ANALYSIS OF CRUDE OIL ASSAY

C232-342 C369-509 Crude oil properties

Gas oil (diesel) Heavy vacuum gas oil GIRASSOL Sulphur content

Crude oils usually contain sulphides that can cause corrosion at high temperatures.
Characteristics : Characteristics :
Density 0.8516 kg/litre
Viscosity at 100C 7.08 cSt
Density
Viscosity at
0.9096 kg/litre
1.34 cSt CRUDE OIL Sulphur content can be divided into two :
1. Sweet ( sulphur content < 0.5 wt%)
100C 2. Sour (sulphur content > 0.5 wt%)
From the assay :
DENSITY
Total crude oil can be classified as sweet oil which has sulphur content of 0.33
API Gravity Conclusion 141.5 Diesel sulphur content = 0.14 , classified as sweet oil
Diesel 34.66 Higher API gravity, more
API 131.5 HVGO sulphur content = 0.382, classified as sweet oil
SG
paraffinic crude, High quality oil Nitrogen content
HVGO 24.06 Lower API gravity, more Gas Oil (Diesel) has lower
VISCOSITY
aromatic crude, low quality oil viscosity value than the Nitrogen content which are greater than 0.25 wt % is said to be undesirable
SGoil oil Based on the crude oil assay, Heavy Vacuum Gas Oil
Formula from: Thompson J.Moran & L.Ruh (2003) H O 2
Type of Oil Viscosity at (HVGO). This means that Gas
Causing : Poisoning to catalyst used and corrosion
100C Oil (Diesel) is high quality and From the assay :
Gas Oil (Diesel) 1.34 cSt contain more paraffin
Heavy Vacuum 7.08 cSt Total crude oil contain 1570 ppm wt% which exceeding the amount of desire
compare to the Heavy nitrogen content
Treatment Gas Oil (HVGO)
Vacuum Gas Oil (HVGO). Diesel (51 ppm wt %), high nitrogen content, HVGO ( 995 ppm wt %)
Sulphur content Wax content wt %
i. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) categorized into two groups, paraffin wax and microcrystalline wax
Perform by co-feeding oil and H2 to a fixed-bed reactor Acidity (mgKOH/g): Diesel = 1.5 wt %, HVGO = 8.7 wt% & total crude oil = 6 wt %
NiMo-catalysts are preferred for fractions requiring extreme The reason behind the difference of wax content mainly because, waxes are
The actual concentrations of total crude oil is 0.373 mgKOH/g, composed of shorter carbon number molecules produced at lower temperature
hydrogenation. Operating conditions at 200-425C and 1-18
diesel is 0.417 mgKOH/g and HVGO is 0.419 mgKOH/g reactions
MPa.
which are low than expected concentrations 0.8-1.2 mg KOH/g Acidity mgKOH/g
ii. Extractive desulfurization
which is where pre-treatment by using caustic is used to adjust
Depends on the solubility of the organosulfur compounds in Acidity inside the crude oil basically affected by Naphthenic acids
the pH of the water wash of desalter
certain solvents. It is a liquid-liquid extraction process. From the assay :
Feedstock is mixed with the solvent and the organosulfur Smoke point (mm) o The gas oil (diesel) contain 0.417 mgKOH/g
compounds are extracted. o The heavy vacuum gas oil contain 0.419 mgKOH/g
In the separator, hydrocarbon is separated from the solvent Gas oil (diesel): Naphtenic acid corrosion generally happen in refinery distillation units such as
The smoke point average: 19 mm; aromatics content 20-28 furnace tubes, transfer lines, vacuum columns and side cut piping.
iii. Adsorptive desulfurization wt % Will react with the steel produce hydrogen and complex of iron-organic acid which
soluble in crude oil
Smoke point: 17 mm; aromatics: 28 wt % (No treatment
Desulfurization by adsorption depends on the ability of a needed)
Carbon Residue
solid sorbent to selectively adsorb organosulfur compounds Heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) has no data for smoke point. No measure of the tendency of a fuel to form carbon deposits during combustion
from the oil. treatment is needed cause the crude to become more heavier/viscous and form additional reaction.
There are two approaches: Physical Adsorption and Reactive Diesel doesnt have residue. HVGO contain 0.0648wt% carbon residue
Adsorption Carbon residue
Pour Point (C)
Chilling and pressing dewaxing
Gas oil (diesel):There is no data for carbon residue for diesel. 3 C above temperature at which oil fails to flow when cooled under prescribed
simple process but time consuming Heavy vacuum gas oil : 2.55 wt % which the oil is heavy oil. conditions.
temperature around -17C Delayed and continuous coking can be used Low pour point,high viscosity, high aromatics content
To minimize refinery yields of residual fuel oil by severe thermal Waxy (heavy residue) has low pour point and low viscosity because contain
Wax content cracking of stocks and convert heavy residual to lighter products high aromatics.
such as naphtha.
Solvent dewaxing of crude oil Smoke Point (mm)
Methyl-ethyl ketone (MEK) was used as a selective solvent to Pour Point (C) Smoke point measures tendency of a liquid fuel to produce particles
dewax heavy crude oil at optimum conditions
Gas oil (diesel): has high pour point and low viscosity (no known as soot where low the smoke point, the high the tendency of fuel to
Amount of wax increase due to increase in initial weight of
treatment needed. smoke, the increase carbons atoms, thus the high the aromatic content.
the crude oil, decrease in temperature, increase of cooling
HVGO: has low pour point (Visbreaking process is needed to
time, and solvent ratio
reduce viscosity of heavy residue)