Second-order Elastic and Plastic Analysis and Design to Eurocode-3 Lecturer : Professor S.L. Chan Ph.D., MIStructE, FHKIE, CEng, FHKISC, RPE Director, Research Centre for Advanced Technology in Structural Engineering, HKPolyU Also President, The Hong Kong Institution of Steel Construction enn Pl See ee = Tr teed Second-order & Advanced Analysis of Scaffolding by NIDA-7° SIM-WARE - Simulation Software for analysis & design of steel and composite structures Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, SL. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved.Title 1 2 21 22 23 3.2 on Sa 5.2 10 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION .. sssereen 4 METHODS OF ANALYSIS. a . 7 5 Method (c), First-order linear analysis .. Method (b) Second-order P-A-only analysis Method (a) Second-order P-A-8 analysis elastic or plastic analysis ...10 IMPERFECTIONS 15 Frame imperfections... 16 Member imperfections... 20 Type of analyses. 22 RIGID PLASTIC VS SECOND-ORDER PLASTIC ANALYSES 25 PLASTIC DESIGN IN NIDAO. oo a 26 Method of Plastic “element” in NIDA, .26 Method of Plastic “hinge” in NIDA“... 26 HIERARCHY OF DESIGN. 229 NEW SECOND-ORDER VS OLD EFFECTIVE LENGTH METHOD..........30 CONCEPTUAL SIMILARITY BETWEEN OLD AND NEW METHODS......34 VERIFICATIONS ... cecesnnseene 238 GENERAL VIEW OF SECOND-ORDER P-A-8 ANALYSIS. 37 ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, s.1. Chan. Copyright reserved. Alt rights reserved,11 DESIGN PROCEDURE . oe 39 12 EXAMPLES. e 50 Example | Finding of elastic critical load factor Example 2 Simple benchmark example for testing of software . Example 3. Collapse analysis of a portal... Example 4 Advanced analysis of 6-storey frame .. 65 Example 5 Advanced Analysis of Portal Frame.. Example 6 — Advanced analysis of a bracket-ball stadium .... Example 7 Scaffolding analysis and design ... Example 8 Test and numerical analysis of an unrestrained truss . Example 9 Roof truss design... Example 10 Design of a 1300 ton steel frame 13 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER DETAILS sesavennanneennenees 87, 14 REFERENCES... Ce errerene seer 8B 1§ SOME FEATURES OF NIDA@ FOR SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS AND ADVANCED ANALYSIS..... . Seer 15.1 Working Environment... 15.2. Menu Bar.... 15.3 ToolBar... 15.4 Project Information Window 15.5 Structure Main View ... 15.6 Hardcopy Output. ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA ‘Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2006, 5.1. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved,1 INTRODUCTION Objectives of structural design are : Safe at Ultimate Load ~ Ultimate limit state Functional at service load and ~ serviceability limit state Economy including easy fabrication material weight etc, - sustainable design We need to satisfy the following condition, g@ReaP qd) in which 4 is the material factor, R is the resistance of the structure, A is the load factor and F is the external load. The objective of this lecture is to introduce a new method for finding the resistance, R, in compliance with the design code requirement under the item. “second-order analysis” in ultimate limit state. In Eurocode-3 (2005), Chapter 6 deals with the design on member basis. One can follow the formulae for checking of member strength directly. ‘An alternative but preferred design method is detailed in Chapter 5 of Eurocode-3. In the chapter, various analysis methods are described and this lecture is addressed to this chapter 5. The analysis and design method described are superior to the old design method using bending moment and effective length. In this note, boxed items are directly pasted from the Eurocode-3. Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, 8 chan. Copyright reserved. Argh reserved2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS In Eurocode-3, both first-order linear and second-order non-linear analysis methods can be used (see 5.2.1), but we need to ensure that the effects of change of deformed geometry shall be considered (5.2.1(2)). This can be done by the following check. ©) _ Fist onde anijsis may te wed for ie ruc, fe icesse of he reevaur neal Bees oF rmcmens or way otber change of smuctura! behiviow catied by datorassions cau be oepleced. This ‘coadoon may be assumed ro be Sled, fe following comer sated F218 ferpiseambyse snbare cq) iets facrr by whic the deg loading woud bee tobe screed to crs esc eehy | | | ina global mode ceincal bucking loud fr glbal iosubisry mode based on seiiat elase oie = B10 frase sis > | | | | The physical meaning of o,, , named as elastic critical load factor, can be illustrated by the buckling load of a simply supported column of Young’s modulus E, second-moment of area | and length L. Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 200s, $1. Chan. Copyright reserved. Al igh reservedFigure 1 Buckling load of a simply supported column ‘The Euler buckling load is EL am Q) If the calculated buckling load from Equation 2 is 100kN and the factored design load from self-weight, live, wind and dead load is 20 KN, the og is then equal to 100/20 =5. We must remember that c,, is not for direct design since it does not consider imperfection and material yielding effects. o,, is only an indicator or use for amplification to be discussed. ‘When using NIDA, one only needs to use the function of Vibration and Buckling — Vibration and buckling parameters — eigenvalue buckling and select the number of mode as 1 or more but only the first buckling mode is in control in practice. For higher accuracy, we can just select all members and divide them into 2 elements. This division is not needed for second-order analysis. ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA. Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, S.1. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reservedEES (nlsleieia| iain! <1 oF Slatkin) ish ais) Sl eiNiGioe Me ileld elvlalcinlt) 813) (Se rs a ae Ca] en Pea Mond toe 13 ie FE | dae turn 3 ymin porn | A neva | Sahoo rove n| Boe) @ SEAS OAUNUH HOM Figure 2 Elastic critical load analysis Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, $.1. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved.If we want to use hand calculation, we need to first ensure the structure is regular, portal frame of shallow roof or building frame and then apply the following formula, For a multi-storey building frame, the formula is applied for each storey and the minimum a, is taken as the controlling elastic critical load factor. cr Hag te dea ve fie el ecco f a tes en ase eg ool dag seen ond srr one erat he sn Saag He berzoual plicenes a ep of he sory seve ve a Neto of he se ‘tas to Sa i lode cs bso ons (og. wd) aad Buses benzo nas ‘etch aprcdrens ve fe tearey bala In stability design to Eurocode-IIl, 3 analysis and design methods can be used and imperfections must be considered in any one of them, either implicitly or explicitly. These 3 methods are: ) According tthe typeof fous aad the eltel asl, second erder effects aud inperfections may be coursed for by ove ofthe folowing maibods 1) bots wey by dhe global anys, ') paraaly by the global analysis and parlly txough individual subility checks ef members according to 83, ©) for sic cases by antvideal stabilty checks of equivalen members accendine to 62 asx sppropiste ‘ecklig legis according to he global backing wode ofthe scree 2.1 Method (c), First-order linear analysis The method is a conventional method using effective length in chapter 6 of the same code. It assumes a linear relationship between force, displacement and stress. It can’t check buckling nor material yielding and therefore we must base on the output force and moment to check whether the member is safe or not. However, we have the problems of missing the stress due to second-order effects and buckling and stress distribution after yielding. ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, S.L. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved.In the first-order linear analysis, the effects of imperfection on member design shall be incorporated by using appropriate buckling formulae. Curves a0, a, b, ¢ and d represent different values of member imperfections and Table 6.2 in Eurocode-3 classifies various types of sections into one of these a-d curves. This method cannot be used when og; is less than 3. For BS5950 (2000), the method cannot be used when o¢, (Ac, in BS5950) is less than 4. 2.2. Method (b) Second-order P-A only analysis The method considers the sway effect in analysis and member bowing effect by 6.3 of the code. In this method, the sway effect is considered in program and the effective length of the member is considered as member length (L/L=1). We can use hand method to consider the P-A effect by multiplying the bending moment by a factor 1- a, Some structural analysis software can do elastic critical load analysis for finding o,, and this type of second-order P-A analysis. ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, $1. chan. Copyright resered. Al ghs reserved10 2.3 Method (a) Second-order P-A-8 analysis elastic or plastic analysis This method considers both the P-A and P-8 effects such that effective length method for member buckling strength check is not required. This implies significant saving in time as well as improvement in safety. P P 74 | P-Aand P- 5 effects If we consider both P-5 and P-A effects, we need not worry about the effective length and the design is more efficient and accurate, The P-A and P-8 Effects Figure 3 P-3 and P-A effects When the full second-order or P-A~8 analysis is used, we use the appropriate imperfections in Table 5.1. In this method, one needs not consider individual stability check nor effective length at all. Cross section capacity check in ‘a and 6.2.1(7)) in checking the Equation 3 below is sufficient (see 5.2. stability strength of members as, ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA ‘Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, $.L. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved,i 8 where A= nodal displacement due to out-of-plumbness frame imperfections plus sway induced by loads in the frame 3= displacement due to member curvature / bowing due to initial imperfection plus load at ends and along member length of a member. This is calculated using a curved member proposed by Chan and Zhou (1995). A= cross sectional area py= design strength Myy, Mzy = yield’ moments about principal Y- and Z-axes (i.e. My=py Zi, Z=elastic modulus). Plastic moments can be used by replacing Z by plastic modulus, S. M,, M.= external moments about principal Y- and Z-axes check. In = section capacity factor. If @ >1, member fails in section capaci software NIDA, different values of ¢ is indicated by different colours, ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, $.L. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved.12 2.3.1 Second-order P-A-é elastic analysis For first plastic hinge design, the design load is considered to have been reached when of any member reaches 1. The design load is taken as the load causing the formation of the first plastic hinge for members with plastic (class 1) or compact (class 2) sections or first yield for member of semi- compact or slender section which further requires reduction of cross- sectional strength. [Dieinisial Bl (aia ale) lel ais Hplalslolciolte Cilsle) iedelel-iniiy i i Ipanthaatneievententen aa fee eae edge gene oy eesoasencteaee Figure 4 Second-order P-A-8 elastic analysis (note the deactivated “Enable Plastic Advanced analysis” icon) ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, 1. chan. Copyright reserved. Al igh reserved13 2.3.2 Second-order P-A-6 plastic analysis or advanced analysis For advanced analysis or second-order plastic analysis, one or two members yield with §=1 do not necessarily indicates structural failure if the structure does not collapse. In Eurocode, plastic analysis can only be used the members are of sufficient rotational capacity to enable redistribution of bending moment. In 5.6(2), this requirement is assumed when plastic (class 1) section is used and the shear is not larger than 10% of the shear resistance otherwise web stiffeners should be added within a distance h/2 from the plastic hinge location where h is the height of the cross section. Plastic strength reserve of steel material is significant as minimum elongation at breakage of 15% is imposed for qualified steel. Elastic design can be considered as a waste of material, specially for highly redundant structures. According to the limit state design, the ultimate design load of a structure should be smaller than the actual load resistance or computed collapse load of the structure which can allow for plastic yielding in some members. A safe and yet economical design should allow no yielding under working load in order to prevent accumulation of strain energy and no collapse at ultimate Joad using ultimate load factors. For collapse load analysis, a plastic hinge will then be inserted into the member end when equation 3 is satisfied and the analysis continues until a plastic collapse mechanism is formed. The members possessing the plastic hinge must have sufficient rotational capacity which can be insured by plastic (class 1) and doubly symmetric cross section and all members in the whole Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA ‘Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, 8... Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved,14 frame must be compact (class 2) or plastic (class 1). The location behind plastic hinges must be adequately restrained against lateral buckling, Sele Te aie) whl dla Te jettles) a) a) oot 7390 ‘aerate fame 3} cpt for Se Seevenes RT tat ee fajamsit| anne, | Ramon | Soeae..] B ae) & ROMO SLENDER Figure 5 Second-order P-A-8 plastic analysis using “plastic hinge” method (note the activated “Enable Plastic Advanced analysis” icon) Second-order analysis and design to Euracode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005, © 2005, S.L. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved.15 3 IMPERFECTIONS In Eurocode-3, a special feature is about the consideration of Frame and member imperfections which are not so explicitly expressed in most other codes. The effects of imperfections shall be taken into account as. Global analysis : P-A effect Member design : P-6 effect 53 imperfections Bee | 0) Apres sDowmces sal scoped he sect stot coer be cn of | eprom ret md roman pets ch korea, kof | Ew a FOSS) series, Ick of Games lek off aed any tor ecceamces peat jms of the wlan (2) Eyelet secs press ee $3.2 md 53.5 shel ead wi vals wach weer he Douale ence oft pe of tapeacnecs Tek ee eos inked ihe eonce fre for te design se scene 334 6) Tee foonig tapeticiens Beatle wheats acts 1) Fal xpercose fr Sue 208 aces Ne | lea epetns fer al meats ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2006, $.L. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved.16 3.1 Frame imperfections The effects of imperfections for typical structures shall be incorporated in frame analysis using an equivalent geometric imperfection as an alternative to the notional horizontal force. A=h/ 200 ® where his the storey height ; A\is the initial deformation shown in Figure 3 The shape of imperfection may be determined using the notional horizontal force or elastic critical mode. For regular multi-floor building frames, the shape may be simply taken as an inclined straight line. 3.1.1 Method of Notional force A 0.5% of the vertical load should be applied horizontally to a frame which is basically regular in order to simulate imperfection Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, 8... Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved,Figure 6 Horizontal notional force as 1% of factored vertical loads ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 1008, S.L. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved.3.1.2 Imperfection mode as buckling mode We can use the buckling mode as imperfection mode as the worst scenario as follows. In software, we can use specify this eigen-buckling mode option and a magnitude equal to 0.5% x height (1% x height for temporary structures), or an expected value of imperfection for a particular type of structures, G32 imperectons for glabal analysis of ames (0), Tae ssn ape of patel inpercosandlcl soperectons my be dered Bo eae ‘eng nde os sence x Pave ef ag conse 2), Bos te out of ple acing niadss niet tady wih same ro agin ‘easy apes shad be aber er acco i esr uve deco aul oa (2. Bre ste tet ere et of ps had owe (bisleaie Slate 2) ialaislolslalfeciaisied ir sul ‘Second-order ai and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, s.t. Chan, Copyright reserved. Al rights reserved.19 These initial sway imperfections should be applied in all unfavourable horizontal directions, but need only be considered in one direction at a time. For temporary works such as scaffolding, initial deformation should be taken. as A=h/100. For demolition works, initial deformation equivalent to notional force should be used. The simulation of out-of-plumbness with notional horizontal force is indicated. Figure 8 - Notional horizontal force for out-of-plumbness ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, $.1. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved,20 3.2. Member imperfections For a compression member, the equivalent initial bow imperfection specified in Table 5.1 of Eurocode-3 may be used in a second order analysis of the member. Table 5.4: Design values of initial local bow imperfection €,/ L ‘Buckling curve | elastc analysis | plasuc snalveis sec. to Table 61 [en et ry 11350. 3300 2 17300 1350, & 17250 17200. © 1290 Aso. @ 1130" T7100 Figure 9 Input of member imperfections in NIDA. ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005 $1. chan. Copyright eserved Al ight reserveda The effects of imperfections can be considered in member design when using the effective length method and the moment amplification method. This is the reason we have different buckling curves in Eurocode. In stead of using different curves, the second-order analysis uses different imperfections in Table 5.1 of Eurocode-3, For P- 4 -only analysis, we still need to curve curves a0 to d for member bucking check. Note that we cannot directly measure —these_~—imperfections since they ~— are “equivalent imperfections considering geometrical initial curvature and residual stress, For example, the geometrical initial curvature of CHS is measured to be around L/1000 to L/1500. owe 6.4: Bucking curves Figure 10 Simulation of member imperfection by specifying or using coded values. As can be seen above, a curved member is needed for the simulation. Although we can use equivalent load along a member to simulate the effect, there will be an additional stress induced by this fictitious load which should not exist. So, we suggest to use the direct method of curved member. ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA ‘Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, 81. chan. Copyright reserved. Al igh reserved22 3.3. Type of analyses An over view of design and analysis methods Load factor Elastic critical load -wFtt’=1.P First-order linear analysis Second-order elastic P-A -only Second-order elastic P -A-5 Rigid plasticload=p,A=A,P_—analysie Design resistance or collapse toad by ro where P=1000kN, raced # tori. members 1522152097 Held stress > 255104 A Deflection Figure 11 Types of structural analysis of frames Unlike the first-order linear analysis which has only one version of linear relationship between force, stress and displacement, second- order analysis has several versions with different levels of sophistication, First-order linear analysis : an analysis assuming the deflection and stress being proportional to load. It does not consider buckling nor material yielding which are considered in member design using tables, figure and charts in codes. Nonlinear analysis : represent any analysis which does not assume a linear relationship between load, displacement, stress (6) and E. This is a very broad term and in steel design it includes second-order P-A~ only analysis, P-A~8 analysis and advanced analysis. Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA ‘Short course in Malaysia, November, 2008 © 200s, $1. chan. Copyright reseed. Al igh resered23 Elastic Critical Load Factor A¢¢ : a factor multiplied to the design load to cause the structure to buckle elastically without consideration of the large deflection and material yielding effects. The factor is an upper bound solution that cannot be used directly for design. A, can be obtained in a computer analysis or from Equation 6.1 of HKSC. P-delta effects : refer to the second-order effects. There are two types, being P-A for sway in frame and P-é in member bowing. P-A effect : second-order effect due to nodal change of geometry or sway of a structure P-6 effect : second-order effect due to deflection along a member leading also to a change of member stiffness under load as well as an additional P-3 moment along a member. The effect of change in stiffness can be seen as “a member under tension is stiffer than under compression”. Notional Force : a small force applied horizontally to a structure to simulate lack of verticality and imperfection. It is also used to measure the lateral stiffness so that the elastic critical factor can be determined (see Equation 6.1 HKSC), aap Pp iaaeen a) Peete tok L Figure 12 Lack of verticality is considered by notional forces to a truly vertical frame in an analysis model Second-or inalysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 200s, $1. chan. Copyright reserved. Al ights reserved24 Second-order P-A-ONLY analysis: an analysis used to plot the bending moment and force diagrams based on the deformed or sway geometry. It considers only the P-A effect but not the P-6 effect and checks the moment at member ends but not along members. Use of design code for member design is needed. When using the code, the effective length is set equal to member length or obtained from Figure 6.46 HKSC since the sway effect at member ends has been considered in the P-A moment. Second-order P-A-8 analysis : an analysis and design method allowing for BIG P-A and sm P-3 effects such that only checking of member cross sectional strength in section 8.9.1. in HKSC is needed, because the effect due to effective length has been considered in the A and 8 effects. The design load can be taken as the load causing the first plastic hinge or first yield. This condition is satisfied when the maximum design (action or applied) moment is < plastic moment (=p,S) or elastic moment (=p,Z). It considers both the P-A and P-8 effects and therefore called P-A-3 analysis. Effective length is not required to be assumed here. Advanced analysis : an analysis and design method allowing for BIG P-A and sms P-8 effects such that only sectional check of member resistance as for the above “Second-order P-A-3 analysis” is needed. However, unlike the “Second-order P-A-6 analysis”, it does not stop at first plastic or first yield moment. This method allows formation of one or more plastic hinges by inserting a plastic hinge to the end of a yielded member when the design (applied) moment is equal to the plastic moment in a cross section until_a plastic collapse is formed. This method has been used in seismic and Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2006, S.L. chan. Copyright reserved. Al ights reserved.25 Se otectve engin? bs Sway frame 4< ner> "| | Secondorder®s-ony elas analysis | [Ampity moment | | uth effective length factor (Lenj=1 OO I 1s 1 [Design to chats and tables in code Design utp | Figure 14 Flow-chart of structural design in the contemporary codes Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, $.L. Chan, Copyright reserved. All rights reserved.30 7 NEW SECOND-ORDER VS OLD EFFECTIVE LENGTH METHOD Effective length method In effective length method, the critical problem for assessing the buckling strength will be the assumption of effective length. Below are the typical values for effective length factor (L/L). a t 1 Effective length factor <1 Effective length factor =1 Effective length factor >1 T % T | ners ee Treated iw fom Nanas Figure 15 effective length factor for idealized boundary conditions which are seldom exist in real world ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA ‘Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2006, $... Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved.31 It can be seen that most practical columns or struts cannot be idealised as above which is an ideal condition, Unfortunately, an error in effective length leads to a large error in buckling strength since their relationship is not linearly proportional However, we can hardly classify a practical column as above since its interaction with other members is not considered. In general, we need to consider the behaviour of a column as a member of a structural system, instead of in isolation which is very dangerous or uneconomical. In Eurocode-3, the elastic critical load factor N., is required to compute a reduction factor due to buckling. But accurate N,, is difficult to determine. We need t assume a slenderness 4 which is commonly uncertain, (0) _ evans comprenion in members he vale of, for he appropsice om-dsaeasioelsesdeaes 5. ‘tonldbe deeoed fom a reoeanr backing crv acon x bat £510 625) Brve"-h where $=051+alt-02}+7'| for Class 1, 2a 3 cross-sections for Cass $cros-sections Ssaninsperfecnion factor Ny isthe elastic critical fre for th relevant buciling mode based on the gToss cross sectional Using BS5950(2000) for effective length determination In BS5950(2000), a frame is classified as non-sway, sway sensitive and sway-ultra-sensitive frames, according to the value of elastic critical load factor, der. For Aer210 non-sway frames Use the elastic critical load factor method and the design chart in Appendix E ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November, 2005 © 2005, 8... Chan. Copyright reserved. All ights reserved,32 »| a % “BASSES i \e IN SN N 9 or 02 02 04 08 o8 a7 08 09 1 Foes a Feet 0 Figure 16 For 4 her < 10, sway-sensitive frames, Use the elastic critical load factor method, sway amplification method and the design chart in Appendix E ao . Bs: & aa RS 3 “SS & K “ . AK “PRN NY ih foes 4 Ot 02 03 04 OF O8 OF 08 98 Feed He inne Figure 17 Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, 8... Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved33 or, by the moment amplification as, 4 Moy =52% 7M, and use effective length as for non-sway ease or as member length For Ac: < 4, sway-ultra-sensitive frames First-order linear analysis and effective length method cannot be used. Second-order analysis can be used in all cases and with any values Of Aer for buckling strength check. The basic difference between the new and the old methods is that the effect of buckling and member and frame imperfections are considered implicitly in the second-order analysis. The old effective length calculates moment and axial force on the assumption of no instability and geometrical effects. After analysis, engineers “guess” or assume effective length factor for the buckling check. If one assumes very correctly the effective length and when the member is under axial force predominantly, the two methods give the same results. However, even this happens, the new method takes a much shorter time for design. ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA ‘Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, S.L. Chan. Copysight reserved. Al rights reserved.34 8 CONCEPTUAL SIMILARITY BETWEEN OLD AND NEW METHODS: o | 1 Initial member imperfection Figure 18 Buckling of a simple column due to P-8 effect An axially loaded column reaches its design strength when the sum of axial stress and P-5 bending stress equals to the material design strength as, PPS aoa (5) P oA ©) = pe= pyl(1¢— qn Pre (+ Zz ) Px is the permissible buckling stress from Table 24 in BS5950(2000). 5 will be equal to load-induced mid-span lateral deflection plus the initial imperfection. The P-6 moment can be shown to be, GPP 0) ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA ‘Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, S.L. Chan. Copyright reserved. Al rights reserved.35 8, is the initial imperfection, L is the length of a simply supported column, E] is the flexural constant. Euler’s elastic buckling load, P,, = = We can see that the moment depends on the member effective length and thus slenderness ratio, imperfection and EI. If software uses a curved element with initial imperfection and determine accurately the P-8 moment and also the P-A moment by using deformed geometry in analysis, it can be then designed without assumption of effective length. The output will be more accurate and reliable since erroneous assumption of effective length L can be prevented. The effects of lateral-torsional and torsional buckling and therefore have not are more local with their checking in design codes based on isolated members which can be carried out by a simple programming based on design formulae. Trahair and Chan (2002) propose simple methods for their inclusions into the above second-order analysis procedure. Also for slender cross sections, the sectional properties (effective width method) or design strength (effective stress method) can be revised to prevent this occurrence. ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November, 2005 © 2005, 8... Chan, Copyright reserved. All rights reserved,36 9 VERIFICATIONS Apart from using the simplest problem in Example 1, the results of a sub- assemblage in Appendix E of BS5950(2000) is checked and compared. By varying the length of the horizontal beams, we can then check the results from Appendix E against Nida for verification. For sway, non-sway and partially sway cases, different spring stiffness “k” can be assigned appropriately. For example, k is very large of say 10° of column stiffness for non-sway case and 0 for sway case. 0.5%P +!) P | | | Figure 19 sub-frame for checking of buckling strength Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, S.L. Chan. Copyright reserved. Al rights reserved.37 10 GENERAL VIEW OF SECOND-ORDER P-A-é Analysis The advantages of P-A-6 method are as follows. > Economical design since the designed structure will be lighter. It can be viewed as a MATERIAL OPTIMISATION process by re- arranging the material correctly. We normally over-estimate the effective length for more than 80% of members. > The design is safer. Some members will not be over-designed whilst others are under-d igned. The under-designed members may lead to collapse. > Quick design output, design is completed simultaneously with analysis. No need to waste time on checking the code for determination of sway index or elastic buckling load factor (er, frame classification, use of Design Tables in code and on assessing the effective length. > Accurate in output since the determination of buckling effect is rigorous, but not by manual judgement which varies from one engineer to another. > Change of stiffness or stiffening and weakening effects of tension and compression members are considered in full. > Wider application, it accounts for complex cases, such as change of stiffness in the presence of axial force, sloping bracing members, snap- through instability, pre-tensioned structures ete. > More reliability e.g. effect of adding bracing members can be seen directly. > Interactive behaviour can be considered. A system design instead of a member design approach is used Second-order analysis and dosign to Eurocode-3 using NIDA ‘Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, 8... Chan. Copyright reserved. All ights reserved,38 > Lesser chance of human error when using the design codes. > Capable of dealing with frames with different elastic critical load factors, even when it is less than 4. Disadvantage > It is a new method which requires us to learn and be familiar with. However, with the changing technology and globalisation, it appears that we cannot avoid using better and new methods else we cannot compete with our counterparts, Also, NIDA has been tailored made for user- friendliness using decades of experience by the author in practical design and teaching of steel structures. ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2008, 1, chan, Copyight reserved. Al ight reserved39 11. DESIGN PROCEDURE Step 1 : Model making Construct an analysis model for your structure and run it by the first-order linear analysis. Sufficient supports and provision of suitable member properties are needed to ensure the structure does not have rigid body mechanism etc. However, this first-order linear analysis cannot check structural instability and it cannot tell a longer column is weaker than a shorter column of the same cross section. Input the factored design load as in the following template. ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2008, 8.1. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved.40 Step 2 : Analysis Option Click analysis option to select a second-order analysis option as circled below. Second-order nalysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, $.1. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved,4 Step3 : Imperfections A proper second-order analysis must consider imperfections at frame and at member levels. They can be considered as : Member imperfection \ The values of initial impéyfections cab be input or follow the design code selected. \ GEESE (disisisial wisia|- jalslsioiciol fk Hii Dee eink Vay Odi me en dn i Sharer | eas ot Note that if you select under “General Setting” -> “Analysis Type” > “Second-order anal, + Beam design”—»Design “Eurocode 3-1993”, the values of imperfections are selected automatically to Table 5.1 of Eurocode-3. Second-ordor analysis and design to Eurocodo-3 using NIDA ‘Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2006, 8. chan, Copyright reseed. Al gh reserved42 Frame imperfections There are two approaches as (1) notional force and (2) imperfection mode as elastic buckling mode (1) Notional force (2) Application of notional force of 0.5% of vertical load to activate imperfections to 5.3.2(7) of Eurocode-3. For temporary structures, 1% of vertical load is required (see BS5973 British Standard Institution, Code of Practice for Access and working scaffolds and special scaffold structures in Steel”, BSI, London, England, 1993. This standard is replaced by BS EN 12811). Refer to Example 1 demonstrates the use of notional force. Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA ‘Short course in Malaysia, November, 2005 © 2005, S... Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved.43 (3) Imperfection mode as elastic buckling mode The structure is assumed to have an initial imperfection as the elastic buckling mode with magnitude equal to out-of-plumbness of 1/200 (see 5.3.2 (1) and (3). =e SDwasee gnome ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, $.L. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved.44 Step 4 : Elastic or Plastic Analysis Click the small box for plastic analysis, NIDA will then ask you to accept a recommendation of reducing load step. Accept it unless you want to use your own load step size. ce : Cae Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA ‘Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, S.L. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved,45 Step 5 Analysis activation Analysis is activated simply as, ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, $.L. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved.46 Step 6 Analysis result viewing Enlarge the displacement if needed. Simulation function Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, Novembor , 2005 © 2005, S.1. Chan. Copyright reserved. Al rights reserved,47 Step 7 Collapse load factor (plastic) View the MAXIMUM value of collapse design load in the complete simulation process. ‘Also view the load deflection curve by moving up and down of the corresponding node. Wien the curve goes flat or descending, the peak load factor is the maximum de\jgn resistance factor Ay of the structure. 2B) Glalalaiais} 0) | emer — ae Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November, 2005 © 2005, $.L. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved.48 The colour palette shows the section capacity factor } In Equation 3. For advanced analysis (plastic) and when =1, a plastic hinge is inserted to the end of the member until the structure collapses with the deflection curve goes flat. Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, 1, chan. Copyrah reserve. Al ight reserved49 Step 8 Design resistance factor or the collapse load factor The maximum number above refers to the maximum resistance offered by the structure and named as ultimate collapse load factor | y. Design resistance Extemal Load Second-order elastic or first-plastic-hinge analy: If you only want to do a second-order elastic or first-plastic-hinge analysis without assuming effective length, you should deactivate the “Enable plastic advanced analysis” function and locate the load factor when the first member becomes “RED” which means the section capacity factor } of the member is $ 21 (You can set the indication to other colour other than RED). When 6 2 1, the member fails in section capacity check and the design load is reached when §=1. In the method here, no member should be allowed to have @>1. ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 200s, $1. chan. Copyright reseed. Al igh served12 EXAMPLES Example 1 Finding of elastic critical load factor 50 The 4-storey frame shown in Figure 20 is designed. All members are 203x203x60 UC with the following properties. Area = 76. cm’, ly = 2047cm", Iz =6103cm* , Zy = 199cm’, Zz=582cm’. T<40 mm The structure is under a pair of factored vertical point loads of 500 KN at top, with a notional force of 0.5% applied horizontally at the same level. The design strength is 275 N/mm’. The storey height and width are both 4m. ‘500kN 500kN Case 3 5O0KN —500kN ’ ’ Cases 182 Figure 20 The braced and unbraced frames studied ‘Second-order analysis and design to Eurocode-3 using NIDA. Short course in Malaysia, November , 2005 © 2005, 8.1. Chan. Copyright reserved. All rights reserved,