First Law of Thermodynamics-Energy Analysis of Closed System PDF

1
CHAPTER
MEng 2101
4 Thermodynamics
First Law of
Thermodynamics
School of Mechanical Industrial Engineering,
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
ENERGY ANALYSIS
OF CLOSED SYSTEM
2
MEng 2101 THERMODYNAMICS
School of Mechanical Industrial Engineering,
First Law of Thermodynamics
The First Law is usually referred to as the Law of Conservation

of Energy, i.e. energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but
rather transformed from one state to another.
The energy balance is maintained within the system being

studied/defined boundary.
The various energies associated are then being observed as
they cross the boundaries of the system.
3
School of Mechanical Industrial Engineering
Energy Balance for Closed System
Closed
System V
Heat
Work
z
Reference Plane, z = 0
or
Ein Eout = E system
4
According to classical thermodynamics
Qnet Wnet = E system

The total energy of the system, Esystem, is given as
E = Internal energy + Kinetic energy + Potential energy

E = U + KE + PE
The change in stored energy for the system is
E = U + KE + PE
The first law of thermodynamics for closed systems then can be
written as
Qnet Wnet = U + KE + PE
5
If the system does not move with a velocity and has no change in
elevation, the conservation of energy equation is reduced to
Qnet Wnet = U
The first law of thermodynamics can be in the form of
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
qnet wnet = u2 u1 + + (kJ / kg )

2000 1000
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net W net = m u 2 u1 + + (kJ )

2000 1000
For a constant volume process,
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2

Q net W net = m u2 u1 + +

2000 1000
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2

Q net = m u2 u1 + +

2000 1000 6
For a constant pressure process,
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2

2000 1000
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net P(V2 V1 ) = m u2 u1 + +

2000 1000
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net = m u2 u1 + P(V2 V1 ) + +

2000 1000
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net = m h2 h1 + +

2000 1000
7
Example of Closed Systems
Rigid tank Piston cylinder
8
Example 4.1
A closed system of mass 2 kg Rearrange the equation
undergoes an adiabatic process. V2 2 V12 g ( z2 z1 )
The work done on the system is Qnet W net
= m u2 u1 + +
2000 1000
30 kJ. The velocity of the system V2 2 V12 g ( z2 z1 )
changes from 3 m/s to 15 m/s. Wnet
= m u2 u1 + +
2000 1000
During the process, the elevation
152 32 9.81( 45 )
of the system increases 45 meters. ( 30 ) = 2u + 2 + 2
2000 1000
Determine the change in internal
u = 14.451 kJ Ans..
energy of the system.
Solution:
Energy balance,
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
2000 1000
9
Example 4.2 Solution:
Steam at 1100 kPa and 92 percent

quality is heated in a rigid container
until the pressure is 2000 kPa. For a
mass of 0.05 kg, calculate the amount
of heat supply (in kJ) and the total
entropy change (in kJ/kg.K).
10
For a rigid container,

v2=v1=0.1634 m3/kg
11
Amount of heat supplied, Q

=Q m ( u2 u1 )
= 0.05 ( 3030.42 2441.9 )
= 29.43 kJ
The change in entropy, s
s = s2 s1
= 7.2790 6.204
= 1.075 kgkJ. K
12

A rigid tank is divided into two equal
parts by a partition. Initially one side
of the tank contains 5 kg water at 200
kPa and 25C, and the other side is
evacuated. The partition is then
removed, and the water expands into
the entire tank. The water is allowed to
exchange heat with its surroundings
until the temperature in the tank The initial volume for entire tank
returns to the initial value of 25C.
Vresevoir = 2 ( 0.005 )
Determine (a) the volume of the tank
(b) the final pressure (c) the heat = 0.01 m3
transfer for this process.
13
The final pressure
The heat transfer for this process
+ve sign indicates heat transfer

into the system.
14
Supplementary Problems 1
1. Two tanks are connected by a valve. Tank A contains 2 kg of carbon

monoxide gas at 77C and 0.7 bar. Tank B holds 8 kg of the same gas
at 27C and 1.2 bar. Then the valve is opened and the gases are allowed
to mix while receiving energy via heat transfer from the surrounding.
The final equilibrium temperature is found to be 42C. Determine (a)
the final pressure (b) the amount of heat transfer. Also state your
assumption. [P2=105 kPa, Q = +37.25 kJ]
2. A piston cylinder device contains 0.2 kg of water initially at 800 kPa

and 0.06 m3. Now 200 kJ of heat is transferred to the water while its
pressure is held constant. Determine the final temperature of the water.
Also, show the process on a T-V diagram with respect to saturation
lines. [ 721.1oC]
15
3. A piston-cylinder device contains 6 kg of refrigerant-134a at 800 kPa
and 50oC. The refrigerant is now cooled at constant pressure until it
exist as a liquid at 24oC. Show the process on T-v diagram and
determine the heat loss from the system. State any assumption made.
[1210.26 kJ]
4. A 0.5 m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 200 kPa and 40
percent quality. Heat is now transferred to the refrigerant until the
pressure reaches 800 kPa. Determine (a) the mass of the refrigerant in
the tank and (b) the amount of heat transferred. Also, show the process
on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
[12.3 kg, 2956.2 kJ]
5. An insulated tank is divided into two parts by a partition. One part of
the tank contains 6 kg of an ideal gas at 50C and 800 kPa while the
other part is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the gas
expands to fill the entire tank. Determine the final temperature and the
pressure in the tank.
[50C, 400 kPa] 16
Closed System First Law of a Cycle
Some thermodynamic cycle composes of processes in which

the working fluid undergoes a series of state changes such
that the final and initial states are identical.
For such system the change in internal energy of the

working fluid is zero.
The first law for a closed system operating in a

thermodynamic cycle becomes
Qnet Wnet = U cycle

Qnet = Wnet
17
According to a law of P V n = constant
No Value of n Process Description Result of IGL

1 isochoric constant volume (V1 = V2) P1 P2
=
T1 T2
2 0 isobaric constant pressure (P1 = P2) V1 V2
=
T1 T2
3 1 isothermal constant temperature
(T1 = T2) P1V1 = P2V2
4 1<n< polytropic -none- n
n
P1 V2 T1 n 1
= =
5 isentropic constant entropy (S1 = S2) P2 V1 T2
18
Various forms of work are expressed as follows
Process Boundary Work

isochoric W12 = P(V2 V1 ) = 0
isobaric W12 = P(V2 V1 )
isothermal V2
W12 = P1V1 ln
V1
polytropic
P2V2 P1V1
W12 =
isentropic 1 n
19
Example 4.4
Sketch a P-V diagram showing the following processes in a cycle
Process 1-2: isobaric work output of 10.5 kJ from an initial volume of 0.028
m3 and pressure 1.4 bar,
Process 2-3: isothermal compression, and
Process 3-1: isochoric heat transfer to its original volume of 0.028 m3 and
pressure 1.4 bar.
Calculate (a) the maximum volume in the cycle, in m3, (b) the isothermal work,
in kJ, (c) the net work, in kJ, and (d) the heat transfer during isobaric expansion,
in kJ.
20
Solution:
The isothermal work
Process by process analysis,
The net work
21
Example 4.5
A fluid at 4.15 bar is expanded reversibly according to a law PV = constant to a
pressure of 1.15 bar until it has a specific volume of 0.12 m3/kg. It is then cooled
reversibly at a constant pressure, then is cooled at constant volume until the pressure
is 0.62 bar; and is then allowed to compress reversibly according to a law PVn =
constant back to the initial conditions. The work done in the constant pressure is
0.525 kJ, and the mass of fluid present is 0.22 kg. Calculate the value of n in the
fourth process, the net work of the cycle and sketch the cycle on a P-V diagram.
22
Solution:
Process by process analysis,
The net work of the cycle
Wnet = W12 + W23 + W34 + W41

= 0.9076 kJ
23
1. A mass of 0.15 kg of air is initially exists at 2 MPa and 350oC. The air is
first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed polytropically
with a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial state. Determine the
boundary work for each process and the net work of the cycle.
2. 0.078 kg of a carbon monoxide initially exists at 130 kPa and 120oC. The
gas is then expanded polytropically to a state of 100 kPa and 100oC.
Sketch the P-V diagram for this process. Also determine the value of n
(index) and the boundary work done during this process.
[1.248,1.855 kJ]
24
3. Two kg of air experiences the three-

process cycle shown in Fig. 3-14.
Calculate the net work.
4. A system contains 0.15 m3 of air pressure of 3.8 bars and 150 C. It is

expanded adiabatically till the pressure falls to 1.0 bar. The air is then
heated at a constant pressure till its enthalpy increases by 70 kJ.
Sketch the process on a P-V diagram and determine the total work
done.
Use cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K and cv=0.714 kJ/kg.K
25
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
MASS & ENERGY ANALYSIS

OF CONTROL VOLUME
26
First low of thermodynamics for open

Systems
Reminder of an open System.
Open system = Control volume
It is a properly selected region in space.
Mass and energy can cross its boundary.
27
Control volume involves two main

processes
Steady flow processes.
Fluid flows through the control volume
steadily.
Its properties are experiencing no change with
time at a fixed position.
Unsteady flow processes.

Fluid properties are changing with time.
28
Mass and Volume Flow Rates
Mass flow through a cross-sectional area per unit time is called the
mass flow rate. Note the dot over the mass symbol indicates a time
rate of change. It is expressed as
m = V .dA
If the fluid density and velocity are constant over the flow cross-
sectional area, the mass flow rate is
AV
m = AV =

1
where =

is called specific voulme
29
Principal of Conservation of Mass
The conservation of mass principle for a control volume can be

expressed as
m in m out =
m CV
For a steady state, steady flow process the conservation of mass
principle becomes
m in = m out (kg/s)
30
Flow Work & The Energy of a Flowing Fluid
As the fluid upstream pushes mass across the control volume, work
done on that unit of mass is
A
W=flow F=dL F dL = Pv m
= PdV
A
W flow
=w flow = Pv
m
31
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
The total energy carried by a unit of mass as it crosses the control

surface is the sum of the internal energy + flow work + potential
energy + kinetic energy
V2 V2
energy = u + P + 2 + gz = h + 2 + gz
The first law for a control volume can be written as
. . . Vout
2
. Vin
2

Q net W net = mout hout + + gzout min hin + + gzin
out 2 in 2
32
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid

The steady state, steady flow conservation of mass and first law of
thermodynamics can be expressed in the following forms
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
qnet wnet = h2 h1 + + (kJ / kg )

2000 1000
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net W net
= m h2 h1 + + (kJ )
2000 1000
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
. . . 2 2
Q net W net = m h2 h1 + + (kW )

2000 1000
33
Steady-flow Engineering Devices

Only one in and one out More than one inlet and
exit
34
Nozzle & Diffuser
Nozzle - device that increases

the velocity fluid at the expense
of pressure.
Diffuser - device that increases
pressure of a fluid by slowing it
down.
Commonly utilized in jet
engines, rockets, space-craft
and even garden hoses.
Q = 0 (heat transfer from the
fluid to surroundings very
small)
W = 0 and PE = 0
35
Nozzles and Diffusers

(1st low analysis)

Ve Vi
2 2

Q W = m he hi + + g ( ze zi )
2

Is there work in this system? NO
Is there heat transfer? let us say: NO
In fact, it depends on the problem!
Does the fluid change elevation? NO

V V 2 2 Q : What happened to the m ?
0 = (he hi ) + e i
Ans: It is divided out
2 36
Energy balance (nozzle & diffuser):
. . . Vin
2
. . . Vout
2

Q in + W in + min hin +
+ gzin = Q out + W out + mout hout +
+ gzout
in 2 out 2

. Vin
2 . Vout
2
min hin + = mout hout +

2 2
V1
2
V2
2

h1 + = h2 +

2 2
37
which can be rearranged to

2 2
Vi V
hi + = he + e
2 2
In a nozzle, enthalpy is converted into kinetic energy
How can you find the mass flow rate in a nozzle?
m = 1V1 A1 = 2V2 A2
V1 A1 V2 A2
m = =
v1 v2
38
Example 5.1 Simplified energy balance:

Steam at 0.4 MPa, 300C,
enters an adiabatic nozzle with
a low velocity and leaves at 0.2
MPa with a quality of 90%.
Find the exit velocity.
Solution:
Exit velocity:
=V2 2000 ( 3067.1 2486.1)
= 1078 m / s
39
Example 5.2
Air at 10C and 80 kPa enters the
diffuser of a jet engine steadily
with a velocity of 200 m/s. The
inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2.
The air leaves the diffuser with a
velocity that is very small Solution:
compared with the inlet velocity. Simplified energy balance:
Determine (a) the mass flow rate V2
0
V
2 2
h1 + = h2 +
1
of the air and (b) the temperature
2 2
of the air leaving the diffuser.
From Ideal Gas Law:
RT1
= = 1.015 mkg
3
v1
P1
40
Mass flow rate From energy balance:
Enthalpy at state 1
=
h1 C=
pT1 1.005 ( 283)
= 284.42 kJ
kg
41
Turbine & Compressor
Turbine a work producing device through the expansion of a

fluid.
Compressor (as well as pump and fan) - device used to increase
pressure of a fluid and involves work input.
Q = 0 (well insulated), PE = 0, KE = 0 (very small compare to
enthalpy).
42
Turbines
A turbine is a device that produces work at the
expense of temperature and pressure.
As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done
against the blades, which are attached to a shaft. As a
result, the shaft rotates, and the turbine produces work.
43
Compressors Inlet
A compressor is a device that increases the

pressure of a fluid by adding work to the system.
Compressor
Work is supplied from an external source through a
rotating shaft. Win
Exit
44
Turbines and Compressors

W =wm= ((
Ve Vi
))
2 2
Q h h + + kg
g (
W = me ehe i ihi 2 ( W ) e i
h h ( kJ / z )
z )

Is there work in this system? Yes!
Is there heat transfer? Negligible because of insulation. Exception: Internal
cooling in some compressors.

Does the kinetic energy change? Usually it can be ignored 45
Example 5.3
The power output of an adiabatic steam turbine is 5 MW. Compare

the magnitudes of h, ke, and pe. Then determine the work done
per unit mass of the steam flowing through the turbine and calculate
the mass flow rate of the steam.
Data : Inlet (P = 2 MPa, T = 400C,v = 50 m/s, z = 10 m)

Exit (P = 15 kPa, x = 90%, v = 180 m/s, z = 6m)
46
Solution:
From energy balance:
. . . Vin 2
Qin + W in + min hin + + gzin =
in 2
. . . Vout 2
Q out + W out + mout hout + + gzout
out 2
Solve the equation:
47
the work done per unit mass
The mass flow rate
Wout 5000
=
m = = 5.74
5.73 kgs
Wout 870.96
872.48
48

simplified energy balance:
Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is
compressed steadily to 600 Win= m ( h2 h1 ) + Q out
kPa and 400 K. The mass = m ( h2 h1 ) + mq
out
flow rate of the air is 0.02
kg/s, and a heat loss of 16
kJ/kg occurs during the
process. Assuming the
changes in kinetic and
potential energies are
Thus
negligible, determine the
necessary power input to the
compressor. Win 0.02 ( 400.98 280.13) + 16
=
= 2.74 kW
49
Throttling Valve
Flow-restricting devices that

cause a significant pressure drop
in the fluid.
Some familiar examples are

ordinary adjustable valves and
capillary tubes.
50
Throttling Valve

(
0 = h e hi
Q W = m he hi +
Ve hVei =hi

2

2 )
+ g ( ze zi )
2
isenthalpic
device
Is there work in this system? NO
Is there heat transfer? Usually it can be ignored
Does the fluid change velocity? Usually it can be ignored
51
Example 5.5
State1 Steam enters a throttling valve at
8000 kPa and 300C and leaves
P1 = 8000 kPa sup erheated at a pressure of 1600 kPa.

T1 = 300 C h1 = 2786.5 kJkg
o Determine the final temperature
and specific volume of the
State 2 steam.
P2 = 1600 kPa
make int erpolation
h2 = h1
P ( kPa ) T ( C)
o vf vg hf hg
1500 198.29 0.001154 0.131710 844.55 2791
1600 T2 vf 2 vg 2 hf 2 hg 2
1750 205.72 0.001166 0.113440 878.16 2795.2
52
At state 2, the region is sat. Specific volume at state 2

mixture
=
v2 v f 2 + x2 v fg 2
=
T2 T=
sat 201.3o
C = 0.0011588 +
Getting the quality at state 2

0.997 ( 0.124402 0.0011588 )
= 0.1240 m3
h2 h f 2 kg
x2 =
hg 2 h f 2
2786.5 857.994
=
2792.68 857.994
= 0.997
53
Mixing Chamber
The section where the mixing process

takes place.
An ordinary T-elbow or a Y-elbow in

a shower, for example, serves as the
mixing chamber for the cold- and
hot-water streams.
54
Mixing Chamber

0 = m (h ) m (h )
Ve2
Vi 2

Qnet Wnet = mee he +e 2 + gze i mi i hi + 2 + gzi

We no longer have only one inlet and one exit stream
Is there any work done? No
Is there any heat transferred? No
Is there a velocity change? No
Is there an elevation change? No

55
Mixing Chamber
Material Balance

m i
= me

m +m =m 1 2 3
Energy balance

m i
hi = m e he

m h +m h =m h
1 1 2 2 3 3
56
Heat Exchanger
Devices where two moving fluid

streams exchange heat without
mixing.
Heat exchangers typically involve

no work interactions (w = 0) and
negligible kinetic and potential
energy changes for each fluid
stream.
57
simplified energy balance:

Liquid sodium, flowing at 100
kg/s, enters a heat exchanger at
450C and exits at 350C. The
specific heat of sodium is 1.25
kJ/kg.oC. Water enters at 5000
kPa and 20oC. Determine the
minimum mass flux of the water
so that the water does not
completely vaporize. Neglect the
pressure drop through the
exchanger. Also, calculate the
rate of heat transfer.
58
the minimum mass flux of the water the rate of heat transfer
so that the water does not
completely vaporize
59
1. Air flows through the supersonic nozzle . The inlet conditions are 7 kPa
and 420C. The nozzle exit diameter is adjusted such that the exiting
velocity is 700 m/s. Calculate ( a ) the exit temperature, ( b )the mass flux,
and ( c ) the exit diameter. Assume an adiabatic quasiequilibrium flow.
2. Steam at 5 MPa and 400C enters a nozzle steadily velocity of 80 m/s,

and it leaves at 2 MPa and 300C. The inlet area of the nozzle is 50 cm2,
and heat is being lost at a rate of 120 kJ/s. Determine (a) the mass flow
rate of the steam, (b) the exit velocity of the steam, and (c) the exit area
nozzle.
3. Steam enters a turbine at 4000 kPa and 500oC and leaves as shown in Fig
A below. For an inlet velocity of 200 m/s, calculate the turbine power
output. ( a )Neglect any heat transfer and kinetic energy change ( b )Show
that the kinetic energy change is negligible.
60
Figure A
4. Consider an ordinary shower where hot water at 60C is mixed with cold
water at 10C. If it is desired that a steady stream of warm water at 45C
be supplied, determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the hot to cold
water. Assume the heat losses from the mixing chamber to be negligible
and the mixing to take place at a pressure of 150 kPa.
5. Refrigerant-134a is to be cooled by water in a condenser. The refrigerant
enters the condenser with a mass flow rate of 6 kg/min at 1 MPa and 70C
and leaves at 35C. The cooling water enters at 300 kPa and 15C and
leaves at 25C. Neglecting any pressure drops, determine (a) the mass
flow rate of the cooling water required and (b) the heat transfer rate from
the refrigerant to water.
61

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1

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

First Law of Thermodynamics

The First Law is usually referred to as the Law of Conservation

The energy balance is maintained within the system being

Energy Balance for Closed System

According to classical thermodynamics

Qnet Wnet = E system

E = Internal energy + Kinetic energy + Potential energy

For a constant pressure process,

Example of Closed Systems

Rigid tank Piston cylinder

Example 4.2 Solution:

Steam at 1100 kPa and 92 percent

For a rigid container,

Amount of heat supplied, Q

The change in entropy, s

Example 4.3 Solution:

transfer for this process.

The final pressure

The heat transfer for this process

+ve sign indicates heat transfer

1. Two tanks are connected by a valve. Tank A contains 2 kg of carbon

2. A piston cylinder device contains 0.2 kg of water initially at 800 kPa

Closed System First Law of a Cycle

Some thermodynamic cycle composes of processes in which

For such system the change in internal energy of the

The first law for a closed system operating in a

Qnet Wnet = U cycle

According to a law of P V n = constant

No Value of n Process Description Result of IGL

Various forms of work are expressed as follows

Process Boundary Work

isobaric W12 = P(V2 V1 )

Sketch a P-V diagram showing the following processes in a cycle

The net work

The net work of the cycle

Wnet = W12 + W23 + W34 + W41

3. Two kg of air experiences the three-

4. A system contains 0.15 m3 of air pressure of 3.8 bars and 150 C. It is

Use cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K and cv=0.714 kJ/kg.K

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

MASS & ENERGY ANALYSIS

First low of thermodynamics for open

Control volume involves two main

Unsteady flow processes.

Mass and Volume Flow Rates

Principal of Conservation of Mass

The conservation of mass principle for a control volume can be

Flow Work & The Energy of a Flowing Fluid

Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid

The total energy carried by a unit of mass as it crosses the control

The first law for a control volume can be written as

Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid

Steady-flow Engineering Devices

Nozzle & Diffuser

Nozzle - device that increases

Nozzles and Diffusers

Does the fluid change elevation? NO

Energy balance (nozzle & diffuser):

which can be rearranged to

How can you find the mass flow rate in a nozzle?

Example 5.1 Simplified energy balance: