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odays challenging business procedures are being followed is to and drain valves, whether a stack
environment, coupled with visually inspect the water side by damper is installed and the stack
the volatility in natural-gas crawling through the steam drums is insulated up to the damper, etc.
prices, has many merchant- during overhauls. HRSGs are unique; and even multi-
plant owner/operators wonder- Expect to find at least some oxy- pressure sister units will decay to 0
ing when they will be dispatched gen pitting of the drum if a nitrogen psig at different rates. It takes an
next. Such uncertainty increases purge system is not installed (refer astute operator to closely monitor
the complexity of decision-making to article on p 2 of this issue for more pressure and valve-in nitrogen at the
regarding wet versus dry layup. detail). It is the first component optimum time.
The fact that many HRSGs exposed to ambient air when drum Stack dampers generally help
designed for base-load service are vents are opened. enable the wet-layup option and
forced to cycle also impacts the type Corrosion fatigue and under- are a worthwhile investment. They
of layup. Reason is that these units deposit corrosion can be difficult to block the natural stack draft and
often are not equipped with stack identify without a videoprobe and/or prevent hot air from escaping/cold
dampers, nitrogen purge systems, tube sampling. They occur most often air from entering the HRSG, which
steam sparging, and/or systems for in the lower sections of the HRSGs would accelerate cooling and con-
circulating boiler water when off line; pressure parts. Thats where the densation. Stack dampers usually
and implementation of preferred highest stresses are found in many are butterfly or double-louver type
layup practices may be impractical. top-supported designs and where capable of remote, quick response.
While its important to have your deposits accumulate. Their installed cost can be $150,000
HRSG available for service when The gas side is much easier to to $250,000 for an F-class HRSG; and
needed, its also important to prevent inspect. Poor layup procedures are actuator maintenance is an ongoing
offline damage. Sometimes these confirmed by tube and fin corrosion, annual expense.
objectives are not completely aligned. external pipe and hanger corrosion, Duct balloons are another option.
Keep in mind that idle HRSGs, if not particulate emissions on restart, Recently this technology has advanced
properly parked, may deteriorate increased gas-side pressure drop, from manual insertion and inflation to
more rapidly than if they were in and reduced thermal performance. full automation. Stack balloons serve
serviceeven during outages lasting Systematic removal of selected roof the same purpose as dampers at much
less than two weeks. and floor seals for inspection is lower installed cost.
Thus goal-setting is an important valuable for identifying corroded or Keep in mind that the amount of
part of layup planning. Goals of a thinned piping before it leaks. nitrogen required for a wet layup
proper layup for most users include will be high if youre filling the
the following: Water-side layup superheater and reheater panels. An
n Prevent corrosion on both the
water and gas sides of the HRSG.
options option to reduce nitrogen volume,
especially during long-term wet stor-
n Maintain maintenance availabil- Short-term wet layup. The ASME Con- age, is to back-fill superheater and
ity as needed. sensus Document for the Lay-up of reheater harps with demineralized
n Restart the HRSG as fast as pos- Boilers. . . defines short-term wet water. Caution: Experts do not rec-
sible. storage as less than seven days. ommend filling superheaters with
n Achieve the desired water chemis- Options for short-term wet layup water pushed through the economiz-
try quickly upon restart. include (1) bottling-up your HRSG er and evaporator because it results
that is, not allowing drum pressure in cycling up or concentrating salts
Impacts of improper to fall below 25 psig (a common OEM and chlorides in the drum water to
layup trigger point for opening drum vents),
and (2) use of nitrogen to purge and
levels higher than they are in the
feedwater.
Water side. How would you know if blanket the steam spaces, including However, pushing water through
your HRSG layup was done correctly superheaters and reheaters. the drums to the superheater is
or incorrectly? Simple: Oxygen pit- Industry experience indicates that becoming more common at plants
ting, corrosion fatigue, and/or under- a practical timeline for the bottling- that operate on all-volatile treatment
deposit corrosion will surfaceeven- up option typically is less than 72 (AVT). This approach may be accept-
tually. Because most modern HRSGs hours. Actual limit differs among able if you take care not to thermally
do not have mud drums, the only con- HRSGs and depends on ambient con- shock a hot superheater and are sure
venient way to confirm that proper ditions, degree of tightness of vents to consider pipe support issues
COMBINED CYCLE JOURNAL, Third Quarter 2008 53
HEAT-RECOVERY STEAM GENERATORS SPECIAL ISSUE: OUTAGE HANDBOOK
Alternatives for maintaining your HRSG dry
Method Advantages Disadvantages
Nitrogen n Effective n Low-oxygen environment may be hazardous to personnel
n No foreign chemicals introduced n Difficult to confirm that all spaces are filled with nitrogen
(not air) unless cap is installed as pressure decays
n Large volume of inert gas required
n Does not remove standing water
Desiccant n Proven traditional method n Need to handle chemicals
trays n Easy to source material (silica gel, quick lime, n Damp chemical is corrosive if spilled in drum
activated alumina); rule of thumb is 5 lb silica n Air circulation through HRSG is not accomplished naturally
gel/100 ft3 of volume n Requires frequent checking
Dehumidified n Successful in humid climates n Equipment intensive; requires blowers, flexible ducting
air n Clears small pockets of water surprisingly fast n Seal must be maintained with relative humidity of <30%
(within hours) re-established
n Simple and effective n Constant use of blowers
n No foreign chemicals introduced
Vapor corro- n Simple to add n Require flush and refill
sion (phase) n Chemicals are water soluble n Personnel should not enter drums until after a flush, refill,
inhibitors and startup
n Handling and introduction of foreign chemicals
n Do not clear residual water pockets
n Difficult to confirm dispersion throughout HRSG
especially large-bore superheater depending on the elevation of the nitrogen. If youre considering a
and reheater piping that normally is blowdown tank, it may be necessary nitrogen generator, remember that
filled with steam, not water. to pressurize the system. A cost- it must be able to make a gas thats
Finally, if you fill the superheater saving option for nitrogen users: 99.6% pure according to ASME speci-
and reheater with water, you must Depending on consumption, it may fications. Even very small quantities
drain them completely prior to be less expensive to install an N 2 of impurities can defeat the purpose
restart. This may be difficult and, generator instead of buying bottled of a nitrogen blanket.
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drums and allow it to vent out flow chemical clean-out connections, are open gas-side manways, and other
paths in the economizers and super- a prime example of non-drainable leakage points.
heaters. For long-term dry storage areas. Not only are the low areas Dewpoint corrosion of tubes, fins,
(several months), consider remov- incapable of being drained, they are headers, and casing can cause many
ing large valves in superheaters and the locations where corrosion prod- problemsincluding particulate
economizers to get a large open flow ucts will accumulate, fueling under- emissions at restart, piping and
area. deposit corrosion. Cycling the econo- hanger corrosion, increased gas-tur-
On the gas side, blow in dehumidi- mizer drains monthly at 100-200 psig bine backpressure, and reduced heat
fied air up high on the HRSG, near as pressure decays helps push out transfer in the HRSG.
the stack; draw air back to the dehu- corrosion products. But this takes a Corrosion can be minimized either
midifier from a low point near the toll on gate valves. by removing oxygen or moisture from
front of the unit. ambient air; the latter usually is eas-
When selecting a dehumidification
system, opt for absorption over refrig-
Gas-side layup ier. In either case, it is important to
minimize the amount of air that must
eration. Former involves the use of Gas-side corrosion can be problem- be handled and conditioned. This
desiccant in a slowly rotating bed or atic for HRSGs in cycling service. requires blocking air flow through the
wheel, which is why this arrange- Layup of the gas side historically has stack with a damper or balloon.
ment often is referred to as a dryer. been given less consideration than it Options for minimizing dewpoint
Problem with the latter is that air has for the water side, but that may corrosion include adding heat (1) by
leaves the dehumidifier cooler than be changing. In the first half of 2008 injecting sparging steam on the water
the ambient air which can cause alone, HRST Inc, Eden Prairie, Minn, side, and (2) installing portable heat-
unintended condensation in the was hired to clean 10 HRSGs. ing coils or radiant heaters on the gas
HRSG. This is especially important Recall that as ambient tempera- side. Another practical option is dehu-
if your plant is in a high-humidity ture increases during the daylight midification. In many cases, a combi-
environment. hours, the cooler HRSG compo- nation approach may be required.
Regardless of the method for main- nents, with their considerable ther- Finally, some plants that clean
taining the unit dry, the big chal- mal inertia, lag behind, and mois- tube panels early in an outage see
lenge of dry layup is complete drain- ture condenses on metal surfaces. residual deposits growing as they
age. How can you be sure all water Condensation typically occurs when absorb moisture. A good strategy for
is out of the unit? Many economizer the relative humidity is more than a long outage may be to inspect the
drains do not offer proof of flow; the 35%. HRSG during the first five days of
drains may be clogged, perhaps never Also, when HRSG internal sur- the outage, engage heating or dehu-
opened (in a multi-pass arrange- faces are cooler than ambient tem- midification, clean as close to restart
ment); or worse, some areas of the perature, reverse draft through the as possible, and return to the heating
HRSG may not be drainable. stack occurs. Air entering through or dehumidification plan if startup is
Low spots in headers, such as the stack exits via the gas turbine, delayed. ccj
56 COMBINED CYCLE JOURNAL, Third Quarter 2008