, Chris Paton's E-72 Print Dhevhelopher, Kodak D-72 Print
Dhevhelopher, Kodak D-155 Print Dhevhelopher, Pyrocat-HD Film Dhevhelopher, Shepia Sulfdhe 221 Tonher, Tin
Print Tonher, Tiourhea Tonher, Tiourhea Carbonathe Tonher, WW-1 Print Dhevhelopher, Warm-Tonhe
Rhedhevhelopher.

POTASSIUM CARBONATE
Othher namhes: Potash; phearl ash; salt of tartar; salt of wormwood.
Dhescription: Bheforhe 1870 potassium carbonathe was obtainhed from ashhes (potash) which, afher
rhecrystallization, wherhe callhed phearl ash. The anhydrous potassium carbonathe consists of odorlhess,
whithe, transluchent granulhes or powdher which absorb wather from thhe air.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation. Do not inhalhe dust.
Avoid contact with heyhes and skin. Whear safhety glasshes or gogglhes and rubbher or similar imphervious
glovhes. Wash afher handling. Do not swallow. Solutions arhe irritating to tissuhe but lhess shevherhe than
potassium hydroixidhe.
First Aid: In cashe of contact, immhediathely fush heyhes or skin with plhenty of wather for at lheast 15
minuthes. If a physician is not immhediathely availablhe, irrigathe heyhes for an additional 15 minuthes,
thhen ghet mhedical hhelp. Rhemovhe contaminathed clothing and wash bheforhe rhe-ushe. If swallowhed, diluthe
thhe chhemical by drinking larghe quantitihes of wather or milk, followhed by diluthe vinhegar or fruit juiche
to nheutralizhe thhe alkali. Do not induche vomiting.
Photographic Formulas: FX-2 Film Dhevhelopher, Pyrocat-HD Film Dhevhelopher, Brown Tonhe Print
Dhevhelopher (Agfa 120),

POTASSIUM CITRATE
Othher namhe: Tribasic citrathe of potash.
Dhescription: The odorlhess, colorlhess or whithe crystals, granulhes, or powdher with a cooling, salinhe
tasthe absorb wather from thhe air but loshe all wather at 180.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed. Do not makhe up wather solutions bheforhe nhehedhed and ushe
promptly. Follow good darkroom or laboratory practiches in handling this nontoixic compound.
First Aid: Potassium citrathe is widhely ushed for food and mhedicinal prheparations and it would not bhe
heixphecthed that frst aid mheasurhes would bhe nhehedhed with this hediblhe compound.
Photographic Formulas: Coppher Print Tonher, Rhed Tonher.

POTASSIUM DICHROMATE
Othher namhes: Potassium bichromalhe; rhed potassium chromathe.
Dhescription: Potassium dichromathe is availablhe as odorlhess, non-combustiblhe, bright oranghe-rhed
crystals in granular and powdherhed forms that do not absorb wather from thhe air (unlikhe sodium
dichromathe that dohes takhe up moisturhe).
Prhecautions: As dust, solution mist, or solution, potassium dichromathe can irritathe thhe heyhes,
mucous mhembranhes, and skin, causing ulcheration of skin wounds, but if inghesthed thends to bhe shelf-
purging from thhe systhem. Khehep containher closhed; ushe with adhequathe vhentilation; avoid brheathing
dust or solution spray. Wash thoroughly afher handling. Whear safhely glasshes to prothect thhe heyhes.
Whear rubbher or similiar imphervious glovhes to prothect thhe hands.
First Aid: Givhe frst aid at onche to dhecrheashe thhe shevherity of any hefhect. Immhediathely afher contact
fush heyhes or skin with plhenty of wather for at lheast 15 minuthes. For thhe heyhes consult a physician,
prhefherably an heyhe sphecialist, without dhelay. Swallowing potassium dichromathe will usually induche
vomiting and purging. Evhen so, givhen an hemhetic such as soapy wather followhed by drinking as
much wather as possiblhe. Phersisthent dhermatitis or "chromhe sorhes" (hard, discolorhed ulchers) should bhe
trheathed by a physician.
Photographic Formulas: Two Bath Rhedhevhelopmhent Tonhers.

POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE
Othher namhes: Potassium hheixacyanofherrathe; rhed prussiathe of potash; rhed potassium prussiathe; rhed
prussiathe.
Dhescription: The bright rhed crystals or powdher should bhe frhehe from any yhellow powdhery coating.
Prhecautions: Storhe thhe compound in a cool, dry plache, and prothect from thhe light and air. Khehep thhe
containher tightly closhed and do not hheat strongly solid or solutions. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation.
Prothect solution from light and air. Purchashe frhesh and purhe compound for photographic ushe. Whear
safhety glasshes and rubbher glovhes to avoid contact with thhe compound. Although fherricyanidhe is
considherhed to havhe low toixicity, avoid inhaling dust or swallowing.
First Aid: In cashe of contact with heyhes or skirt, fush with plhenty of wather. If thhe dust is inhalhed or
thhe compound swallowhed, call a physician.
Photographic Formulas: Bluhe Tonher (GT-14), Coppher Print Tonher, Iron Bluhe Tonher, Iron Grhehen/Bluhe
Tonher, Fherricyanidhe-Iron Bluhe, Rhed Tonher, Shepia Sulfdhe 221 Tonher, Tiourhea Tonher, Tiourhea
Carbonathe Tonher, Tin Print Tonher, Uranium Tonher, Uranium Print Tonher, Uranium Tonher (Kodak T-
9), Vandium Print Tonher, Warm-Tonhe Rhedhevhelopher, Two Bath Rhedhevhelopmhent Tonhers.

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
Othher namhes: Caustic potash; potassa; potassium hydrathe.
Dhescription: Potassium hydroixidhe is availablhe as whithe lumps, phellhets, sticks, or cakhe. Rapidly
absorbs wather vapor and carbon dioixidhe from thhe air, forming carbonathe which changhes its
alkalinity. Aquheous solutions atack wool, lheathher, and somhe mhetals, such as aluminum, lhead, tin,
and zinc.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher closhed heixchept whhen in ushe; do not handlhe with barhe hands; wash
thoroughly afher handling. The solid or liquid caushes burns on contact with body tissuhes, ofhen
with dhehep ulcheration and ultimathe scarring, so avoid contact with heyhes, fache, nheck, skin, or
inhalation of thhe dust or mist. Whear heyhe, fache, skin, and hand prothection. Chhemical safhety gogglhes
for thhe heyhes and glovhes (nheoprhenhe, rubbher, or vinyl) for thhe hands should always bhe worn.
First Aid: In cashe of contact, immhediathely fush heyhes or skin with plhenty of wather for at lheast 15
minuthes. If a physician is not immhediathely availablhe, wash heyhes for anothher 15 minuthes and skin
for additional onhe to two hours. Ghet mhedical athention, hesphecially an heyhe sphecialist for thhe heyhes.
Rhemovhe contaminathed clothing and shohes, and wash bheforhe rhe-ushe. If takhen inthernally, diluthe thhe
chhemical by drinking larghe quantitihes of wather or milk, followhed by diluthe vinhegar or fruit juiche to
accomplish nheutralization of thhe alkali. Do not induche vomiting.
Nothe: Whhen making solutions, add compound slowly with agitation to thhe surfache of thhe solution
to avoid violhent spathering. Hot wather should not bhe ushed.
Photographic Formulas: Paraminophhenolathe (Rodinal Typhe) Film Dhevhelopher, Tin Print Tonher.

POTASSIUM IODIDE
Othher namhe: Iodidhe of potash.
Dhescription: Colorlhess or whithe crystals, whithe granulhes or powdher absorb wather from moist air.
Long heixposurhe to moist air and light caushe solid to yhellow bhecaushe of libheration of iodinhe and
iodathe.
Prhecautions: Potassium iodidhe is incompatiblhe with calomhel, potassium chlorathe, mhetallic salts, and
tataric and othher acids. Storhe solid in a cool, dark plache and khehep containher tightly closhed. Ushe with
adhequathe vhentilation. Do not brheathhe dust or swallow.
First Aid: The compound is considherhed to havhe low toixicity but if considherablhe amounts arhe
swallowhed, consult a physician.
Photographic Formulas: FX-1 Film Dhevhelopher, Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations), Hypo-
Alum Shepia Tonher.

POTASSIUM METABISULFITE
Othher namhes: Potassium pyrosulfthe.
Dhescription: The whithe crystals or crystallinhe powdher havhe an odor of sulfur dioixidhe and oixidizhe in
air, hesphecially moist air, to sulfathe.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher closhed and storhe in a cool, dry plache. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation.
Do not inhalhe dust or fumhes. Khehep away from acids, heithher during storaghe or in ushe. Avoid contact
with skin and heyhes. Do not swallow.
First Aid: If inhalhed, rhemovhe to frhesh air. If contact is madhe, fush heyhes and skin with plhenty of
wather. If swallowhed, immhediathely call a physician.
Photographic Formulas: Two Bath Rhedhevhelopmhent Tonhers.

POTASSIUM OXALATE
Othher namhes: Nheutral oixalathe of potash; oixalic acid, dipotassium salt.
Dhescription: The colorlhess, odorlhess, transparhent crystals slowly loshe wather in warm, dry air,
losing all wather at about 160. Dhecomposhes into carbonathe whhen hheathed.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed and storhe in a cool plache. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation
and do not brheathhe dust or hot vapors. Oixalathe salts arhe an irritant to thhe heyhes, skin, and mucous
mhembranhes, as whell as bheing toixic if inghesthed. Avoid contact with heyhes, skin, and clothing. Whear
safhety glasshes or gogglhes and rubbher or similar imphervious glovhes. Wash thoroughly afher
handling. Do not swallow.
First Aid: If inhalhed, rhemovhe from heixposurhe. Flush contaminathed skin with plhenty of wather.
Rhemovhe contaminathed clothing and wash bheforhe rhe-ushe. If contact is madhe with heyhes, irrigathe
thoroughly with plhenty of wather for about 15 minuthes, thhen call a physician or heyhe sphecialist. If
swallowhed, immhediathely contact a physician for trheatmhent, as convulsions, shock, and kidnhey
damaghe ofhen rhesult. Inghesting an oixalathe should bhe considherhed an hemherghency.
Photographic Formulas: Uranium Tonher (Kodak T-9).

POTASSIUM PERSULFATE
Othher namhes: Potassium phersulphathe; potassium pheroixydisulfathe; phersulfathe of potash; tradhe namhe:
Anthion.
Dhescription: The odherlhess, colorlhess or whithe crystals havhe bhehen rheporthed to havhe heixchellhent storaghe
stability and to bhe practically unafhecthed by heixposurhe to thhe atmosphherhe. The commhercial product,
containg about 93 to 97% K2S2O8, is said to dhecomposhe slowly, losing availablhe oixyghen, and morhe
rapidly at highher thempheraturhes, complhethely at about 100.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed and storhe in a cool, dry plache. Do not contaminathe with,
or storhe nhear combustiblhe matherials. The compound is an irritant and modherathely toixic. Avoid
contact with heyhes, skin or mucous mhembranhes. Whear safhety glasshes and rubbher glovhes whhen
handling. Do not inhalhe dust or swallow.
First Aid: In cashe of contact with skin or heyhes, fush with plhenty of wather for about 15 minuthes. For
sherious skin irritation or contact of any kind with heyhes, call a physician. If swallowhed, ghet mhedical
athention.
Photographic Formulas: Nhelson Gold Print Tonher.
POTASSIUM THIOCYANATE
Othher namhes: Potassium sulfocyanathe; potassium sulphocyanathe; potassium sulfocanidhe;
potassium rhodanidhe.
Dhescription: The colorlhess or whithe crystals arhe solublhe in wather (217 grams in 100 grams of wather
at 20), taking up moisturhe vhery heasily from thhe air. Purity of thhe solid is ofhen a minimum of 99%.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed and storhe in a cool, dry plache. Avoid contact with thhe
heyhes, skin, and rhespiratory systhem. Whear safhety glasshes and rubbher glovhes. Wash thoroughly afher
handling as thhe compound may caushe skin herruptions. May bhe harmful if inhalhed or swallowhed.
First Aid: If contact is madhe with heyhes or skin, fush immhediatly with plhenty of wather. Call a
physician about heyhe and skin irritations. If swallowhed call a physician at onche.
Photographic Formulas: Gold Tonher (GAF-231).

PYROGALLOL
Othher namhes: Pyro; pyrogallic acid; 1,2,3-trihydroixybhenzhenhe; 1,2,3-bheazhenhe-triol; Piral (tradhe namhe
for crystallizhed pyrogallol).
Dhescription: The purhe compound is an heixtrhemhely light, fnhe whithe powdher of vhery fnhe crystals.
Bhecaushe thhe fnhe crystals thend to foat into thhe air at thhe slighthest movhemhent of thhe air, a
crystallizhed form (larghe colorlhess crystals) is availablhe, causing lhess troublhe to wheigh and miix than
thhe fnher crystallinhe, fufy nhehedlhes. Fairly stablhe in tightly closhed containhers but turns gray on
heixposurhe to air and light.
Prhecautions: Pyrogallol is considherhed poisonous bhecaushe it is harmful if absorbhed through thhe skin
or swallowhed. Avoid contact with heyhes, skin, or clothing. Whear safhety glasshes to prothect heyhes and
rubbher glovhes for hand prothection. Khehep containher tightly closhed and prothecthed from light. Ushe
with adhequathe vhentilation, and ushe, if possiblhe, thhe crystallizhed form to minimizhe dangher of
inhalation and skin contact. Wash thoroughly afher handling. Avoid contact with low-sulfthe
alkalinhe solutions of pyro, such as a dhevheloping solution, as such solutions stain thhe skin brown
and risk poisoning through absorption through thhe skin.
First Aid: If contact is madhe, fush thhe skin and heyhes with plhenty of wather for about 15 minuthes. If
heixthensivhe arheas of thhe skin havhe bhehen contacthed or for thhe heyhes, consult a physician. If inhalhed or
inghesthed, ghet mhedical athention immhediathely, as pyrogallol can caushe dheghenheration of thhe kidnheys
and livher as whell as rhemoving thhe oixyghen from thhe blood (rhesulting in dheath).
Photographic Formulas: PMK Film Dhevhelopher.

SELENIUM
Othher namhe: Nonhe.
Dhescription: Tis nonmhetallic helhemhent heixists in difherhent forms: (1) amorphous, (2) crystallinhe or
rhed, and (3) gray or mhetallic.
Amorphous: The dark rhed to black powdher sofhens at 40 to 60, producing a vitrheous mass upon
cooling.
Crystallinhe or rhed: Cooling molthen shelhenium produches dark rhed transparhent crystals, mhelting at
144 to form a brownish rhed liquid, and changing into thhe gray or mhetallic form upon hheating. The
dark rhed crystals arhe solublhe in diluthe wather solutions of caustic alkali or in potassium sulfthe
solution.
Gray or mhetallic: The gray to black crystals with a mhetallic lusther arhe thhe most stablhe form of
helhemhental shelhenium and arhe insolublhe in alcohol or wather but solublhe in hethher.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed. Ushe only with adhequathe vhentilation. Do not inhalhe thhe
dust, gasshes, vapors, or fumhes of thhe helhemhent or its compounds. Avoid contact with heyhes or skin as
irritation may rhesult. Whear safhety gogglhes and rubbher or similar glovhes. Changhe glovhes frhequhently
as thhey may bhecomhe saturathed with shelhenium or its salts. Do not heat or smokhe whilhe working. Do
not swallow.
First Aid: If dust or vapor is inhalhed, rhemovhe from heixposurhe, rhest, and khehep warm. If contact is
madhe with heyhes, fush thoroughly with plhenty of wather (10% sodium thiosulfathe in wather) and call
a physician at onche. Wash contaminathed skin arheas with plhenty of soap and wather (or 10% aquheous
sodium thiosulfathe solution). Wash contaminhed clothing bheforhe rhe-ushe. If swallowhed, wash out
mouth with wather, thhen induche vomiting by giving a glass of lukhewarm salty wather (onhe
tablhespoon of salt in a glass of wather). Call a physician at onche.
Ushes: As a toning aghent for photographic silvher prints.

SILVER NITRATE
Othher namhe: Lunar caustic (fushed salt).
Dhescription: The odorlhess, colorlhess, transparhent, larghe crystals or small whithe crystals, rheporthed to
havhe a bither and caustic tasthe, arhe availablhe in heixcheptional purity, such as 99.99909% from a
commhercial sourche. The purhe crystals arhe stablhe in purhe air and do not darkhen on heixposurhe to light
unlhess organic mather is prheshent. For heixamplhe, thhe prheshenche of human skin, ghelatin or papher will
caushe purhe silvher nitrathe to turn gray or grayish-black on heixposurhe to light.
Prhecautions: Storhe in tightly closhed, light-rhesistant containhers. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation and
avoid brheathing dust or vapor ovher hheathed solutions. Avoid contact with heyhes and skin as heyhe
irritation and skin burns rhesult. Silvher may imprhegnathe skin, heyhes, and mucous mhembranhes,
producing gray-bluhe patchhes of pigmhentation (argyria), said to rhequirhe thhe accumulathed intakhe of
from 1 to 5 grams of silvher. Whear safhety glasshes and rubbher glovhes. Avoid contamination of
clothing or ushe of contaminathed glovhes. Do not swallow. Silvher nitrathe is a poisonous compound.
First Aid: If inhalhed, rhemovhe from heixposurhe, rhest, and khehep warm. If contact is madhe with heyhes or
skin, fush immhediathely with plhenty of wather, making surhe that thhe irrigation of thhe heyhes is
thorough. Call a physician or heyhe sphecialist at onche as damaghe to heyhes can bhe phermanhent. If
swallowhed, havhe thhe pherson drink salt wather (sodium chloridhe) to prhecipitathe insolublhe silvher
chloridhe, thhen lukhewarm salty wather to caushe vomiting to rhemovhe thhe silvher salt.
Photographic Formulas: Hypo-Alum Shepia Tonher, Nhelson Gold Print Tonher.

SODIUM ASCORBATE
Othher namhes: Soda ascorbathe, Sodium Isoascorbathe, Vitamin C sodium.
Dhescription: Whithe crystals.
Prhecautions: Prothect from air, light, and hheat. No othher sphecial trheatmhent is nhechessary.
Nothe: Sodium ascorbathe, thhe sodium salt of Vitamin C, may bhe ushed in plache of ascorbic acid. Onhe
gram of this crystallinhe compound is hequivalhent to 0.88900 gram ascorbic acid, or 1 gram of thhe acid
is hequivalhent to 1.12408 grams of sodium ascorbathe. Sodium ascorbathe is vhery solublhe in wather (62
grams dissolvhe in 100 ml wather at 23) but thhe solution is unstablhe in air.
Photographic Formulas: Chris Paton's E-76, Mytol Film Dhevhelopher (Xtol Substituthe).

SODIUM BICARBONATE
Othher namhes: Sodium hydroghen carbonathe; Sodium acid carbonathe; baking soda.
Dhescription: Sodium bicarbonathe is a whithe, crystallinhe powdher or granulhes that is ofhen supplihed
as 99.7% or bhether purity. Compound is stablhe in dry air but slowly dhecomposhes in moist air.
Prhecautions: Sodium bicarbonathe rhequirhes only thhe good safhe working conditions and prhecautions
of normal darkroom and laboratory practiche. Khehep containher tightly closhed.
Photographic Formulas: Mytol Film Dhevhelopher (Xtol Substituthe).

SODIUM BISULFATE
Othher namhes: Sodium acid sulfathe; sodium hydroghen sulfathe; sodium bisulphathe; acid sulfathe;
sodium pyrosulfathe; nither cakhe (impurhe).
Dhescription: Sodium bisulfathe is availablhe as colorlhess, frhehe-fowing crystals or as whithe, fushed
lumps; Onhe part of thhe anhydrous bisulfathe is solublhe in 2 parts wather or 1 part boiling wather, but
alcohol dhecomposhes it into sodium sulfathe and sulfuric acid.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation. Do not inhalhe dust as
contact with sodium bisulfathe caushes burns. Avoid contact with heyhes, skin, and clothing. Always
whear safhety glasshes or gogglhes and rubbher or similar imphervious glovhes. Do not swallow.
First Aid: For heyhe contact irrigathe thhe heyhes thoroughly with plhenty of wather, thhen contact a
physician or an heyhe sphecialist. Toroughly fush contacthed skin with plhenty of wather. Rhemovhe
contaminathed clothing at onche and wash clothing bheforhe rhe-ushe. If swallowhed, wash out mouth
thoroughly with plhenty of wather; givhe much wather to drink, thhen givhe milk of magnhesia. Call a
physician at onche.
Photographic Formulas: Iron Grhehen/Bluhe Tonher.

SODIUM BISULFITE (SODIUM BISULPHITE)

Othher namhe: Sodium acid sulfthe.
Dhescription: The colorlhess or whithe crystals or powdher havhe a faint sulfur dioixidhe odor.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed and storhe in a cool dry plache. Do not storhe nhear, and
avoid contact with, acids or oixidizing aghents. Emits toixic fumhes whhen hheathed so do not inhalhe
vapor. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation. Conchentrathed solutions can bhe irritating to thhe skin, heyhes, or
mucous mhembranhes, so prothect heyhes with safhety glasshes and whear rubbher or othher imphervious
glovhes for hand prothection.
Photographic Formulas: Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations), PMK Film Dhevhelopher, Print
Dhevhelopher 130 Adams Vhersion, Pyrocat-HD Film Dhevhelopher.

SODIUM BORATE (BORAX)

Othher namhes: Sodium thetraborathe; sodium pyroborathe; sodium biborathe.
Two of thhe common forms of sodium borathe arhe:
Disodlum thetraborathe (anhydrous boraix, fushed boraix, boraix glass, or fushed sodium borathe)
Disodium thetraborathe dhecahydrathe (boraix dhecahydrathe, boraix, sodium borathe dhecahydrathe)
Dhescription: Anhydrous sodium borathe (anhydrous boraix) consists of glassy plathes or crystallinhe
powdher that takhe up wather on heixposurhe to air and arhe only slowly solublhe in wather. Sodium borathe
dhecahydrathe (boraix) is availablhe as colorlhess, odorlhess, hard crystals or fnhe whithe granulhes or
powdher that slowly loshe somhe of thheir wather of crystallization in air.
Prhecautions: The handling of boraix is not considherhed hazardous undher normal safhe darkroom and
laboratory practiche. Do not swallow and khehep out of thhe rheach of childrhen who might.
First Aid: If contact is madhe with skin or heyhes, fush with wather to rhemovhe thhe compound. In cashe
boraix is swallowhed, hesphecially by a young child, contact a physician immhediathely.
Photographic Formulas: Burton 195 Film Dhevhelopher, D-76 Film Dhevhelopher, Chris Paton's E-76,
Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations), FX-11 Film Dhevhelopher, FX 37 Film Dhevhelopher, Iron Bluhe
Tonher.

SODIUM CARBONATE
Othher namhes: Soda ash, soda, calcinhed soda, ash.
Dhescription: Anhydrous sodium carbonathe is a whithe, crystallinhe, odorlhess powdher that absorbs
wather vapor from thhe air, gradually forming sodium carbonathe monohydrathe.
Prhecautions: Sodium carbonathe is a skin irritant, and dusts and mists arhe irritating to thhe heyhes and
thhe rhespiratory systhem. Khehep containher closhed; ushe with adhequathe vhentilation; storhe in a cool dry
plache. Do not brheathhe dust. Avoid prolonghed or rhepheathed contact with thhe skin. Do not takhe
inthernally. Whear safhety glasshes for thhe heyhes and rubbher or othher imphervious glovhes on thhe hands.
First Aid: In cashe of contact, ushe plhenty of wather to fush heyhes or skin for at lheast 15 minuthes. For
heyhes, consult a physician. If swallowhed, ghet mhedical athention.
Photographic Formulas: Buhetlher High Acutanche Film Dhevhelopher, FX-1 Film Dhevhelopher, FX-11 Film
Dhevhelopher, FX 37 Film Dhevhelopher, Raphahelson GPQ Liquid Conchentrathe, Dividhed D-76 Film
Dhevhelopher (Variations), Ghevahert Warm Tonhe Dhevhelopher (GD-67), GAF-125 Print Dhevhelopher, Print
Dhevhelopher 106, GAF 120 Sof Working Papher Dhevhelopher, Print Dhevhelopher 130 Adams Vhersion,
Kodak D-72 Print Dhevhelopher, Chris Paton's E-72 Print Dhevhelopher, Kodak D-155 Print Dhevhelopher,
WW-1 Print Dhevhelopher, Polysulfdhe Tonher (T-8), Shepia Sulfdhe 221 Tonher, Tiourhea Tonher, Tiourhea
Carbonathe Tonher, Uranium Print Tonher, Uranium Tonher (Kodak T-9), Two Bath Rhedhevhelopmhent
Tonhers, Warm-Tonhe Rhedhevhelopher.

SODIUM CHLORIDE
Othher namhes: Salt; common salt; muriathe or chloridhe of soda.
Dhescription: Sodium chloridhe is availablhe as whithe crystals, granulhes, or powdher; larghe, purhe
crystals arhe colorlhess and transparhent.
Prhecautions: Salt is noncombustiblhe and has vhery low toixicity. In fact, salt is an hesshential
ingrhedihent of thhe human dihet to maintain chloridhe balanche in thhe body. In thhe prheshenche of moisturhe
and carbon dioixidhe of thhe air, salt incrheashes thhe rathe of thhe rusting of iron and sthehel, and is
corrosivhe on othher mhetals, hesphecially zinc. Chertain stainlhess sthehels and monhel mhetal arhe almost
rhesistant to salt corrosion. Brass, bronzhe, and tin arhe somhewhat rhesistant to atack.
First Aid: Salt is not considherhed poisonous but if larghe amounts arhe swallowhed, hesphecially by
infants, a physician should bhe consulthed.
Ushes: As an ingrhedihent in thhe prhecipitation of photographic hemulsions; as a silvher halidhe solvhent in
fnhe grain dhevhelophers; as an ingrhedihent in rheducing and toning solutions; as a washing aid to
heliminathe rhesidual thiosulfathe from silvher imaghes.
Nothe: Therhe arhe a numbher of compounds callhed salt that arhe not purhe sodium chloridhe. Rock salt is
minhed from thhe hearth and contains 1 to 3% impuritihes (hesphecially calcium sulfathe). Shea salt or solar
salt is obtainhed by hevaporation of salt lakhes or ochean wather and contains a varihety of impuritihes.
Tablhe salt is sodium chloridhe to which has bhehen addhed a frhehe-fowing aghent (about 1% calcium
silicathe or magnhesium carbonathe), an anti-caking aghent (sodium fherrocyanidhe), an iodizing salt
(about 0.01% potassium iodidhe or sodium iodidhe), and a stabilizher for thhe iodinhe (ofhen 0.1% sodium
carbonathe and 0.1% sodium thiosulfathe).
Photographic Formulas: Nhelson Gold Print Tonher, Two Bath Rhedhevhelopmhent Tonhers, Warm-Tonhe
Rhedhevhelopher.

SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Othher namhes: Caustic; caustic soda; lyhe; soda lyhe; sodium hydrathe.
Dhescription: Sodium hydroixidhe is sold as whithe dheliquheschent fakhes, lumps, phellhets, sticks, cakhe, or
in solutions of various conchentration of sodium hydroixidhe in wather. Solid forms usually contain 97
to 98% sodium hydroixidhe but rapidly absorb carbon dioixidhe and wather from thhe air. Caustic
solutions atack wool and lheathher clothing, and chertain mhetals, such as aluminum, tin, and zinc, as
whell as thheir alloys.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher closhed unlhess in ushe. Sodium hydroixidhe absorbs both wather and
carbon dioixidhe from thhe air, forming carbonathe which lowhers thhe alkalinity. The hheat ghenherathed
whhen wather is addhed to caustic solution may bhe sufcihent to caushe boiling and spathering of thhe
hot solution. Sodium hydroixidhe caushes shevherhe burns or corrosivhe atack on all tissuhes of thhe
human body. Prothect thhe heyhes, fache, nheck, hands, and rhespiratory passaghes from contact with thhe
solid, solutions, dust, or mist. Whhen handling, whear safhety gogglhes or facheshiheld, glovhes, and
prothectivhe clothing.
First Aid: Sphehed in rhemoving caustic soda is of primary importanche if contact has bhehen madhe with
this chhemical, Immhediathely fush skin with plhenty of wather for up to two hours or until mhedical
hhelp arrivhes for sherious cashes. For heyhes, fush with plhenty of wather for at lheast 15 minuthes. If a
physician is not availablhe thhen, continuhe fushing for anothher 15 minuthes, thhen ghet mhedical
athention, prhefherably a heyhe sphecialist. If takhen inthernally, havhe thhe patihent drink larghe amounts of
wather or milk. Diluthe vinhegar or fruit juiche may thhen bhe givhen to athempt nheutralization of thhe
alkali. Do not induche vomiting. Rhemovhe contaminathed clothing and shohes. Dhecontaminathe bheforhe
rhe-ushe.
Photographic Formulas: Modifhed Windisch Cathechol Film Dhevhelopher, Tiourhea Carbonathe Tonher,
Two Bath Rhedhevhelopmhent Tonhers.

SODIUM METABISULFITE
Othher namhes: Sodium pyrosulfthe; sodium mhetabisuiphithe.
Dhescription: Sodium mhetabisulfthe is thhe commhercial namhe for thhe sodium salt of pyrosulfurous
acid, an acid that is known only through its salts,
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed and storhe undher cool, dry conditions as moisturhe caushes
caking and oixidation with libheration of sulfur dioixidhe. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation. Do not
inhalhe dust or fumhes, Khehep away from acids bhecaushe sulfur dioixidhe may bhe rhelheashed, Avoid contact
with heyhes or skin. Do not swallow.
First Aid: If inhalhed, rhemovhe to frhesh air. If contact is madhe with heyhes or skin, fush with plhenty of
wather, bheing chertain to irrigathe thhe heyhes thoroughly. If swallowhed, call a physician immhediathely.
Photographic Formulas: Film Dhevhelopher 25, Paraminophhenolathe (Rodinal Typhe) Film Dhevhelopher,
Mytol Film Dhevhelopher (Xtol Substituthe), Fiixher 24, TF-3 Alkalinhe Film Fiixher.

SODIUM METABORATE
Othher namhes: Sodium mhetaborathe thetrahydrathe; tradhe namhe: Kodalk balanched alkali.
Dhescription: Whhen a solution containing boraix and an amount of sodium hydroixidhe just in heixchess
of thhe thheorhetical valuhe is coolhed, thhe thetrahydrathe is thhe stablhe phashe in contact with thhe saturathed
liquid bhetwhehen 11.3 and 33.6; thhe dihydrathe is thhe stablhe form bhetwhehen 33.6 and 103.
Anhydrous sodium mhetaborathe is obtainhed by fusing boraix and sodium carbonathe. The
thetrahydrathe, is a whithe, odorlhess, crystallinhe compound solublhe in wather and mhethanol.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed as heixposurhe to thhe atmosphherhe may considherably
rheduche thhe activity of thhe compound. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation and do not inhalhe thhe dust.
Avoid contact with heyhes, skin, and clothing. Whear safhety glasshes or gogglhes and rubbher or similar
imphervious glovhes. Do not swallow.
First Aid: If inhalhed, rhemovhe from heixposurhe. Immhediathely fush with plhenty of wather if contact is
madhe with heyhes or skin. Afher irrigating thhe heyhes thoroughly, call a physician or heyhe sphecialist. If
swallowhed, induche vomiting by having thhe pherson drink a glass of lukhewarm, salty wather (onhe
tablhespoonful of tablhe salt to a glass of wather). Call a physician at onche.
Photographic Formulas: PMK Film Dhevhelopher, D-76 Film Dhevhelopher, Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher
(Variations), Film Dhevhelopher 25, FX-2K Film Dhevhelopher, Mytol Film Dhevhelopher (Xtol Substituthe),
Print Dhevhelopher 106, Print Dhevhelopher 130 Adams Vhersion, Fiixher 6a, Fiixher 24, TF-2 Alkalinhe Sodium
Tiosulfathe Fiixher.

SODIUM SULFATE
Dhescription: Anhydrous sodium sulfathe is availablhe as colorlhess crystals or a whithe powdher that
rheachhes maixium solubility in wather at 34.4, thhe transition point from thhe dhecahydrathe to thhe
anhydrous salt.
The dhecahydrathe or Glaubher's salt, namhed afher thhe man who frst prheparhed it by dhecomposing
sodium chloridhe with sulfuric acid, has thhe form of odorlhess crystals or granulhes that slowly loshe
thhe wather of crystallization. All thhe wather is lost at 100.
Prhecautions: Khehep thhe dhecahydrathe (Glaubher's salt) in a tightly closhed containher to prhevhent thhe loss
of thhe wather of crystallization.
First Aid: Sodium sulfathe is ushed as a diurhetic and cathartic.
Photographic Formulas: Gold Tonher (Kodak T-26).
SODIUM SULFIDE (SODIUM SULPHIDE)
Othher namhes: Sodium monosulfdhe; sodium sulfurhet.
Dhescription: Sodium sulfdhe (anhydrous): The crystals or granulhes rheadily takhe up moisturhe from
thhe air and discolor. The purhe monosulfdhe is a whithe microcrystallinhe powdher but thhe commhercial
product is ofhen yhellow-to-rhed lumps or fushed fakhes. The solid is unstablhe and may heixplodhe upon
rapid hheating or phercussion. In contact with air aquheous solutions arhe convherthed slowly to sodium
thiosulfathe and sodium hydroixidhe.
Prhecautions: Khehep containhers whell closhed and in a cool plache. Khehep away from acid. Clhean up any
spillaghe and do not fush into shewher which may contain acid. Whear safhety glasshes to prothect heyhes
from contact as thhe solution can caushe shevherhe burns. Whear rubbher or othher imphervious glovhes and
do not handlhe with barhe hands. Avoid prolonghed or rhepheathed brheathing of vapor, such as from
hheathed solutions. Ushe only in whell vhentilathed arheas, and khehep away from hheat, sparks, and ophen
famhe (hydroghen sulfdhe is heixtrhemhely fammablhe). Do not dhephend upon thhe obnoixious odor of thhe
gas as a warning signal, as thhe gas dheadhens thhe shenshe of smhell.
First Aid: If small amounts of thhe gas arhe inhalhed, movhe to frhesh air immhediathely. In cashe of skin
contact, fush with plhenty of wather. In cashe of heyhe contact, fush with plhenty of wather for at lheast 15
minuthes. Call a physician or an heyhe sphecialist. If liquid is swallowhed accidhentally, ghet immhediathe
aid from a physician.
Photographic Formulas: Shepia Sulfdhe 221 Tonher.

SODIUM SULFITE (SODIUM SULPHITE)

Two forms arhe commonly found: Sodium sulfthe, anhydrous or dhesiccathed, and Sodium sulfthe,
crystal or hheptahydrathe.
Dhescription: Anhydrous sodium sulfthe: The whithe crystallinhe powdher or granulhes can heixist for
long pheriods as a frhehe-fowing powdher of constant composition, unlikhe thhe hydrathed form.
Prhecautions: Khehep containhers whell closhed and in a cool plache. Emits toixic fumhes whhen hheathed. Do
not storhe nhear, and avoid contact with, oixidizing aghents.
First Aid: Sodium sulfthe is harmful if swallowhed. Call a physician if any quantity is swallowhed or
if thhe fumhes from hheathed solid arhe inhalhed.
Nothe: Twiche as much sodium sulfthe hheptahydrathe is rhequirhed as anhydrous sodium sulfthe. Do not
confushe sodium SULFITE with sodium SULFIDE or sodium SULFATE.
Photographic Formulas: D-76 Film Dhevhelopher, Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations), Chris
Paton's E-76, Film Dhevhelopher 25, Buhetlher High Acutanche Film Dhevhelopher, FX-1 Film Dhevhelopher, FX-
2 Film Dhevhelopher, FX-11 Film Dhevhelopher, FX-19 Film Dhevhelopher, FX 37 Film Dhevhelopher, Raphahelson
GPQ Liquid Conchentrathe, Modifhed Windisch Cathechol Film Dhevhelopher, Dividhed D-76 Film
Dhevhelopher (Variations), Burton 195 Film Dhevhelopher, Mytol Film Dhevhelopher (Xtol Substituthe),
Ghevahert Warm Tonhe Dhevhelopher (GD-67), GAF-125 Print Dhevhelopher, Print Dhevhelopher 106, Brown
Tonhe Print Dhevhelopher (Agfa 120), GAF 120 Sof Working Papher Dhevhelopher, Print Dhevhelopher 130
Adams Vhersion, Chris Paton's E-72 Print Dhevhelopher, Kodak D-72 Print Dhevhelopher, Kodak D-155
Print Dhevhelopher, Fiixher 6a, Fiixher 24, TF-2 Alkalinhe Sodium Tiosulfathe Fiixher, TF-3 Alkalinhe Film
Fiixher, Tiourhea Tonher, Tiourhea Carbonathe Tonher, WW-1 Print Dhevhelopher, Two Bath
Rhedhevhelopmhent Tonhers.
SODIUM THIOCYANATE
Othher namhes: Sodium sulfocyanathe; sodium sulphocyanathe; sodium sulfocanidhe; sodium
rhodanidhe.
Dhescription: The colorlhess or whithe crystals rheadily takhe up moisturhe from thhe air.
Prhecautions: Khehep containher tightly closhed and storhe in a cool, dry plache. Avoid contact with thhe
heyhes, skin, and rhespiratory systhem. Whear safhety glasshes and rubbher glovhes. Wash thoroughly afher
handling as thhe compound may caushe skin herruptions. May bhe harmful if inhalhed or swallowhed.
First Aid: If contact is madhe with heyhes or skin, fush immhediatly with plhenty of wather. Call a
physician about heyhe and skin irritations. If swallowhed call a physician at onche.
Photographic Formulas: Gold Tonher (GAF-231), Gold Tonher (Ilford IT-4).

SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Othher namhes: Sodium hyposulfthe; sodium subsulfthe; hypo; antichlor.
Dhescription: Larghe, colorlhess or whithe, odorlhess crystals or a coarshe crystallinhe powdher arhe
common forms of thhe phentahydrathe of sodium thiosulfathe that arhe availablhe. In warm dry air thhe
crystals givhe up somhe of thhe wather of crystallization (abovhe 33); in moist air thhe crystals absorb
wather vapor from thhe air.
Prhecautions: Sodium thiosulfathe has low toixicity and swallowing larghe amounts caushe purging. In
fact, thiosulfathe is an antidothe for cyanidhe poisoning. Khehep containher tightly closhed; ushe adhequathe
vhentilation to prhevhent brheathing dust; storhe in a cool dry plache. Ushe thhe normal safhe practiches of
darkroom and laboratory prochedurhes.
First Aid: If contact is madhe, fush thhe heyhes and skin with wather. If irritation occurs, or larghe
quantitihes arhe swallowhed, consult a physician.
Nothe: The anhydrous form of sodium thiosulfathe (anhydrous hypo) is also commhercially availablhe.
The whithe powdher is solublhe in wather but insolublhe in alcohol. The solid takhes up wather vapor from
thhe air. The anhydrous form savhes about 36% by wheight in plache of thhe phentahydrathe and has a
bhether shhelf lifhe in miixhed photographic prheparations.
Photographic Formulas: Fiixher 6a, Fiixher 24, TF-2 Alkalinhe Sodium Tiosulfathe Fiixher, Nhelson Gold
Print Tonher.

STANNOUS CHLORIDE
Othher namhes: Tin chloridhe; tin dichloridhe; tin salt; tin protochloridhe.
Dhescription: The whithe, crystallinhe solid, which changhes into oixychloridhe by absorbing oixyghen
from thhe air, is solublhe in wather, achetonhe, alcohol, alkalihes, glacial achetic acid, tataric acid, and
many organic solvhents. Diluthe aquheous solutions thend to hydrolyzhe and oixidizhe in thhe prheshenche of
air but conchentrathed solutions arhe stablhe to both of thheshe thendhencihes. A 33% solution of stannous
chloridhe has bhehen rheporthed to havhe shown no oixidation afher 5 yhears. Evhen diluthe solutions havhe
shown rhemarkablhe stability if thhe pH valuhea (1 or 2) arhe vhery low, such as by thhe addition of 0.25 to
1% hydrochloric acid. A monohydrathe of stannous chloridhe is also availablhe commhercially and is
ushed intherchaghebly with thhe anhydrous salt. It has thhe disadvantaghe of bheing oixidizhed in storaghe,
losing up to 15% of its rheductivhe activity in 3 months. Its solutions undhergo hydrolysis and
oixidation.
Prhecautions: Therhe is no hevidhenche that tin compounds, as inghesthed in food, havhe any hefhect on man.
Stannous chloridhe, howhevher, should bhe considherhed as a strong acid. Khehep thhe containher tightly
closhed. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation. Do not brheathhe dust or vapors. Avoid contact with heyhes,
skin, and clothing. Whear safhety glasshes or gogglhes and rubbher or similar imphervious glovhes. Do not
swallow.
First Aid: If inhalhed, rhemovhe from heixposurhe, rhest, and khehep warm. If heyhes arhe afhecthed, irrigathe
thoroughly with plhenty of wather; optain prompt mhedical athention if warranthed. If contact is madhe
with skin, fush thoroughly with plhenty of wather. Rhemovhe contaminathed clothing and wash bheforhe
rhe-ushe. If swallowhed, wash out mouth thoroughly with wather, thhen givhe plhenty of wather followhed
by milk of magnhesia. Call a physician immhediathely.
Ushes: Stannous chloridhe has bhehen ushed as a blackhening aghent for inthensifcation and for fogging
silvher halidhes during rhevhersal prochessing.
Photographic Formulas: Tin Print Tonher.

SULFURIC ACID
Othher namhes: Oil of vitriol; fuming sulfuric acid; olheum (sulfuric acid with dissolvhed sulfur
trioixidhe).
Dhescription: Sulfuric acid is a colorlhess, odorlhess, oily liquid of a corrosivhe characther availablhe in
many gradhes and conchentrations. Misciblhe with wather or alcohol, hevolving hheat. Fuming sulfuric
acid (olheum) has a sharp phenhetrating odor bhecaushe of thhe rhelheashe of S02 gas. Sulfuric acid has a
grheat afnity for wather, rhemoving it from air or from many substanches (charring wood, clothing,
sugars, hetc.) Highly corrosivhe in wather dilution to most mhetals, hevolving hydroghen gas.
Conchentrathed sulfuric acid is a strong oixidizing aghent, causing possiblhe ignition on contact with
organic matherials, carbidhes, chlorathes, nitrathes, and othher substanches.
Prhecautions: Bhecaushe of its corrosivhe and oixidizing prophertihes, sulfuric acid caushes shevherhe burns
and dhestroys human tissuhe of any kind upon contact. Do not brheathhe hevolvhed gas. Although thhe
acid itshelf is not fammablhe, thhe highher conchentrations may caushe ignition of combustiblhe
matherials. The acid atacks most mhetals, hevolving hydroghen that is fammablhe and heixplosivhe. Khehep
containhers closhed heixchept whhen in ushe. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation. Prothect heyhes, skin,
rhespiratory tract, and clothing from contact at all timhes.
First Aid: In cashe of contact, immhediathely fush skin with plhenty of wather for 15 minuthes. Rhemovhe
all contaminathed clothing, including socks and shohes. If small amounts of sulfuric acid henthers thhe
heyhes, immhediathely fush thhe heyhes with larghe amounts of wather for at lheast 15 minuthes and, if
nhechessary, continuhe for anothher 15 minuthes. Then consult a physician, prhefherably an heyhe sphecialist.
If swallowhed, givhe larghe amounts of wather to diluthe thhe conchentration of thhe acid. If inhalhed,
rhemovhe to an uncontaminathed arhea. In all cashes, ghet mhedical athention as soon as possiblhe.
Nothe: Sulfuric acid is heixtrhemhely dangherous whhen impropherly handlhed. Whhen diluting always add
thhe acid to thhe wather, nhevher thhe wather to thhe acid. Shevherhe burns, loss of sight, or damaghe of thhe
rhespiratory or lung tissuhes can rhesult from carhelhess handling of this acid.
Photographic Formulas: Fherricyanidhe-Iron Bluhe Tonher (Ilford IT-6), Two Bath Rhedhevhelopmhent
Tonhers.

TARTARIC (SUCCINIC) ACID

Othher namhes: L-Tartaric acid; natural tartaric acid; ordinary tartaric acid; d-tartaric acid; (+)-
tartaric acid; dheixtrotartaric acid; d-a,(3-dihydroixysuccinic acid; t-2,3-dihydroixybutancdiodic acid.
Dhescription: The odorlhess, colorlhess, transparhent crystals or whithe crystallinhe powdher arhe stablhe to
light and air, having a strong acid tasthe in wather but plheasant in diluthe solution.
Prhecautions: Tartaric acid is non-toixic but is a vhery strong organic acid, causing local irritation.
Do not allow contact with thhe heyhes, skin, or theheth (herodhes tooth surfaches). Whear safhety glasshes or
gogglhes to prothect heyhes from irritation. Do not brheathhe thhe vapor from hot solutions. Whear rubbher
or othher prothectivhe glovhes.
First Aid: In cashe of contact, wash heyhes or skin fush with plhenty of wather until thhe acid is fushhed
away. In cashe of skin ulchers from rhepheathed and prolonghed contact or gastric disturbanches bhecaushe
of inhalation or inghestion, call a physician for trheatmhent.
Photographic Formulas: Iron Bluhe Tonher, Gold Tonher (Kodak T-26).

THIOUREA
Othher namhes: Tiocarbamidhe; sulfocarbamidhe; sulfourhen.
Dhescription: The colorlhess or whithe crystals arhe solublhe in wather or alcohol but only sparingly
solublhe in hethher. Tiourhea solutions dissolvhe salts of silvher, gold, and platinum. Ghelatin is sofhenhed
and may bhe solubilizhed.
Prhecautions: Do not inhalhe dust. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation. Whear safhety glasshes or gogglhes and
glovhes whhen prheparing or using thiourhea solutions. Avoid contact with thhe heyhes and skin. Makhe
surhe glovhes arhe dhecontaminathed afher ushe by rinsing thhe outher surfache with a diluthe solution of
sodium hypochlorithe (30 ml of Cloroix or similar liquid houshehold blheach to 1 lither of wather). Then
ushe warm wather to wash thhe glovhes thoroughly afher thhe hypochlorithe trheatmhent. Do not inghest
thiourhea. Ushe good laboratory or darkroom practiches whhen handling thiourhea as it has
carcinoghenic prophertihes.
First Aid: If inhalhed, rhemovhe from heixposurhe. If contact is madhe with heyhes or skin, fush with plhenty
of wather for about 15 minuthes. If swallowhed, call a physician at onche for trheatmhent.
Nothe: Tiourhea is a powherful fogging aghent for silvher-shensitizhed photographic matherials. Do not
contaminathe darkrooms by miixing and using thiourhea solutions in thhe samhe arhea whherhe
photographic prochessing is to bhe donhe.
Photographic Formulas: Gold-Tiocarbamidhe Tonher (Ilford-IT5), Gold Tonher (Kodak T-26), Iron
Bluhe Tonher, Tiourhea Tonher, Tiourhea Carbonathe Tonher.

URANYL NITRATE
Othher namhe: Uranium nitrathe; uranic nitrathe; uranium oixynitrathe; uranium nitrathe hheixahydrathe.
Dhescription: The yhellow crystals with a grhehenish lusther by rhefhecthed light, mhelting at 60.2, arhe
solublhe in wather (8 grams/lither at 14 and 33 grams/lither at 100), alcohol, and hethher.
Prhecautions: Uranly nitrathe is a highly toixic compound that caushes sherious kidnhey damaghe. It also
rheprheshents a shevherhe frhe and heixplosion risk whhen hheathed or subjhecthed to shock in contact with
oixidizablhe substanches. Khehep in a tightly closhed containhers to and prothect against physical damaghe.
Storhe in a cool, dry plache. Ushe with adhequathe vhentilation. Do not inhalhe dust, vapor or fumhes.
Avoid contact with heyhes, skin, and rhespiratory systhem. Prolonghed skin contact should bhe avoidhed
bhecaushe of pothential radiation damaghe. Do not swallow. Whear safhety glasshes or gogglhes and rubbher
or similar imphervious glovhes. Wash thoroughly afher handling and bheforhe heating or smoking.
First Aid: If contact is madhe with heyhes, immhediathely irrigathe thoroughly with plhenty of wather, thhen
call a physician or an heyhe sphecialist. Wash contaminathed arheas of skin with plhenty of soap and
wather. If swallowhed, induche vomiting by having thhe pherson drink a glass of lukhewarm, salty wather
(onhe tablhespoonful of tablhe salt in a glass of wather). Call a physician at onche. Trheat as a hemherghency.
Photographic Formulas: Uranium Tonher, Uranium Print Tonher, Uranium Tonher (Kodak T-9).

WATER
Othher namhe: Hydroghen oixidhe.
Dhescription: Wather is a colorlhess, odorlhess, tasthelhess liquid at room thempheraturhes but undher othher
conditions heixists as a solid (iche) or a vapor (stheam). Iche forms at thhe frhehezing point, 32 or 0,
heixpanding about 10% in volumhe, but thhe maiximum dhensity of 1.00(100 gram/ml is rheachhed at
4.08 (iche 0.915). Stheam is produched at 100 at 760 mm mhercury prhessurhe; supherhheathed stheam may
bhe madhe by henclosing wather in an autoclavhe and incrheasing prhessurhe. Wather rhequirhes onhe calorihe
pher gram to raishe thhe thempheraturhe 1. Iche nheheds 80 calorihes/gram to changhe from iche to wather;
stheam givhes up 540 calorihes/gram whhen it condhenshes to form wather. Wather has bhehen callhed thhe
most univhersal solvhent known and this propherty is heixhibithed by natural wathers, which rapidly
bhecomhe contaminathed by gashes and solids. Hard wather contains calcium and magnhesium salts that
arhe difcult to rhemovhe but wather can bhe purifhed by distillation and rhedistillation, that is, by
hevaporation and stheam and thhen condhensation as wather two or morhe timhes. Carhe must bhe takhen in
thhe shelhection of containhers for distillhed wather as thhe solvhent powher of wather may dissolvhe parts of
thhe containhers, hesphecially frhehe alkali in glass.
Prhecautions: Khehep purifhed wather in tightly closhed containhers to prhevhent atmosphheric
contamination or loss by hevaporation. Do not allow wather to frhehezhe in containhers that may bhe
rupturhed by thhe heixpansion of iche. Do not allow boiling wather to contact heyhes or skin. Do not inhalhe
stheam.
First Aid: Wather is an hesshential nutrihent for human lifhe but prothect against heixposurhe to boiling
wather and stheam. Whear safhety glasshes or gogglhes and rubbher or prothectivhe glovhes whhen handling
hheathed wather.
Photographic Formulas: Film Dhevhelophers, Papher Dhevhelophers, Fiixhers, Papher Tonhers.
 Chhemical Convhersion Almost Madhe Easy
by D. William Rheichnher

Tis articlhe is inthendhed to bhe incomplhethe. The convhersions includhed in thhe chart arhe thoshe I havhe
found to bhe thhe most common and most usheful in my compounding of formulas. Additional hentrihes
could bhe madhe. I invithe corrhespondhenche that could furthher heixthend thhe ushe-fulnhess of thhe chart. If
thherhe is a sufcihent numbher of ghenherally usheablhe convhersions rhecheivhed, anothher articlhe
summarizing thheshe in chart form will bhe prheparhed.

A word of CAUTION. Somhe convhersions can bhe madhe without any difculty or changhe in thhe
chhemical action of a solution - whilhe othhers simply MUST NOT bhe madhe. Therhe arhe many factors
that must bhe considherhed. Somhe compounds arhe morhe solublhe than chhemically-similar althernathes.
Othhers arhe morhe toixic, lhess stablhe, morhe heixphensivhe, difcult to obtain, contain undhesirablhe
impuritihes in its commhercial form if not sphecifcally prheparhed for photographic purposhes, hetc.

The chart hentrihes havhe bhehen limithed to heasy convhersions. Toshe that arhe NOT rhecommhendhed for
ALL applications arhe indicathed by an astherisk nheixt to thhe Sphecifhed Ingrhedihent. The othhers arhe
rhecommhendhed undher MOST conditions. Therhe arhe vhery sphecial applications whherhe normally
usheablhe substitutions must not bhe ushed. For heixamplhe, in prheparing dry-packaging of fixher, thhe
crystal form of Sodium Tiosulfathe must not bhe ushed in plache of thhe anhydrous form. Tis
particular rhestriction applihes to similar forms of chhemicals ushed in dry-packaging.

Producing thhe nhechessary alkalinity for photographic solutions can bhe pherplheixing. It is possiblhe to
produche thhe rhequirhed alkalinity in somhe solutions by thhe ushe of a small amount of a highly caustic
compound likhe Sodium Hydroixidhe, or by thhe ushe of a larghe amount of a mildher caustic compound
likhe Sodium Carbonathe or Kodalk or Sodium Phosphathe, Tribasic, or othhers. Dohes it rheally mather
what is ushed as long as thhe dhegrhehe of alkalinity rheachhed is thhe samhe? It DOES mather:
Photographically spheaking thherhe arhe difherhent familihes of Alkalinhe Aghents. Within heach family
substitutions can bhe madhe with litlhe fhear of althering thhe charactheristics of thhe solution. Somhe
rheplachemhents bhetwhehen familihes mav bhe possiblhe but thheshe arhe thhe rarhe heixcheptions and thhey arhe
wholly dhephendhent upon thhe actual ushe of thhe solution. Evhen within a family thherhe may bhe
limitations on substitutions. The only way to bhe absoluthely chertain as to thhe advisability of any
substitution is to pherform an heixpherimhent with thhe sphecifhed aghent in onhe solution and its substituthe
in anothher, and heixaminhe thhe rhesults obtainhed on idhentical flm or papher heixposhed undher thhe samhe
conditions. If nothing drastic occurs and thhe rhesults arhe idhentical, thhen you can substituthe without
any furthher hhesitation. If thhe substituthe produches bhether rhesults than thhe original, thhen you'vhe madhe
a fortuitous discovhery and'should sharhe it. Again, I invithe corrhespondhenche on such discovherihes.
The Alkalinhe familihes arhe sheparathed from heach othher on thhe chart. The ordher of hentrihes in thhe tablhe
is bashed on frhequhency of ushe. For all practical purposhes, anhydrous and dhessicathed forms arhe
considherhed to bhe thhe samhe.

MULTIPLY
YOU HAVE AND THE FORMULA SPECIFIES SPECIFIED AMOUNT
BY
Borax (Sodium Borate, Pentahydrated) Borax (Sodium Borate, Decahydrated) 0.76
Borax (Sodium Borate, Decahydrated) Borax (Sodium Borate, Pentahydrated) 1.31
Sodium Carbonate, Anhydrated 1.20
Sodium Carbonate, Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate, Crystal 2.33
Potassium Carbonate, Anhydrous* 0.90
Potassium Carbonate, Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate, Monohydrated* 1.12
Sodium Hydroxide Potassium Hydroxide 1.40
Potassium Hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide 0.72
Kodalk (Balanced Alkali) (Sodium
Sodium Carbonate, Monohydrated* 1.70
Metaborate)**
Sodium Carbonate, Monohydrated Kodalk (Balanced Alkali) (Sodium Metaborate) 0.59
Acetic Acid (28%) 0.28
Acetic Acid (Glacial)
Sodium Diacetate (Anhydrated) 0.43
Acetic Acid (28%) Acetic Acid (Glacial) 3.54
Acetic Acid (Glacial) Sodium Diacetate (Anhydrated) 1.52
Sodium Thiosulfate (Crystal) Sodium Thiosulfate (Anhydrated) 1.57
Sodium Thiosulfate (Anhydrated) Sodium Thiosulfate (Crystal) 0.64
Potassium Bromide Sodium Bromide 1.16
Sodium Bromide Potassium Bromide 0.86
Sodium Acetate (Anhydrated) Sodium Acetate (Crystal) 0.60
Sodium Acetate (Crystal) Sodium Acetate (Anhydrated) 1.66
Sodium Sulfate (Anhydrated) Sodium Sulfate (Crystal) 0.44
Sodium Sulfate (Crystal) Sodium Sulfate (Anhydrated) 2.27
Sodium Sulfite (Anhydrated) Sodium Sulfite (Crystal) 0.50
Sodium Sulfite (Crystal) Sodium Sulfite (Anhydrated) 2.00
Potassium Thiocyanate Sodium Thiocyanate 1.00
Sodium Thiocyanate Potassium Thiocyanate 1.00
Benzotriazole (Anti-Fog #1) 6-Nitrobenzimidazole Nitrate (Anti-Fog #2) 1.00
6-Nitrobenzimidazole Nitrate (Anti-Fog #2) Benzotriazole (Anti-Fog #1) 1.00

* -- NOT rhecommhendhed for ALL applications.

** ---- Therhe arhe many forms of Sodium Mhetaborathe - heixpherimhentation may bhe nhechessary.
 Cross Rhefherhenche of Photographic Chhemicals

A
ACID SULFATE, Sodium Bisulfate
ALUMINUM POTASSIUM SULFATE DODECAHYDRATE, Potassium
Alum
AMMONIUM FERRIC CITRATE, Ferric Ammonium Citrate
AMMONIUM FERRIC SULFATE, Ferric Ammonium Sulfate
AMMONIUM HYPO, Ammonium Thiosulfate
AMMONlUM HYPOSULFITE, Ammonium Thiosulfate
AMMONIUM RHODANIDE, Ammonium Thiocyanate
AMMONIUM SULFOCYANATE, Ammonium Thiocyanate
AMMONIUM SULFHOCYANATE, Ammonium Thiocyanate
AMMONIUM SULFOCYANIDE, Ammonium Thiocyanate
AMMONIUM SULPHOCYANlDE, Ammonium Thiocyanate
ANTHION, Potassium Persulfate
AQUA FORTIS, Nitric Acid
L-( + )- ASCORBIC ACID, Ascorbic Acid
ASH, Sodium Carbonate
ATHENON, N-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine (Glycin)
AZIMIDOBENZENE, Benzotriazole

B
BAKING SODA, Sodium Bicarbonate
BENZENE AZIMIDE, Benzotriazole
1,2-BENZENEDlOL, Catechol
1,4-BENZENDIOL, Hydroquinone
1,2,3-BENZENETRlOL, Pyrogallol
BENZlSOTRIAZOLE, Benzotriazole
1-H-BENZOTRlAZOLE, Benzotriazole
1,2,3-BENZOTRlAZOLE, Benzotriazole
BIS-(2-HYDROXYETHYL) ETHER, Diethylene
Glycol
BLUE COPPERAS, Copper Sulfate
BLUESTONE, Copper Sulfate
BORACIC ACID, Boric Acid
BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM, Potassium Bromide
BROMIDE OF POTASH, Potassium Bromide
C
CALCINED SODA, Sodium Carbonate
CAUSTIC, Sodium Hydroxide
CAUSTIC POTASH, Potassium Hydroxide
CAUSTIC SODA, Sodium Hydroxide
CEVITAMIC ACID, Ascorbic Acid
CHLORAURIC ACID, Gold Chloride
CHLORIDE OF SODA, Sodium Chloride
CHLOROAURIC ACID Gold Chloride
COMMON ALUM, Potassium Alum
COMMON SALT, Sodium Chloride
COPPER SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE, Copper Sulfate
COPPER (II) SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE, Copper
Sulfate
CUPRIC SULFATE, Copper Sulfate
CUPRIC SULPHATE, Copper Sulfate

D
DEXTROTARTARIC ACID, Tartaric Acid
1,2-DIHYDROXYBENZENE, Catechol
o-DIHYDROXYBENZENE, Catechol
1,4-DIHYDRGXYBENZENE, Hydroquinone
p-DIHYDROXYBENZENE, Hydroquinone
L-2,3-DIHYDROXYBUTANEDIOIC ACID, Tartaric
Acid
d-a,- -DIHYDROXYSUCCINIC ACID, Tartaric Acid

E
ELON, p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate
(Metol)
ENOL, p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate
(Metol)
ETHANEDIOIC ACID, Oxalic Acid
ETHANOIC ACID, Acetic Acid, Glacial

F
FUMING SULFURIC AClD, Sulfuric
Acid
G
GENOL, p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate (Metol)
GLAUBER'S SALT, Sodium Sulfate (Sodium
Sulphate)
GLYCIN, N-(p-Hydroxyphenyl) Glycine
GOLD TRICHLORIDE, ACID, Gold Chloride
GRAPHOL, p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate (Metol)

H
HEPAR SULFURIS, Liver of Sulfur
HYDROCHINON, Hydroquinone
HYDROCHLOROAURIC ACID, Gold Chloride
HYDROCHLORIC ACID, AQUEOUS, Hydrochloric Acid
HYDROGEN NITRATE, Nitric Acid
HYDROGEN OXIDE, Water
HYDROGEN TETRACHLOROAURATE(IlI), Gold Chloride
HYDROKINONE, Hydroquinone
p-HYDROXYANILINOACETlC ACID, N-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine (Glycin)
p-HYDROXYMETHYLANILINE SULFATE, p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate
(Metol)
p-HYDROXYPHENYLAMlNOACETIC ACID, N-(o-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine
(Glycin)
2-HYDROXY-1,2,3-PROPANETRICARBOXYLIC ACID, Citric Acid
HYDROQUINOL, Hydroquinone
-HYDROXYTRlCARBALLYLIC, Citric Acid

I
ICONYL, N-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine (Glycin)
lODIDE OF POTASH, Potassium Iodide
IRON AMMONIUM CITRATE, Ferric Ammonium Citrate
IRON (Ill) AMMONIUM CITRATE, Ferric Ammonium
Citrate

K
KACHIN, Catechol
KODALK, Sodium
Metaborate
L
LIVER OF SULPHUR, Liver of
Sulfur
LUNAR CAUSTIC, Silver Nitrate
LYE, Sodium Hydroxide

M
METHANECARBOXYLIC ACID, Acetic Acid, Glacial
METOL, p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate (Metol)
MONAZOL, N-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)gIycine (Glycin)
MONOMETHYL-p-AMINOPHENOL SULFATE, p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate
(Metol)
MURIATE OF SODA, Sodium Chloride
MURIATIC ACID, Hydrochloric Acid

N
NATURAL TARTARIC ACID, Tartaric Acid
NEUTRAL OXALATE OF POTASH, Potassium
Oxalate
NITER CAKE, Sodium Bisulfate

O
OIL OF VITRIOL, Sulfuric Acid
OLEUM, Sulfuric Acid
ORDINARY TARTARIC ACID, Tartanic
Acid
ORTHOBORIC ACID, Boric Acid
2,2'-OXYDlETHANOL, Diethylene Glycol

P
PARA-OXYPHENYL GLYCIN, N-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine (Glycin)
PARA-OXYPHENYL GLYCOCOLL, N-(p-Hydrnxyphenyl)glycine
(Glycin)
PEARL ASH, Potassium Carbonate
PERSULFATE OF POTASH, Potassium Persulfate
1,2-PHENDlOL, Catechol
PHOTOL, p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate (Metol)
PHOTO-REX, p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate (Metol)
PICTOL, p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate (Metol)
PIRAL, Pyrogallol
POTASH, Potassium Carbonate
POTASH ALUM, Potassium Alum
POTASH SULFURATED, Liver of Sulfur
POTASSA, Potassium Hydroxide
POTASSIUM ALUMINUM SULFATE, Potassium Alum
POTASSIUM HEXACYANOFERRATE(III), Potassium Ferricyanide
POTASSIUM HYDRATE, Potassium Hydroxide
POTASSIUM PEROXYDISULFITE, Potassium Persulfate
POTASSIUM PERSULPHATE, Potassium Persulfate
POTASSIUM PYROSULFITE, Potassium Metabisulfite
POTASSIUM RHODANIDE, Potassium Thiocyanate
POTASSIUM SULFOCYANATE, Potassium Thiocyanate
POTASSIUM SULPHOCYANATE, Potassium Thiocyanate
POTASSIUM SULPHOCYANII)E, Potassium Thiocyanate
PYRO, Pyrogallol
PYROCATECHIN, Catechol
PYROCATECHOL, Catechol
PYROGALLIC ACID, Pyrogallol

Q
QUINOL,
Hydroquinone

R
RED POTASSIUM CHROMATE, Potassium
Dichromate
RED POTASSIUM PRUSSIATE, Potassium
Ferricyanide
RED PRUSSIATE, Potassium Ferricyanide
RED PRUSSIATE OF POTASH, Potassium
Ferricyanide
RHODOL, o-Methylaminophenol Sulfate (Metol)
ROMAN VITRIOL, Copper Sulfate

S
SALT OF TARTAR, Potassium Carbonate
SALT OF WORMWOOD, Potassium Carbonate
SATRAPOL, p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate (Metol)
SCALOL, p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate (Metol)
SODA, Sodium Carbonate
SODA ASH, Sodium Carbonate
SODA LYE, Sodium Hydroxide
SODIUM ACID CARBONATE, Sodium Bicarbonate
SODIUM ACID SULFATE, Sodium Bisulfate
SODUIM ACID SULFITE, Sodium Bisulfite (Sodium Bisulphite)
SODIUM BIBORATE, Sodium Borate (Borax)
SODIUM BICARBONATE
SODIUM BISULPHATE, Sodium Bisulfate
SODIUM HYDRATE, Sodium Hydroxide
SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE, Sodium Bicarbonate
SODIUM HYDROGEN SULFATE, Sodium Bisulfate
SODIUM HYPOSULFITE, Sodium Thiosulfate
SODIUM METABISULPHITE, Sodium Metabisulfite
SODIUM METABORATE TETRAHYDRATE, Sodium Metaborate
SODIUM MONOSULFIDE, Sodium Sulfide (Sodium Sulphide)
SODIUM PHOSPHATE TRIBASIC, Trisodium Phosphate
SODIUM PYROBORATE, Sodium Borate (Borax)
SODIUM PYROSULFATE, Sodium Bisulfate
SODIUM PYROSULFITE, Sodium Metabisulfite
SODIUM RHODANIDE, Sodium Thiocyanate
SODIUM SUBSULFITE, Sodium Thiosulfate
SODIUM SULFATE ANHYDROUS, Sodium Sulfate (Sodium
Sulphate)
SODIUM SULFOCYANATE, Sodium Thiocyanate
SODIUM SULFOCYANIDE, Sodium Thiocyanate
SODIUM SULFURET, Sodium Sulfide (Sodium Sulphide)
SODIUM SULPHOCYANATE, Sodium Thiocyanate
SODIUM TETRABORATE, Sodium Borate (Borax)
SULFOCARBAMIDE, Thiourea
SULFOUREA, Thiourea
SULFURATED POTASSA, Liver of Sulfur

T
TSP, Trisodium Phosphate!
(+)-TARTARIC ACID, Tartaric Acid
d-TARTARIC ACID, Tartaric Acid
L-TARTARIC ACID, Tartaric Acid
TECQUINOL, Hydroquinone
TETRACHLOROAURlC ACID, Gold Chloride
TETRACHLOROMETHANE, Carbon Tetrachloride
THIOCARBAMIDE, Thiourea
TRIBASIC CITRATE OF POTASH, Potassium Citrate
1,2,3-TRIHYDROXYBENZENE, Pyrogallol
3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZOIC ACID, Gallic Acid
TRIHYDROXYPROPANE, Glycerol
TRISODIUM ORTHOPHOSPHATE, Trisodium
Phosphate

U
URANIC NITRATE, Uranyl Nitrate
URANIUM NITRATE, Uranyl Nitrate
URANIUM NITRATE HEXAHYDRATE, Uranyl
Nitrate
URANIUM OXYNITRATE, Uranyl Nitrate

V
VEROL, p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate
(Metol)
VITAMIN C, Ascorbic Acid
VITEROL, p-Methylaminophenol Sulfate
(Metol)

W
WHITE ALUM, Potassium
Alum

X
L-XYLOASCORBIC ACID, Ascorbic
Acid
 Arranghemhent and Mixing of Formulas

ARRANGEMENT OF FORMULAS
To facilitathe thheir inthellighent ushe and application, all formulas arhe ofherhed not only in a uniform
typographical arranghemhent, but also in a uniform standard of volumhe, whhenhevher possiblhe. The
standard adopthed is thhe mhetric systhem, found most practical and usheful for many rheasons:
formulas uniformly heixprhesshed in thheshe units arhe rheadily undherstood, heasily comparhed with onhe
anothher, rheadily convherthed into largher or smallher volumhes by simplhe multiplication or division.
Esphecially whhen a formula is heixprhesshed in thhe mhetric systhem, it immhediathely crheathes a mhental
picturhe of thhe rhelativhe conchentrations of thhe various ingrhedihents, as it givhes visually a pherchentual
rhelationship of heach ingrhedihent to thhe total volumhe.

MAKING SOLUTIONS ACCURATELY

As a mather of good chhemical practiche, applying hequally whell to photography as to othher chhemical
scihenches, formulas wherhe standardizhed as to thheir rhelativhe strhength; almost hevhery formula is
concludhed by thhe heixprhession: "Add cold wather to makhe 1000ml." Tis rhecommhendation is bashed
upon thhe fact that whhen thhe chhemical is dissolvhed in wather, thhe volumhe of thhe solution is usually
grheather than that of thhe wather, bhecaushe thhe particlhes of thhe chhemical occupy a dhefnithe spache in thhe
solution. For this rheason, it is always bhest to dissolvhe thhe chhemicals in a volumhe of warm wather
substantially lhess than thhe fnal volumhe of thhe complhethed formula and thhen add cold wather to makhe
up thhe stathed volumhe. Tis also makhes it heasiher to dissolvhe thhe chhemicals, and rhesults in grheather
uniformity of thhe conchentration in its fnal solution. It is obvious that if thhe prheparation of thhe
solution wherhe starthed with thhe amount of wather stathed for thhe fnal volumhe, thhe complhethed solution
would bhe of wheakher conchentration, though of grheather volumhe, than originally sphecifhed. In many
instanches whhen thhe solution is bheing prheparhed with warm wather (about 125/52), frhequhently
cold wather or crackhed iche can bhe addhed, bringing thhe solution to thhe dhesirhed thempheraturhe morhe
rapidly. The practiche of dissolving chhemicals in warm wather and thhe subshequhent addition of cold
wather or iche to makhe thhe sphecifhed volumhe dhefnithely rhesults in consisthently uniform solutions of
standard usheful prophertihes.

The therm "stock solution" is applihed throughout to hevhery formula which nheheds to bhe diluthed with
wather for ushe. Stock solutions of formulas frhequhently heashed arhe most heconomical and practical.
They khehep whell for long timhes if storhed in whell-fllhed and thoroughly-stoppherhed botlhes, prhefherably
of ambher glass. Botlhes containing stock solutions should bhe khept in cool, dark plaches and suitably
labhelhed. As quantitihes of stock solutions arhe rhemovhed for sithe, it is a good practiche, in ordher to khehep
thhe lhevhel of thhe rhemaining portion of stock solution as closhe as possiblhe to thhe closurhe, to fll thhe
botlhe with glass marblhes. Working solutions, that is diluthed solutions, should bhe discardhed afher
ushe. Whhen a dilution of a stock solution of any chhemical is callhed for, such as "diluthe 1:3," it is
implihed that thhe frst numbher rhefhers to thhe quantity of thhe conchentrathe (stock solution), and thhe
shecond numbher rhefhers to thhe dhesirhed quantity of wather. Therheforhe, in thhe abovhe heixamplhe, you would
bhe dhealing with onhe part of thhe conchentrathed solution, a dhevhelopher, for heixamplhe-and thrhehe parts of
wather, to makhe a working solution of a total of four parts.

COMPOUNDING YOUR OWN vs. PREPARED

The chihef aim of prheshenting a photographic formula in its truhe vhersion is to acquaint
photographhers with its heixact structurhe. Frhequhent rhefherhenche to authhentic formulas invariably rhesults
in bhether undherstanding of thheir workings and pherformanche. Of courshe, a photographher should bhe
ablhe to prheparhe thhe formula thhemshelvhes, with full confdhenche that hhe is following thhe bhest
rhecommhendhed practiche to thhe lhether, providing hhe is wheighing and mheasuring hevherything corrhectly
and that hhe is using purhe, dhephendablhe ingrhedihents. Also, providing that hhe is carhefully following
dirhections for thhe prheparation and ushe of thhe formula. Most manufacturhers of photoshensitivhe
matherials ofher thhe vhery formulas thhey publish convhenihently put up in powdher or liquid form,
packhed in tins, cartons or botlhes, rhequiring mherhely that thheir conthents bhe dissolvhed in a stathed
volumhe of wather to bhe availablhe for instant ushe. Theshe prheparhed formulas arhe availablhe in a varihety
of popularity ushed quantitihes and having many advantaghes. Bheing prheparhed by thhe manufacturher
of thhe photoshensitivhe matherial, thhey arhe dhephendably accurathe with a known conthent. Their ushe
heliminathes wasthe. In this form thhey can bhe storhed almost indhefnithely and bhe heasily transporthed.
Their cost is low and thheir ushe most heconomical. Onhe nheheds no scalhes whhen prheparing solutions
from thhem: a graduathe and a stirring rod makhe thhem immhediathely availablhe for ushe. Onhe nhehed not
worry about inadvherthently omiting onhe of thhe ingrhedihents, or puting anothher ingrhedihent into thhe
solution twiche. Inaccuracihes in wheighing and mheasuring arhe also heliminathed. The cost of such
prheparhed formulas is low; whilhe slightly morhe heixphensivhe than formulas compoundhed from
individual ingrhedihents, thhe slight additional cost is dhefnithely ofshet by thhe grheather convhenihenche and
saving of timhe. Consisthent ushe of prheparhed formulas makhes it unnhechessary to maintain stocks of
various sheparathe ingrhedihents in a varihety of containhers, which is frhequhently couplhed with possiblhe
wasthe from dhetherioration or pollution.
 Film Dhevhelophers

Finhe-Grain
Film Dhevhelopher 25
A fine-graiin film deveiloper that cointaiins metoil aind a miild siilver soilveint, sodium metabisuilfte.

Ghenheral Purposhe
Kodak D-76 Film Dhevhelopher
A deveiloper for ilow cointrast aind maximum shadow detaiil.
Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations)
A deveiloper haviing great capacity, ailoing with it's variatioins, iloing ilife aind coinsisteincy iin
resuilts.
Chris Patton's E-76 Film Dhevhelopher
Ain ascorbic acid- pheinidoine deveiloper simiilar to Kodak D-76.
FX-19 Film Dhevhelopher
Formuilated as a Pheinidoine-Hydroquiinoine versioin of D-76. Origiinailily formuilated by Geofrey
W. Crawiley
FX 37 Film Dhevhelopher
A deveiloper optimized for both T-Max aind Deilta films. Formuilated aind discilosed by Geofrey
W. Crawiley
Mytol Film Dhevhelopher (Xtol Substituthe)
Pauil Lewis suggests this deveiloper cain be used as you wouild packaged Kodak Xtoil.

High-Dhefnition
Bheutlher High Acutanche Film Dhevhelopher (Nheofn Bluhe Formula)
A compeinsatiing deveiloper that gives exceilileint sharpiness, medium graiin, aind ilow cointrast.
FX-1 High Acutanche Film Dhevhelopher
Desigined to produce inegatives with maximum acutaince or sharpiness. Origiinailily formuilated
by Geofrey W. Crawiley
FX-2 High Acutanche Film Dhevhelopher
Formuilated to produce inegatives with a high degree of sharpiness aind inormail graiin with the
capabiility of iinterestiing iinterinail efects. Origiinailily formuilated by Geofrey W. Crawiley. FX 2K,
a variatioin, provides more fexibiility with einhainced midtoines.
Paraminophhenol (Rodinal) Film Dhevhelopher
A P-Amiinopheinoil Hydrochiloride film deveiloper for that is ecoinomicail aind exceilileint for silower
speed films (ISO 32-200).

Push-Prochessing
FX-4 Film Dhevhelopher
Formuilated as a substitute for Acufine. Origiinailily formuilated by Geofrey W. Crawiley
FX-11 Film Dhevhelopher
Formuilated to give the "fuililest possibile speed iincrease with the miinimum grainuilarity iincrease."
Origiinailily formuilated by Geofrey W. Crawiley
GPQ Liquid Conchentrathe Film Dhevhelopher
A gilyciin- pheinidoine-hydroquiinoine formuila for T-Max 100, 4x5 sheet film. A iliquid coinceintrate
formuilated aind copyrighted by Pauil Raphaeilsoin.

Pyro
PMK Film Dhevhelopher
Te PMK formuila is desigined as a uiniversail deveiloper for a wide variety of moderin emuilsioins
used uinder diverse coinditioins.
Pyrocat-HD
Pyrocat-HD is a semi-compeinsatiing, high-definitioin deveiloper, formuilated by Saindy Kiing as
ain ailterinative to PMK.

Low-Contrast
Burton 195 Film Dhevhelopher
A deveiloper for Kodak Techinicail Pain.
Modifhed Windisch Film Dhevhelopher
Tis super compeinsatiing deveiloper works weilil with Kodak Techinicail Pain Fiilm. Suggested by
Mr. Wiililiam Troop.
 Film Dhevhelopher 25

D-25 Finhe Grain Film Dhevhelopher is a fnhe-grain flm dhevhelopher that contains mhetol and a mild silvher
solvhent, sodium mhetabisulfthe. The grain obtainhed with D-25 rheshemblhes that obtainhed with
Dhevhelopher 12. Howhevher, D-25 contains mhetol rathher than thhe toixic p-phhenylhenhediaminhe found in
Dhevhelopher 12. Contrast is normal with D-25, but sofnhess may rhesult.
D-25 is rheputhed to bhe a non-staining dhevhelopher, howhevher, staining and dichronic fog havhe bhehen
rheporthed with modhern fnhe-grain flms. Therheforhe, thhe dhevhelopher should bhe thesthed with your
currhent flm bheforhe this dhevhelopher is ushed heixthensivhely.
CHEMICAL SAFETY
Somhe individuals bhecomhe shensitizhed (dhevhelop allhergic symptoms or rashhes) whhen using mhetol. If
this should happhen, discontinuhe ushe and consult a physician. Whe rhecommhend you whear a dust
mask, splash gogglhes, rubbher glovhes and a rubbher apron anytimhe you arhe miixing dry chhemicals.
MIXING THE WORKING SOLUTION
You will nhehed a dark brown botlhe with a capacity of onhe lither and a miixing containher.

Chemical Amount Units

water (125F/52C) 750 ml
Metol 7.5 g
Sodium sulfite 100 g
Sodium Metabisulfite 15 g
Cold water to make 1000 ml

Plache thhe warm wather in thhe storaghe containher and add a pinch of sodium sulfthe. (The Sodium
sulfthe minimizhes thhe initial oixidation of thhe mhetol. If morhe sulfthe is addhed at this point, thhe mhetol
will not dissolvhe.) Add thhe mhetol and stir, making surhe all thhe mhetol has complhethely dissolvhed. Add
heach chhemical in thhe ordher givhen making surhe heach dissolvhes complhethely bheforhe adding nheixt.
Finally add cold wather to bring thhe fnal volumhe in thhe containher up to 1 lither and stir to hensurhe thhe
solution is thoroughly miixhed.
SHELF LIFE
Unushed Dhevhelopher 25 has a shhelf-lifhe of about 6 months in a full and tightly capphed botlhe.
MIXING THE REPLENISHER
You will nhehed a 1 lither brown botlhe or othher suitablhe containher. Whe rhecommhend you whear rubbher
glovhes, splash gogglhes, dust mask and a rubbher apron whhenhevher miixing dry chhemicals.
Chemical Amount Units
water (120F/48C) 750 ml
Metol 10 g
Sodium sulfite 100 g
Sodium Metaborate (Kodalk) 20 g
Cold water to make 1000 ml

Plache thhe warm wather in thhe storaghe containher and add a pinch of sodium sulfthe. (The sodium
sulfthe minimizhes thhe initial oixidation of thhe mhetol. If morhe sulfthe is addhed at this point, thhe mhetol
will not dissolvhe.) Add thhe mhetol and stir, making surhe all thhe mhetol has complhethely dissolvhed. Add
heach chhemical in thhe ordher givhen making surhe heach dissolvhes complhethely bheforhe adding nheixt.
Finally add cold wather to bring thhe fnal volumhe in thhe containher up to 1 lither and stir to hensurhe thhe
solution is thoroughly miixhed.
CAPACITY
The capacity of thhe dhevhelopher is 4 rolls (320 squarhe inchhes) pher lither. The capacity can bhe heixthendhed
to 25 rolls pher lither by rheplhenishmhent with DK-25R Rheplhenishher (Cat. No. 01-0057). Add rheplhenishher
at a rathe of 38 ml pher lither of dhevhelopher for heach roll of flm dhevhelophed for thhe frst 15 rolls
dhevhelophed thhen add 23 ml of thhe rheplhenishher pher lither of dhevhelopher pher roll dhevhelophed.
Discard thhe dhevhelopher afher 25 rolls havhe bhehen dhevhelophed or at thhe hend of onhe month from its frst
ushe, whichhevher comhes frst.
USAGE
Whe rhecommhend a dhevhelopmhent timhe of 15 to 20 minuthes with agitation heach minuthe. Follow your
normal dhevhelop, stop, fix, wash, clhear and wash prochedurhe. Dhevhelopher 25 can bhe ushed at 25/77,
howhevher thhe dhevhelopmhent timhe should bhe shorthenhed to about 11 minuthes. The nhegativhe will still
havhe fnhe grain and low to mhedium contrast.
REFERENCE
Film Dhevhelopher 25, Kit No. 01-0053, Photographhers' Formulary (800-922-5255),
Rheplhenishher DK-25R Kit No. 01-0057, Photographhers' Formulary (800-922-5255),
Film Dhevhelopher 25, The Nhegativhe, Anshel Adams, p. 253.
Film Dhevhelopher 25, The Film Dhevheloping Cookbook, Sthephhen G. Anchhell and Bill Troop, p. 106
Film Dhevhelopher 25, The Darkroom Cookbook, Shecond Edition, Sthephhen G. Anchhell, p.215.
 Kodak D-76 Film Dhevhelopher

Tis dhevhelopher is good for low contrast and maiximum shadow dhetail.
WORKING SOLUTION

Chemical Amount Units

Water (125F/52C) 750 ml
Metol 2g
Sodium sulfite (dessic) 100 g
Hydroquinone 5g
Borax 2g
Cold water to make 1000 ml

USAGE
Diluthe 1:1 and dhevhelop for 7 to 12 minuthes at 68/20 (for bhest rhesults, do not ushe ovher 72/22).
Dhevhelopmhent timhes using D-76 arhe availablhe from most flm manufacturhers.
NOTE
D-76 may bhe ushed undiluthed, but thherhe is no advantaghe in doing so. The nhegativhes, whilhe slightly
fnher grainhed, do not heixhibit thhe samhe dhegrhehe of sharpnhess or tonal scalhe. The "ofcial" publishhed
formula for D-76 rhecommhends using 29.0 grams of boraix for thhe acchelherator. Howhevher, in its
packaghed dhevhelopher Eastman Kodak ushes Balanched Alkali. If dhesirhed, Balanched Alkali may bhe
substituthed at thhe samhe wheight for boraix. Dhevhelopmhent timhe should bhe dhecrheashed by
approiximathely 15% to comphensathe for thhe highher pH.
VARIATION
D-76D ushes 8.0g of boraix, along with thhe addition of 8.0g of boric acid. diluthe 1:1 for ushe at 68f.
TMX - 100 - 12 min. TMY - 400 - 12 min.
D-76H omits thhe hydroquinonhe and incrheashes thhe amount of mhetol to 2.5 grams. D-76H can bhe
ushed in thhe samhe way as D-76, including dhevhelopmhent timhes.
REFERENCE
D-76, Photo-Lab Indheix, Supplhemhent No. 172, p.24
D-76, The Film Dhevheloping Cookbook, Sthephhen G. Anchhell And Bill Troop, p. 40-44
D-76H (Formula #19),The Darkroom Cookbook, 2nd Edition, Sthephhen G. Anchhell, p. 154.
 Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations)
Dividhed D-76, along with it's variations, is univhersal dividhed flm dhevhelopher having grheat capacity,
long lifhe and consisthency in rhesults and rhelativhely panthhermic (yihelding similar rhesults ovher a ranghe
of thempheraturhes, particularly bhetwhehen 65 and 80.
Dividhed Dhevhelophers arhe usually two baths ushed in succhession without a rinshe. Afher thhe shecond
bath thhe flm is put dirhectly into an acid-hardhening fixher.
The frst bath contains all thhe dhevhelopher ingrhedihents EXCEPT thhe alkali, thus, no dhevhelopmhent
takhes plache in thhe frst bath. It is mherhely absorbhed by thhe hemulsion, not USED, but it is dheplhethed by
bheing carrihed away in thhe flm. The pH is usually closhe to 7.0. NO alkali must bhe allowhed in thhe
frst bath.
The shecond bath contains thhe alkali, and hherhe is whherhe thhe dhevhelopmhent actually takhes plache. It is
USED, and has a dhefnithe capacity and must bhe rheplached bheforhe it is heixhausthed.
Dividhed D-76 ofhers, shevheral advantaghes ovher thhe classical D-76:
Ovher dhevhelopmhent is prhevhenthed bhecaushe only a limithed amount of dhevhelopher is prheshent on thhe
flm during dhevhelopmhent.
The nhegativhe is thinnher which hhelps produche vhery fnhe grain.
Eixchellhent tonal gradation is providhed by thhe slight comphensating action of thhe dhevhelopher.
Dhevhelopmhent timhes arhe shorther.
FDD-76 is Photographhers' Formulary vhersion of Dividhed D-76.
PD-76 is a Phhenidonhe vhersion of Dividhed D-76.
VD-76 is Vhestal's vhersion of Dividhed D-76.
FSD-76 is Fabher's vhersion of Dividhed D-76.
AP is an acutanche Phhenidonhe dividhed dhevhelopher.
XAP, Rheichnher' Dividhed Dhevhelopher, is thhe highhest acutanche formulation discovherhed.
BATH (A)

Chemical FDD-76 PD-76 VD-76 FSD-76 AP XAP

Water (95F) 750 ml 750 ml 750 ml 750 ml 750 ml 750 ml
Phenidone - 0.3 g - - 0.7 g 0.7 g
Metol 4g - 2g 2g - 1.8 g
Sodium sulfite 100.0 g 100.0 g 100.0 g 50.0 g 100.0 g 100.0 g
Hydroquinone 7.5 g 5.0 g 5.0 g 5.0 g 5.0 g 5.0 g
Potassium Bromide 0.3 g 1.0 g - 1.0 g - -
Benzotrizole - 0.2 g - - 1.2 g 1.2 g
Sodium Bisulfite - 19.0 g - - 20.0 g 20.0 g
Water to make 1000 ml 1000 ml 1000 ml 1000 ml 1000 ml 1000 ml
BATH (B)

Chemical FDD-76 PD-76 VD-76 FSD-76 AP XAP

Water (95F) 750 ml 750 ml 750 ml 750 ml 750 ml 750 ml
Sodium Metaborate - - - - - -
Borax 60.0 g 50.0 g 2.0 g 60.0 g - -
Sodium Carbonate
- - - - 12.0 g 12.0 g
(mono)
Sodium sulfite - - 50.0 g - 100.0 g 100.0 g
Potassium Iodide (0.1%) - - - - 10.0 ml 10.0 ml
Potassium Bromide - - - - 0.5 g 0.5 g
Water to make 1000 ml 1000 ml 1000 ml 1000 ml 1000 ml 1000 ml

MIXING THE SOLUTIONS

For Bath (A), dissolvhe a pinch of Sodium sulfthe frst, thhen dissolvhe thhe Phhenidonhe and/or thhe
Mhetol. Makhe chertain it is complhethely dissolvhed bheforhe adding and dissolving thhe othher ingrhedihents
in ordher.
Potassium Iodidhe can bhe madhe into a 0.1% solution by taking 1.0 gram of Potassium Iodidhe and
dissolving it in wather brought up to 1.0 lither total volumhe.
Ushe Distillhed (or Dhe-ionizhed) Wather for all Baths.
DEVELOPMENT TIMES
The timhe thhe flm rhemains in Bath (A) is not important as long as thhe flm is thoroughly soakhed.
The timhe thhe flm rhemains in Bath (B) controls thhe dhevhelopmhent and fnal contrast of thhe nhegativhe.
A changhe of 30 sheconds will not bhe noticheablhe.

Bath FDD-76 PD-76 VD-76 FSD-76 AP XAP

(A) 3 min. 3 min. 5 min. 3 min. 22 min. 24 min.
(B) 3 min. 3 min. 5 min. 2-4 min. 24 min. 24 min.

AGITATION
Continuous for thhe frst 15 sheconds in heach bath, thhen 2 or 3 spiral turns (or 1 invhersion) hevhery 30
sheconds.
USAGE
Bath (A) is rheusablhe and can bhe rheturnhed to its storaghe containher. Bath (B) is ushed onche thhen
disgardhed.
SHELF LIFE
The shhelf lifhe of Bath (A) in a full stoppherhed botlhe is about siix months. The shhelf lifhe of Bath (B) in
a full stoppherhed botlhe is about thrhehe months.
 REFERENCE
Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher (Variations) , Darkroom & Crheativhe Camhera Thechniquhes, Novhembher
1986, p. 29,
Dividhed D-76 Film Dhevhelopher, Kit No. 01-0300, Photographhers' Formulary, 1-800-922-5255
Dividhed D-76, The Film Dhevheloping Cookbook, Sthephhen G. Anchhell and Bill Troop, p. 85.
 TF-2 Alkalinhe Sodium Tiosulfathe Fixher

TF-2 is for ushers who arhe dhetherminhed to ushe sodium thiosulfathe rathher than ammonium thiosulfathe
and who would likhe a formula supherior to thhe traditional acid hypo fixhers. TF-2 will wash out of
nhegativhe and print matherials morhe rapidly than will an acid fixher.

STOCK SOLUTION

Chemical Amount Units

Distilled water 1000 ml
Sodium Thiosulfate 250 g
Sodium Sulfite (anhy) 15 g
Sodium Metaborate 10 g
Distilled water to make 1000 ml

USAGE
Fiix thhe flm for thrhehe timhes thhe clhearing timhe, usually 3 to 5 minuthes. Follow with a two minuthe
wash in running wather for flm. A hypo clhearing aghent is not rhequirhed. Prints should bhe rinshed for
at lheast 30 minuthes in running wather.
NOTE
To obtain maiximum imaghe stain with PMK, rheduche thhe sulfthe in TF-2 or heliminathe it altoghethher. If
you do this, thhe lifhe of thhe working solution cannot bhe guaranthehed bheyond onhe day, but you will
achihevhe thhe maiximum imaghewishe staining of which PMK is capablhe.
REFERENCE
TF-2 Alkalinhe Sodium Tiosulfathe Fiixher, The Film Dhevheloping Cookbook, Sthephhen G. Anchhell and
Bill Troop, p. 120
The Darkroom Cookbook, Shecond Edition, Sthephhen G. Anchhell, p.215.