WORKBOOK

natural science
Plants

Let's spea t
What living things can yOJ see
in the pidtre?
What season 1s it?
What happens to many plants
during thiS season'

r
Do an experiment. You need:

Two empty yoghurt containers

Wet cotton wool discs

4 dried beans

Fill the cont1n41rs wot h wet cotton

wool discs

Put two beans into eKh container.

Place them between the c.otton
woold1scs.
At the end of the un1t, you will find
out what germinl!tion is

1
 Characteristics of plants fD ()
A plant Is a livong tting with limited mobility. There lll'e
many dofTerent types of plants All plants have one thong on sool: meterool1n whch plllntsarow
common. they are loving ttings that make their own toOd nutnenh: substllnces the! hvlna

, lhin85 need in ordor to grow

vesSC!I: a tube which tr&nsports
hqUidS
Plants need four substances to make theor own food water,
mineral~. sunliahl and arbon dioxide, Plants get these
substances using three main organs: roots, stems and leaves.
. ................. Fun f d l .

leaves copture sunl'8hl and c"'bon

.
' Sequo1e tre.-s ore the oldest and
largest pl~~nts on Elrlh They cen
.
:
:

ldoxode from the air. Then, they use grow over 75 metn>S toiiMd liVe
the sunatrt. Clrbon doa.lde. wat..- for thousands of years. How IS th1s
lllld mner&ls to rmke nulroelts. possoble> CM gllllll se quo< as evon
resast fi,_.?

r Stems ~ eep th
pi MI upnght ond
support rt. The
trunl< of o tre IS o
very thiCk stem. 1t
elso cernts wet.r,
mln..-olsend FI NAL TASK Check your
nutnents to other experiment.
ports of the plent Put one yoghurt
through veuel. container in the frie4le
andtheotheroneln a
warm room.
E~~ery two days,lfft up
the cotton wool disc:; on
the top and take photos
Wn t e down the changes
Roots enable plants to
you observe, induding
hlk111 wMfr end mene~ls
from the SO< I.
the temperature ot
Some plants the fridge and room.
store nutr1ents Remember to keep the
In lh e" roots. cotton wool wet'
Classification of plants ~
Flowering plants r Non-flowering plants
Flowering plants have organs like flowers. fruits Non-flowering plants do not have seeds. They
and seeds that help them to reproduce. reproduce through spores. Spores are tiny cells that
g ermrnate l!lnd grow rnto a new plant.
Anglo~perm~ ,.. Frn~

Ftui1

Angiosper ms,likeapplet rees. areplantstl>atgrow Ferns hi)ve roots. leaves and stems. f1rn spores are
fruit wrth seeds. The seeds .,.e located rnsidethe fruil formed on the underside of the leaves..

Gymno~pe rm~ Mosses

Seed

, I

Gymnosperms. lik" prne trees, oro plonts that hove Mosses do not havP roots. leaves or st ttms. Moss
seeds but do not hav" fruit. Pine nuts are seeds spores are produced in capsules which are M-t he
Insid e pine cones. A ~ne cone from a ptnt tree rs end af the filement.
note fru1t. 1t IS ,e flowttr.

Listen to Anna and Wil l talk about the Frl'ar.nrol~flF

different k fnd of trees t hey have in their
gardens. Copythetablein your notebook
and complet e it .

apple tree pear tree cherT)' tree

AlgQI~II!> G)'mlllrellll

--
* smSaviadigitol cam
I rems I r pine trees a T .... I
vi I ,, ~l Play and dedde if
the plants are flowering or non-flowering
plants.

Q
 Plant nutrition ee

Photosynthesis
GittUMJf
Plants make their own nut rients through photosynthe:J~
During this process, plants ab>vrb caroondioxide and water abse<b: I eke 1n
WJth minerals and r->lo>a~p oxygen into the air This process rclca.'i<l: b reathe out
takes place In green leaves during the day. Leaves absorb
energy from sunlight through a green pigment called
chlorophyll and use it to produce glucose and oxygen
rr ~
T ,.r + - +
..... gluco.e

........................ . Funiad!
: TrPP40.givPu~<-NlrlPthM kP,.,.,<
Ca!bon dtOI.Ide
us cool 1n the summer. But dul
you know that one large tree con
produce over 100 kilos of oxygen
Path yPar? If a forest has 100 large
trees. how many kilos of oxygen
do thoy produce ~tach yoar? What

. 1S the lergest forest'" the world?

"a ~ ~
.

Respiration Listen and identify the

Respiration is related to how plants get enei'JIY During processdescribed Then,
resptratlon, plants absorb oxygen from the a~r. Then, the copy the table below and
oxygen and nutrients are transformed into energy Finally, tick if the process you hear
the plant releases carbon dioxide and water steam into the air. occurs during the day or at
nig ht.
Plants need energy 24 hours a day. That is why resporation
occurs during the day and at night.

"'Y&n
- - -
~(l'Di;
----'----'--~

Cooy and complete the

table in yOI.JT notebook

--
10
 Day Niaht

PltoTO.SVHTHESI.S
Produces nr.rtritJtts. #'

R~ee~s~~~~n~-~~~~~~=:~~ii~~

'i,., 'i :Jo tan s m n rt ItS

1 Plants absorb water and dissolved minerals
through their roofs.
This mixture of water and minera ls is called
raw sap.
Xylem vessel~ are t ubes that help the raw sap
to travel from the roots to the leaves.
Leaves absorb carbon dioxide through ~ores
called st omas.
Photosynthesis occurs inside the leaves.
Sunllahf tra~fonms raw sap and carbon dioxide
into nutrienis inside the leaves.
!> The nutrients formed inside the leaves are called
elabon~tad sap.
6 Phloem vessels are small tubes t hat transport
elaborated sap all over the plant.

11
 Sexual reproduction in plants fi)
Rep o~ .. 01 I
S.xual reproduction takes place inside t l1e flow..- whentwo
reproductive cells from t wo different plants come together.
This generates a new plant that is similar to them.
Flowers are the reproductive organs in m ost plants and have
male and female reproductive organs.

Reproductive organs
Corolla
)
Mal~ oraan~ Female oraan~
The stamen is th~ The pistil is the fomelc
mall' reproductv<' reproductov<' organ:
organ:
The stigma has a sticky top
lh earother to trap pollen.
po-oduces and holds
The style I se connect1on
pollen. Poll engr~~i ns
tube.
uwally appear as
fine yellow dust. ""'-1'------ Theovory os the cen1rel port
of th e pistol ond contaons
lh<' fil<lmenl gtv<'S ovules onside.
support to the
anth er. Once an owle IS fertilised ot
becomes a fru ot.
Cllly><

( Classification of flowers
Male I lower Female flower H..-maphrodite llower

Th e mole flower The fmele flower produces In mony flowers. the m<1kl
produces pollen. r ules. end female ports ere lns1de
the same flower

Pollination of flowers n
Wlnd, lnsects and other agents can acd dentally transport
pollen from one flower to anot her. ooll: the funtlonal bas1c unot of hfe

Pollination occurs when pollen reaches the pistBand travels

tiTough lt until it fertilises the ovule. This is called fertlll~tlon.
Then the ovary beccmesa frtit andtheo~A.Jie becomes a ~eed .
When seeds fall t o t he ground and gerrnmate, a new plant g rows.
gern11n11te: to sp<out or grow

-
 Sel1polllna1lon Cro~polllnatlon

1emole flo.vfu

Poden IS transferred from astam~n of a flow... into tlle p1.tll Pollen is transferred from the stamen
of anotner flower oftne same plant. of one flower to ih~ p~'ti l of the flower
of another pla->t of the same type.

.:1 ~~ n I non-fl v ~nnr p an s

Non fl ow rina planh don't have flowers or seeds. So, they
use spores to reproduce. Fems reproduce this way.

1. Sari (singular, so rus) are

sacks that contain thousands
ofspores. They ere located
u nder the tern leiJVes.

3. After fertilisation.
a new fem begins
t o grow.

Listen to Eri ea talk about the different FINAL TASK Check your e periment and
plant s in her garden. Match each t a ke pictures. Discuss the visible changes
description t o the right definition. you can see wit h a partner
Oescnptlon 1 pollination e sm Savla d lgllol corn
Oescnptlon 2 sexual reproduchon A I
V
1 '' 1 Putthepictures of
j 1tle reproduction of a pine tree in order.
Oescnptlon 3 flowe r
A j I'T' I n l'~ Howdoesanalmond
V Ltree grow?
H
 Asexual reproduction in plants fi)
Many plants that grow flowers and seeds can also reproduce
.......... ......_.......... Fun fact! . .
through fragmentation In fragmen1ation, a new plant grows Asexuel reproducton n plants
fro m a fragment oft he parent plant. : only requl,._s orv porent tor

: reproductoon to occur Do you thnk
First, a small fragment breaks off the plant there ..-e
any erom!Ofs that can
Then, the fragment falls to the ground and germinates. reproduce Without o mat'

j Rnally, a new plant begins to grow. This new plant is an

identical replica ot the parent plant .
There are different types of fragments in asexual
reproduction:

.
.. .....
._

Stolons ar abovt>
ground Jlem1 that "' Cu!ti<ltS are stems
growhOtuontally thllt produce new
As thy ifCW, they roots when thy
dove lop roah that ar separated from
prod uto a new the p..-ent pi ant.
plant. Straw~rris Geranoums and
"''e !\OIOIU . grapevo nes grow
from cuf:tongs

Tubeu ..-e Bulbs are at the Rhizomes'"'"

underaround
rums. T~
stormeny
bottom of th
stem.. Thy graw
underground. BlAbs
I
underground
sterns that grow
honzontelly. Nt>w
nulnents thllt stor nulnt>ntsfor tht plontsgrow from
they get from th plent. When plantod tht>u stms.
so1l. Polbtoos art> on the ground. each AsporDgUS and oros
tu~rs . bulbg1ves riSt> to a ptonts ar rhiZomes.
nw plant. Gor1ot ond
onoons are bulbs. I

Will Is helping his father to

prepare dimer They need
some ingredients from
their garden. They <~re all
fragments. Usten, copy the
l<lble below and lick the box
tor each type o1 fraament

---
---
---
---
 ID!ll~:'"'llll''l:"'""" . -. . . . . -. .. . . .
Make your own garden
lt"s easy to grow your own vegetables in the
'Hanging garden'
countryside because there is so much land But if
M~te rl~ls
you live in the dty, you can grow vegetables in an
'urban garden'. .r Three 1.51it res plastic
Read how to ma~e your own urban garden. bottles. Preferably green
or blue.
.r Pott ing soil
.r Strawberry stol ons
I:\ Always !ISk your
i...!..) teltcher or an cdul t to .r Small stones
help you cut plasnc. .r String
1. Ask your t eacher to cutthe bottom
of the bot Ues and cut 2 or 3 bia holes 5. u,e the stnng o_nd hang the gorde-n jn a worm
and 4 smell holes on the sod e. sunny place. WaterthetopoHhe bottl e.

2. Put" smolt stone in t he

mouth of the boHi e.

3. Fill the bottle

woth soiL
Insert the

strawberry
stolonsln
the holes.

4 . Insert the bottles into other

bottles. Ask the teacher t o
help you.

,........ Work in small groups and discuss the What other kind of vegetables would you
~ ques t oons. lik e to g row in your urban garden?

0 What type of reproduction tak es place in YTl Sa via dogllol.com

your hanging g arden? a n r pr ~1 Ma~e yourown
:
How is reproduction in yourhanging g arden
V __:chool garden step b y step.
1

l d ifferent to reproduction in a seed box?

--..........................-
15
 How do plants respond to their environment? fi)G
r"

Plants react to their environment by moving There are two ,..-~ - Fun fact! :
different ways plants move- n astl c and tropic movements. ; The Venus Flylr~ IS a cernovorous
plent. Its b@eutrlul colours !ltld
In n~>tic movemenh, the movement of the plant does not sweet smel oltn~d onSKts. But
involve growth. For example, a carnivorous plant suddenly

e.
what happens if an onsect touctw.s
doses its leaves when an insect touches 1!. the plant? :
Tropic movemenh occur when plants move towards or smSaviadigtlol COOl . . . . . . ....
away from a stunulus and n~olve growth. For example,
some plants grow towards sunliiht

Photolro poom os o !rope movtmenl

end oa:urs wtw.n ptonts arow
towerds su nlight.
Anna is showing Will some
L interestin& plants she has
Ustento the conversation
and complete the table In
your notebook

Gtiiiflower J

venus fly trap

~""
l;t'llr

-- -- --
r<.tll!!

~
Jf; ~
PIIMI
Pltro-2
PIINl
- - -
rHydrotropism IS anothtr
t ropoc movementthat
occurs whl!rt th@ roots of
plonts stnS<! w11te r on lht
ground ..,d always grow
towzrds a souru of water.

UJvibopism occurs whtn

ants react to gravity Th1s
xplt:~~nswhy rootsolwoys
grow down tnto th so1l.

1G
PI~ 'Its resp nd to SP. ns
Pia nts also respond to e wironment al changes in Iiaht,
temperature a nd humidity and t his influen ces their life cycle. de<:oduous t rees: trees t hat Iose
thesr lellves in the cold ~easons ~d
Beech t rees are deciduous. They a re typical in t he north grow new leaves 1n the spnng
of Spain where the weather changes a re noticeable every
season. Observe how the beech tree responds to weather
cha nges in ea ch sea son.

:!i~A6
'24

8~
.,~
'S..~
d.C
~
18

16
a 14
..
~

~ 12

~ 10
ws
<;
~
4

2
0
win1er spring s ummer autumn

..................... Ftm fad! ~

V
Look at t he red lin e on the graph <~bove. How d oes / Lots oftrees lose their leaves during '
temperature influence the leaves and fruit? How do cold season$. But what happens to :
the daylight hours influence the leaves and fruit? these leaves when theyfal l off the :
btenches? :
Does the beeCh tree have Ieaves in the winter?
Do you think photosynthesis oCOJrs in winter?

Discuss t his with your partner.

DISCOVER Some trees don't lose their leaves in

winter. These trees na ve adapted to clfmates wltn
little sunshine a nd water. What are these plants
ca lled? And informatio n and e~amples. Make a
poster.

f smSavlad1gol corn
A I fl" r r Look at 1tle leaves and decide what
.
V j__.:.y pe of tree t hey come from.
.. ..
.
.r "....................................
l7
 are dassi11ed into
I

( (
LEAVES FLOWERING
PLANTS
NON FLOWER ING
PLANTS
Inside their
cellsthoy I
are are
have

l,.---...L..........,C_) ~G"'~'~m J
___(__ per1orm 1tTee tunctlons

c;~
NUTR ITION
through can be a11d lnterac1
With their
e1111lrcnmen1
through

c;;J (
( I )

lndlflerem
pl..-rts asti c life cycles
[ \ ments

( )( - )

Copy and fill in the mind map Look at the chart below and fill it in your
in your notebook. Add drawings notebook with the f ollowing words.
or diHt:1 ""t t y pes or asexuol water with minerals I food
~=-----..
reproduction.
_!!@I _ carbon dioxide I oxygen
Copy the f lower and label
the different parts in your ~IIHD . JIJS H~ f('IPOOJ.'IS.rt.cimilti
notebook.

--
llruiP 11nrns1 Will lolro!uooolrurlto<u:l

-
 Match each organ wit h its fundi on. 0 A botanist studies plants. Botanists use
Roots produce oxygen dichotomous keys t o classify plants . Complete
the key with t he missing group of plants .
Stems . sexual r epr oduct1on
Leaves absorb wat er and m1nerals Do 1heyhave organs (roots, st em s, leaves)'

0
Flowers d1stribute substances

What is the main difference betweenfems

( ) and mosses? What do they have in common?
yes
Oo1hey hoveflowero>Oo1hey
repoduce1hrcugh flowers? ,
I
no
__
( -___.)

r:-- I
What type of plants are the following?
spanish fig I tomato
l yu rl Dotsfrui1'
i1 hve ... L
r
yes ~
[
)

no - \ Gymnosperms J
blackber ry cypress
A farmer 11as a plum tree that produces many
Match the words to the sentences. plums . The farmer wants to grow a new tree
with plums that have the same qualft y as t he
carbon dioxide o~ water
parent plant. Which means of reproduction do
[Sliiiitght 11nutrients J , minerals J you recommend? Explain your answer.
' cutt1ng (asexual)
Substances that are needed for seed (sexual)
photosynthesiS to occur.
Substances made during photosynthesis Write in your
Substances released through fl notebook how self-
photosynthesiS . pollination takes
place.
Energy needed for photosynthesis to occur

Order the photographs and explain the

L changes to the tree to a partner.
~ Two friends are helping each other learn
W ( \ about plants. List en to their definitions Then
write in yOLJr noteboOk the words being
described for each number. The first one is
already done.
I pho1osynthem
flowering plants 2
fragmentation
--
l
non-flowenng plants !

resp1ratton

sm Savlad1g1ta l corn
'! IT 1~ or t r Plants release oxygen

0 through photosynthesis but they also

release water. Watch this video. Where

A sm Saviad1gltol.ccrn
0 does the water ccme from?

V l-.-~.!-1---~-~e~ what yo~ have le.arnt in th=~l1-ev~~~~~

 Vanilla is 1hefn.Jil: of an orchid called
Vonillo p lonifolio. The name vanilla
comes from the $parish word 'vaina'
because the (l) ofthefruft is sim~ar
toapod,likeagreen beanthat hangs
fromthe,owerandcan (2) 12or25
centimeters long. The vanilla flov.'Ers
have 1/efY attractive colours fmm wtite,
g1-een, greenish yellow to cream colours.
Tl1e vanilla orchid originated 1n Central
America where the (3) is hot and
humi d. lt was known to the Aztecs for
its flavouring quality. In t he 18"' century,
people (4) to grow it in other parts
ofthe wortd with similar dimates. The
plant grew and produced flowers. But
mysteriously, it didn't producethefnit.
A slave named Edmond Albius (5)
a way to poiHnate the vanilla orchd
Hema"lipulatedtheflowerwith a thin
stick a!ld manually pollinatedtheorchid
flower.

0 Read the text again and in your notebook Are the following sentences 'Right' (A)
choose the best word (A, B o r C) for eadl or ' Wrong ( B)? If ther e is not enough
space. information, choose 'Doesn't say' (C).
Don't forget to write down the answers
1 A shape B form C figure in your notebook.

' A grow up to B mature C expand t Vanillaca nfonmvery long thin stems .

3 A cbmate B season c t1 me A right B wrong c doesn't say

..: Most vanilla beans eventually turn black
4- A tned B tended c prepared and release a strong aroma.
o; A discovered B thought c recognised A right B wrong c doesn't say
0 Read the text and answer these questions in 3 Vanilla fnuit is used to create chocolat e
flavouring.
your notebook. Then, discuss them with
your clol~:>m~to~. A right B wrong C doesn't say

; Describe t he shape of vamlla . ..t. The vanilla ordlid usually grows in t ropical
What are the speoal climate condtoons and subtropical regions.
vamlla requires? A right B wrong c doesn't say
_ What charactensi:Jcs do orchids have that s The vanilla plant f irst g rew in Penu.
help them wllh the Important funct1on of
pollination?
A right B wrong c doesn't say

20
 Growing plants

Andy works in a garden centre. He wants to grow plants. Andy did an

experiment todiscoverthe best conditions for growing plants.

First, he took f our pots with soil. He planted 10 seeds fn each one. Then, he
pl!l each pot in places with different temperatures. He watered the pots
everyday.

Here are tl1e results of Andy's experiment look at the pictures and answer
the quesii ons.

j j ...\
'.
3 1da)'S 3 1days 31 da)'S
ttdoes11'1 germ1nate lt doesn't germna1e

Which weatherconditiQn did Andyt esi for in his

experiment?
light
temperature
humKhty

look at the pots. The gladiolus seeds did not grow in

two pots. Identify them. Describe the weather
conditions for each one.

What is the best t emperature to grow plants f asi?

What is t he best temperatur e to g erminate more
seeds?
Explain your a ns wers.

smSaviadlg11ol corn
~, N n~" 'J How does temperature
affect plants uowth?
Let's work together: Germination fi)
You have lea m! all about plants. You have also collected
information from your experiment on the aermln atfon
of plants.
Now, let's look at our results!

Gather the photos and data from the experiment. Put t he

photos in order. Then, fill in this chart to organise the
dat a. Desaibe the sequence of photos to define
the process.

''fllf'll
Jllrt<>r!A N
1"11
f'lTin,...;
OKI!!l<ntlm """'(OJJISl --- ---

.. 1
Compare your results with a da ss mate. Are they t he
same or different ? Why? Explain your condusions to the
d a ss.

lliliT:~U'il']irul ... scientific research! - - - - - - - - -....

-~
'J
Thanks to sdentists, we know the
beneficial properties of plants and how
to use them in medidne. For e.ample,
the poppy flower is used to make
code ine, a very powerful paink~ ler.
Now, do some of your own research.
Do a presenta lion on other plants
that scientists use t o make medicine.
Include photos or your own drawings .

smSavladigotol corn
]-~~----~~ Check the wayyo~ve lea~nt._
Let's speak!
Scientists believe that there are
mOl ions of living things we haven't
discovered yet. But, is it true? Answer
these questions for each picture.

What living things are there?

What non-living things are there?
What is t he t emperat ure like?
Where is it located?

rt 11 il "'
Make a map of your neighbourhood
and investigate. How dean is it? In
this unit, you will t hink of different
ways to make your environme nt
better and what the 3 R's rule means.
 What do we need to live?
Earth is the only planet on the solar system that can support
ee GI066tl/Uf
lffe thanks t o the living and non-lfvingthfngs that we can find offspri na: young of en entmel
on our planet . decompos.: brellk ep!lrt orrto smell
pieces
V 'h t .. 1111 t:~ JSI m1 remain~ deod plonts ''"d oni mal s
An ecosys tem is a group of living and nonlivir"!g things that sea l: fasten or close tightly
live in the same area. All elements of an ecosystem interad

ECOSYSTEM
.... _ _ _ _1
(
~
""'''
/
"" l: "f
S~
:_ Wolcr
lt:Jn~nlhn ~ "''"'""'
Or~nt vn ,
-z Weelt..r PWnh
Soil/ Ru.h
Sun
listen to the description of
_ / two ecosystems. Then, copy
the table below and write
each element you hear in
Uvln~ Jnp In iln ecosystem the right column. Finally,
Each element of an ecosystem has an important rol@. Here compare your answers .....;th
we can see how livir"!g thin~ are organised in an ecosystem. you- dassmates. As a groL4),
decide what ecosystem they
are describing .
Species

--- -- --
f fHI 'W IVflll ~ l llc lVI,. lW(.';
Agroupof Po pul<ltion Community tltl:"f; ~CJ:l,r; (( le>
organisms th;:rt A populetion os Agroup of
can reproduce
wrth other
m<Jde up of <JII
the ondlvtduals
different
popu lobons thet

-- -... -- i
lndiVIduels ltlat
makeupltle
species end
produce fertile
offsprong.
t hat belong to the
sam@ species.
hv together
mllkeup
cMnmunlty.
:
- -- -- ~
+

ECOSYSlEM
 o ""llv'nr tt-ln!'S Inter c In an eoc. syst m @
Depending on how they get t heir food, living thi11gs in Consumers ere ensmols end
an ecosys tem can be classified into three main groups: organrsms t hat eat ot her hvrng
producers, consumers and decompose~. thmgs.
1. Prim:uy consumers th~t eat
producers are celled herb1vore s.
Producers are For example. rabbt s eat Ill' ass.
plents. Frrst.
plonts teke 2. Secondary <.on sumer s t hat
nutnents from the eet o1her co nsumers lire c~lled
soil and energy car ni110res. For exmpl.,, eegles
from thP su n~ e..t rabbits.
Then. t h ey use ] .Te rtiary consumer s th..t
photosyntheSis eo! both p ro ducers nd
to prod uce food. other consumers are arlled
Ani mals and oth er omniwr e s. For OX<lmple. birds
orgerusms use e..t f i'Uit end worms.
plonts for food.

Decomposers Gre bacteria and fungi (9ngul ar, fungus} t hat

feed oft t h e remarns of dead anim als and plants. first. they
break down the nutrients into small pieces. Then, they retum
these nutrient s to the soi l so t hat plants can use t hem.

Analyse an ecosys1em
Did you know tha t in 1960, an English man named David lat imer made
a garden in a bottle and sealed it closed? Today, this incredible mini-
ecosystem is still alive thanks to water, air, algae (sing ular, alga), bacteria
and shrimp inside the bottle. This miniature ecosystem is an independent
miniature wor1 d.
How is t his possible?
Sunlight provides energy so the algae can carry Qtygen and nu1rien1s Stw-imp
out photosynthesis.
The a lgu grow and release oxygen.
r~ .r' ,...
~
The shrimp eat th e algae and produce carbon 0 ll)lpn lfl~ organtt)
reNtns
dioxide that t he algae need to grow. ---......_ Orpnrc
'"'\ r ttnains
The remolns of the algae and shrimp provide C...bon
nutrients for the bacteria. These bacteria d1oKJdend
transform the nutrients into the minerals that
algae use to grow.
All these processes create a perfect cycle.

Name the producers, consumers and decomposers in this mini ecosystem.

Dis~:uss with your partn er what will happen if we put David l atimer's mini-e<:osystem in a dark
place. What's happened? How will it affect the shrimp?

- ...-- ...--- 15
 Food chains and food webs fi) ee
f r! chilllns Gttma/Uf
Living things in an ecosys'lem eat each other. This is how
energy passes from one living thing to another. If we draw a
line between them, we have a food ch ain.
(web: inttrconnected "things
J
eaten by eaten bj l nanby

Each of these organisms is a link in the food chain.

Fo
..--- Funfact!
: Did you know that before the 1850s.
-th~re wertJ no rabbits in Australia?
In an ecosys'lem, most living things are part of several food
chains. When we connect the different chains, we have a Then, '" 1859, humens sent 24
f ood web. mbblts to Austmli end se !them
free. By 1900. there were more thon
For example, many species live in forests. Foxes eat birds and 600 m llton r;~bbits liVIng there. Do :
mice. Frogs eat insects and so do mice. Owls and cats eat
mice .4~ .
you know why?
 In an ecos~tem, if the population of one(lroup changes, this
affects the poi)Uation of other groups. And as a resul t, this
modifies the ecological balance.

Ecosystems can experience changes CNer time. So me of

them d o not affect the ecological balance, for example,
transformations due t o the seasons. When a big change
affects thebalanc eof living t hings, it can lead to the
extlndlon of a ~ecles.

A l~k of food 1mphes o

dec.reaS@' ofhetbvore s.
Look at the parts of a food
dlain Make a table in your
notebook and write the
names of each of the parts
Producs er ECOLOGICA L As er ..ult of lh Then, number each one to
redl.lcfCI bye fire decreose In preytho! show its place in the food
BA LANCE
Cl!rnPII'Ote popullltlon chain. Finally, listen and
1srfelucd <:heck your answ ers.

All components In en
cosystom hlp to keep
the ecolog,col bill once.

Think of the anima I

spedes you lfke the most.
Investigate what would
happen if 11 became
extinct'
ANAL TASK Draw a map of
your neighbourhood and
show where the recyding
bins are located Why is
each bin a different colour?
lnvestg ate and find out
w'rrJ tl'is is important

'i7
 Terrestrial ecosystems fi)
Animals need plant s to live, and plants need light and heat
from the sun to live. However, some parts of the planet
receive little sunlight and rain . That's why there are different
types of terrestrial ecosystems.

, , -.

28
 Cold deserts
Antarct1co end Greenlond rn cold d ..erts. Gt. u IIUJ-
Tomperrrtures ore free.t1na ond there 1s hth ~~"''lClutte: wl:lfm and m~d
precipl\<111on.
Karc.e: rore, elmost lnexlste11t
The lond 1scovered wrth snow and 1ce and there Is
vory httle vogetrrtlon . ohrubs: btJshes
Animals have o thiCk layer of 1111 to bop worm.

Taiga
Taaa 15 o RusSian word that means dense evergreen
forest 1t covers the very north of Europe, Asro end
North Amenca.
Tf'mperertur~s twf! very
cold ond it !nows1n wcnteor.
The doys are long and rainy 1n su mm..-
Thrfe ere many eVPrgrHn trees such M pi ne ~nd fir
troes.
Herbivores fike rabbits ond r~>~ndeer hve there
Carn1VO<es like wolves live the<o too.

Temperate forests
Many t,.,.P"'t forests orelocoted 1n Conodo,
oostom United Stot es, Europo end China.
Temperrrtureore cold In wlnl er ond mid In summor.
Ro1n Is moderrrte.
Trees ore m ostly deciduous.
Thoro1S1> wrde vanoty of onlmols, which often
marolesdunng the cold Winters.

Warm deserts
The Sohoro !llld Atocamo deserts oro hot and dry. Work in groups of IOtX. lmagtne you
Tomperrrtures tee very high dunng the dey ond cool are travelling from the North Pole to
et nrght Precrpltatron os c the Equator. Dunng this long journey,
There os very lrttle vegel!ll1on what types of ecosystems you wmfind?
Anomds can I ive with little wot .r. For eX<mpe, camels.
Listen to four desaiptions. What
Sovannahs ecosystem are they describing?
Number the pictures in your notebook.
Sovonnohs covor hotf the surfoco ol Alnco Tnerr ore
.,.S<> savonnohs., Austn>loo. South .-,.nco ~nd lndoo.

. ..---
Tomperolures orel'ogh oil yoor lorw There os o 'dry .
season' and a 'wet season' Thereos;~lmost no r.-n ~-
d unng th dry se.,. on. Ourong the wot seoson, rt
~lddu'"n
rans o lot ondplontsgrow
The land is covered mostly 1n grass M d "few t rees
ond :,.htub s.
Th1re rs a wode vanety of an1mols

S.V.nnah warm destr1

Rai nforests and jungles
The Amazon ..nd Congo raonforests are the largest on sm Saviad ogotol oom
the world . If we travel frcm the
Tomperrrturuorehogh ond rt flllnsoll yOISI'Iona. 1 North Pole to the EquatClf', does the
Vogotatoon os obundonl t_:emperatt.re go 1.4) or dowr'V
There are many different typts of loving tttngs. 17
 Aquatic ecosystems
Uving things that live underwater also live in ecosystems. These can
be in freshmter eco sy!iiem~ or marine e<o~ystem~
Mllrine ecosystems ere the ocel!lns ~rtd SellS.
Living things in marine eCO$ystems can be produ<:e.-3,
consumers and decomposers.
Phytopfankto11 are mtCfoscop;c They 'float
on th~ surlact ot the w!liet.
Coral end llt'lemones .Dre consumtrs1hlrt
live attached1o1he ocean floor
Aquattefungi ate 1mpor1an1 decompostrs
fDr plant matter 1n aqua'b( ecosystems.
JO
G)
Freshwftte r ecosystems &re ll>kes, ponds,
riers andstte.llms.
Producers
Phytoplankton are primary
producers in marine
ecosystems. They carry out
photosynthesis for energy
just like land plants do. Algae
is a type of phytoplankton.
- - Consumers
! Algae. flOW'" shellow W8'1er, M'h ched to
the ocun floo1.
Fish, marine mammals,
st arfish, coral, and
zooplankton are consumers.
Zooplankton are microscopic
se.J animals that livenearthe
surface of the water.
!
Decomposers - - - - - - ----.
0fgantsmstha1 sw;m. such as shaw ks,
move 1hrough 1h e~crlooking for f ood,
Decornposers dr'e fungi, -~
bacteria and o ther
ml<roorganisms. They obtain
energy from dead organisms.
Then, they transform t he
final remains of t hese dead
organisms into nutrients for
producers. Bactena &-f s.ome oilhe smallest and
oldeft otgam.srns on Earth They are
abundo:r11 ill evesy aquatic ecosystem
 e . Fun fad! .
: ScentJsts Mv dtcoved !
Depending on how deep t he waterisandhow m.Jch light ther-e : ho.rn dreds ofthou501'1d s oflovt'1& :
IS, we can clasSify marine ecosysteTlS into three maon zones thongs ., the oceans. But t hey
beheve there could be mtlhons rror
Coostnl zone Is ooor t he su rface . , life forms thlll we still don't know
So.rnloght t.hot Mters the wilier : ebout l A, ,:
t~>n only travel !>bout 200 meires.
Most pr-oducers 11 ve here bec~>use
\ . smSaviad ig1tol com -w
they nted ~ght to c~ry oo.rl
photosynth e sos. Most fish and
manntt mommo.l5 hve h ere..
~
'---- The middle t.one os
betwen 200 M d 1,000
metres. There IS very
httle &ht on thtszon e.
o photosynthesos Is n ot
possoblo Plants do n ~ hve
tn tlnzon.. but many
!Ish do.
~--
J

The deepest zone b.low 1.000 metru .

lh..-e rs no !Unbghl h l'fe, .a ol os tot oily dorl<.
Squod live on t his zone Fosh Ill ttus lev.. ell! the
remains oforganosms that fal l from obove

Usten to a description of two zones In Discuss with your partner:

manne ecosystems and complete the chart. Why do marine producer organisms
only live between the surface and 200

11011' 0!!11 IS I!Ul! r?

-- -- metres underwater?
There are no producers in the deepest
ISII'elt U llllllitiH?
Ulll>llllltiHl
W!Rilll~ trlt'
-- -- zones of the ocean. Elcplain how living
things can live there.

smSaviadogotol com
Playandos~more
ldentofy the consumer, the producer
about ecosystems ;md theordharactetistocs.
and the decomposer in a food chan that
ind udes tuna, algae and sardines

31
 How human beings change the environment @
Scientist s believe t hat life on Earth started at least t hree
fi) e
billion years ago. But our species, Homo sopi~ns, originat ed
only 200,000 years ago. Let's look back in time and see how
human activity has changed the planet .

10,000 yea rs ago, the human population was very small,

with only ar ound two or three million people. Human activity
didn't change the environment much. Humans hunted
animals and collected fruits and seeds forsurvival.

2, 000 years ago, humans had big farms for plants and
animals. The human population grew to 300 million because
there was more food. Therefore, agriculture and fanning
changed the ecosystem.

Nowadays ...

200 year ago, the Industrial Revolution began and the

human population started to explode. Waste from industry
polluted the air, water and land.
s lut ~to rr ed ~ r er rlroll rtlei lt . - Fun factl .
l Depending on how often people use
.
At the beginning of the 21" century, the human population : public tre~nsport. ride l::icyde. wolk,
was seven billion inhabitants. If we can't control human recycle or pl<rlttrees. you can see
activity, we may destroy our planet. Many spedes of plants 1f people b!ke proper c..-e of the
and animals will become extinct. Natural resources will enVIronment. How would you n~te :
disappear. Air will be t oo polluted to breathe. Water wm be your own neighbourhood? ~:
too polluted to drink and land will become filled with rubbish.
smSavladig~ol corn
The solutionis to reduce the neptive effects our actions
have on the environment.

As you can see in the picture, there are many actions we

can take that will have a positive effect eo the planet, for
example, stop polluting the environment

Listen to a description of human activity. FINAL TASK Look aga in at the map of
Match each description to its t ime period in yourneighbourhood. Walk around your
your notebook. neighbourhood. Are there recycling bins?
Descnptlon 1 200 years ago Take pictures and mark their location on
the map with a b lue@
Oescnptlon 2 2,000 years ago
Which areas or streets need mor e
Descnptlon 3 10,000 years ago deaning ? Take pictures and mark these
areas with a red@.
DISCOVER Look at the following
enVIronmental problems. In pairs, disruss Save your map and your notes. You will
..- their negative consequences on human fife. need itfor the final task.
For example: If forests disappeared on our
planet, then we . smSavladigital.com
deforestation
A 1 1 11 r.t Find out how human betngs

pollution
V change the environment.
extmctJQI1 of animal speoes

33
 ~(Marine)
... can be
I
AQUATIC l-----:

have
(
PHYSICAL LIVING TH INGS
CHARACTERISTICS
that make up

Gh I
that make up
I
( Food )
I
thai are In

that are Changed by ( ) -

cba~0 I

I
that ore Changeo by

11 we take positive a<:1ronwe'll 1ove ln

Comp lete the mind map about
ecosystems in your notebook.
In pairs, copy and complete the following

-
~IP'!Tl!IP 'Y.jPi lit>
..,. chart about terrestrial ecosystems in your !DIGI.lel!'l1 lJ!fylJW
notebook. You can ask your partner using ~51
the following questions:

--
11111' il' I " '>1 a1n1a11
What's the temperoture like in ... 7 ltlt 3nl d!y 07'<'11 II!IY illl!

Does it roin very often in .. 7

How is li~ in ... 7
~''lalf.dl
Rllrlce>~
- -
0 look at the picture below. tt Illustrates a
typical Mediterranean ecosystem . The lynx
and the eagle are both endangered spedes
that eat rabbit s.
In t he deepest waters of the ocean, there are
) no producers such as algae. But consumers
can live here. Explain how this is possible.
Different parts of the Earth have v ery diff erent
climates. For example, fn the south of Spain,
the climat e is hot and dry. lt doesn't rain very
much and there are deserts. In the north of
Spain, the climate is cool and wet. lt rains a lot
and there are forest s.
Look at the photo.

Name all thehvlngthln(ls markedw1th

a blue dot.
Identify the producers, consumers and
decomposers 1n this ecosystem Say what
the consumers eat Is this a food chain or a
food web?
If the eagle and the lynx became extinct,
what other pcpulations would grow f ast er?
And what would happen to the producers?
Somebmes,lllnesses affect the rabbit
population ofanarea What would happen
, ) plants live in forests, and many cannot survive
here 11 t l1e rabbit population went down?
How would th1s affect eagles and lynxes?
Explam your concluSIOns to your partner.
Identify a place where you spend your summer
holidays.
What tree is most common there?
What 1s the temperature like?
Is the climate hum1d or dry?
Seventy percent of Earth's land animals and
if their habitats are destroyed. In pairs, identify
the nearest f orest to your school. What species
would become extinct if it disappeared?

0 Mat chthke t wo parts of the sentences in your~ Listen to the descriptions and put the words
noteboo W "'\ in the correct boxes . The first one fs already
Livmg things I akes, poods, n vers ---"il done.
and strein1 s. ~ l ecosys1em
Algae grow and o are destroying t he consumers

Freshwater
ecosystems are
Uvin(lt ling; in marine
planet
~ need each other
to survwe
producers,
decomposers
m1ni ecosystem
ra1ntorest
~

4
5
--
ecosystems can be consumers and 0 ' smSavladlg1tol.com
decem posers 1 ! 1111 1 IH Who is who in the
Human act1vit1es release oxygen. ~oodchain?

A srn Savladigitol com

V L 1 I 01 .,, l Check what you have learnt in t he S.lfevaluatlon.
35
 From deforestation to reforestation
Thousands of yea~ ago, over t he half of Earth was
made up of f crests. Nowadays, fores tscover only
a quarter of the planet (1) -a nd forest loss,
particularly In the tropics, Is continuing a t an alarming
rate.
Some 2,000 years ago, the Iberian Peninsula was
c011ered with forests. Some ecologists say that a
squirrel could (2l from Galicia t o Andalucfa by
jumping from tree t o tree! Of cou~. that's probably
an exaggeration. But, t oday trees and shrubs cover
only 35% of Spain's land surface. For centuries people
cut d own trees to clear the land for agriculture and
farming. They also (3) trees to make coal. As well
as this, because of dimate change, M edlterranean
summers have become hotter, less humid and
windier, which are the ideal (4) for forests fires.
In the 1940s, Spain started a program to (5) the
lost t rees. Every year, volunte~ are working hard to
plant thousands of native trees - holm oaks, elms and
even w~d apple.
Today, Spain is one of the world leaders in
reforestation.

Read the text again and in your notebook Are the following sentences 'Right' (A) or
choose the best word (A, 8 or C) for each 'Wrong (B)? If there is not enough
space. Information, choose ' Doesn't say' (C). Don't
forg et to write down t he answers in your
A earth B surface Cground notebook.
A travel B go Cperegrinate Deforestation Is a bigger problem In
Andalusia than in Ga licia.
~. A wound B bumed Cdamaged
A nght B wrong C doesn't say
-l-. Acond11tons B orcumstances c Situations 2. 1n t he forties, many people started to
<; A restore Bretum Creplace coop erate in the reforestation of native
trees in Spain.
Read the text again and answer these A right B wrong C doesn't say
,..- questions in your notebook. Then, discuss ~ Spain's forest s have lost 90% of t heir land
7
them with your classmates . surface.
) At the current rat e of deforestat ion, is it A nght B wrong c doesn't say
possible that some forests w111 have 4 Wood from forests is mainly used for
disappeared In Spain n one humted agriculture.
year's bme? A right B wrong C doesn't sa y
Deforestation has many negative effects " Today, there is less precipitation in the
on our e nvironment List two of them and Mediterranean.
explain them to your partner
A nght B wrong c doesn't say

36
 Thl'l atr quality in my town
Uchen is a symbiosis o f a fungus and an alga that live together. They can grow almost anywhere,
and they cover about eight percent of t he Earth's surface. You can find them growing on almost
any kind of su1iace: on wood, rock, tree bark, glass, metal, plastic and cement .
However, thesespedal orgarisms are very sensitive to air pollution. Therefore, lid1en can give
us important information about t he qJality of our air (good, average or bad). Only the strongest
lichen (1)can live in ar eas that are very poiluted. Hair quality is average, we can find lichens 1, 2 and
3. FU1ally, the most sensit ive lichen ( 4) needs clean air to live.

0 look at the lichen near your house, your school and the parks in your area . Then, complete
, the table with the type of lichen you can find ( 1, 2, 3 or 4) and the quality of air (good, average
or bad).
11f Jtl
lb.., #~ ~~ b::lttl
-- - --
Am I(# ' IJJlLtiCll
-
Finally, write a report about what you discovered . If possible, indude pictures of the different
types of lichens in your town. You can use t he foil owing sentences:
The arr quality in my town is . I found .. types of lichen Their shapes/colours ore ..

J7
fi) Let's work together:
The3 Rs rule
Make a plan to dean your neighbourhood I

Look at your map that shows the recydl11f!

bin s in your neighbourhood . Are the dirtiest
areas dose to the bin? Are they far from it?
Compare your answers with your classmates
and think about t hree things:
What is the problem?
What is the cause of t he problem?
3 Rs
What are the consequences?
How can we solve this problem?

World ng t ogether, think about different

steps we could all ta ke in order to:
Red~~ the rubbish we accumulate at
hcrne.
Reu""' the same objects for a second time.

Write a poster that includes the different

ideas you have g athered in order to reduce,
reuse and recyde in your neighbourhood.

... taking care of the environment!

Life on Earth is a delicate balance. If people don't

take care of the environment, we will destroy our
ecosystems. But, the g ood news is, there are many
things we can do.
We can reuse things, for example, plastic bags at
the supermarket.
We can recycle paper, plastic and glass.
We can save energy.
We can reduce pollution by walking and riding
our bikes more often, instead of taking t he car.
Mak e a list of actions you can tak e t o take care of
our planet at home, in the street, at school, etc.,
and t ry to use them in your daily life.

smSaviadiQIIol com
I1 1 1 Check the way you have learnt .
--
8 .,44. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .......... .
Do you remember everything you hdVeleamt during this term? Check it out in this test.

1. Which of t hese organs is missing in the 6. Temperature and light:

gymnosperm plants? A. arenonlivingthings on an ecosys tem
B. areliving beings on an ecosystem
C are not part oft he ecosystem

7. What chain is in the right order?

A. Schnmp-alga hake
A lmagea B. Alga-hake-schtimp
B lmageb C Alga-schrimp hake
C lmagec
&. The photoi~ an P.t:n<yst.,mthathas :
2. Leaves are the organs of the plants that:
A absorb water and moneral salts.
B carry out photosynthesis.
C pertormfertilisation

1 . For photosynt hesis, plants need ......... ,

........ y . ....... . A. a lot of light at ground level
A. Oxygen, rawsapandsunllght- B. warm temperature and high humidoty
8 Sunlight, raw sap and air C low boodiverslty
C Carbon dooxode, raw sap and sunhght
9. M ark in your notebook the correct sentence.
4. In order, the steps of sexual reproduction in A. Sunlight penetrates up to 1,000 meters
flowering plants are: onto the sea .
A. germination, polltnatlon andfertlllsalJOn B. There are more hvmg beings the deeper
one goes
B pollinatoon, gemunato on and fertilisation
C. The abundance of living beings diminishes
C pollination, fertilisation and germrnat1on
wtthdepth
5. This plant reproduces by:
10. Do they affect the number and variety of
Iiving things?
.. . \'fit}_
.
.
~,
~,;.. ..V-
li. - 11!:-.
Ow:tfl~j.tuns~,~ ~ _

A. They increase them

B. They d o n ot influence them.
A abulb c. They decrease them
8 a tuber
srn Sa via digllol corn I
C. a stolon .
..... ~ 0. -
.. ............. ............. - ........... ............... -... ...........
 The oldest living ttmg In the world
Ewn ~I\ looks Hke seaweed PWdonra
oceantca rs an aqvat~<: plant that lrves
in the Mednemnean Sea
On the coasts o1the Balearic island ol
Formentera scientists have found
e submerged prttrle whose One squllft meltr
age r!l'lgesfrom &0.000 to 01 emuaawOf
200.000 years. it wo.J..d be Paslacnleproouct<
the oldestl111in9 lhing on 14 L 01 ooygon ~r aay
Et1111 Whl1 " lt. proteu by
wt'Och !)lares produte
OilY&~

- !:' )(

Wha1 OJ&am~ms
mtl<e 1helr """
tood? Whatll
1htll role In lht
ecosysloms'
yOU ARE WHAT VOJ EAT
The f /ysio chloro tlca is a
mollusk that Inhabits the waters of the
East coas t of North America and has
been the frst animal found capable of
photosynthesis. 11 Is grey when young
but as it eats algae it acquires a green
colour due to the chlorophyll that it is
capable of prodUdng. So there comes a
time when 11 does not need t o eat any
more because rt can produce its own
food.
The city, an ecosystem ?
Mos t of the human popu lahon lives In
cities bur lt to our meas ure. Thus, the city
receives suni~ght and Is surrounded t>y arr,
sometrnes polluted, whrch has oxygen. In
markets and shops there rs no shortaae or
rooa. we open the tap and water comes
out. Nrght falls and the hg hts come on.
And the waste g enerated 1s
collected and in many cases 1s
processed for reuse.
That IS why rt IS sard that the
C1ty rs an urban ecosystem.
 Animals with headlights
At deep sea depths there is less sunlight. Interestingly,
many of t he animals that inhabit thi s place w ithout light
are able t o produce it. This phenomenon Is called
bioluminescence.
The light that is produced by theanimals that live w~y doyou
in these ecosystems does not serve to illuminate ttirl< that reef
their dark environment; it has ot her fLncti ons fishdonat need
such as to att ract their mates or their prey. fo emrt llgtlt?

Attention! Endangered species!

Sometimes the actions of the human on
the envlronmert cause the dlsappearan:e

- o f species such as the Yano~tza River

dolphin and the Tasmanian wolf. All:hou;jh
there are sometimes surprises and

...,.....
sp9Cies t:elleved extinct appear having
taken refu;je in ecosyste{TlSthatare
essential to protect. Tlis is the case of a
fish called coelaeanth.
Fortunately. we are leamtng from our
mistakes and steps are being taken
"" to prevent the extln::tlon of spectes
A such as the creation of protected
... areas or - In some cases - car:We d~>appearan~ ar
... breedlnd. a species affed

---------------------------- anero~em? ~-------------------------------'

?low long dotu tJJa4lt, la6t?

Our well-being depends largely
on the production of g oods, but
produdng and consuming implies
generating waste.
Not all waste is property trea ted and much of
it ends up invading our natural environment. We
may think that sunlight and water action breaks
it down very quickly, butthis is not true. For
example, a can of soft drink may take 200 ~at
yea rs to disappear, and a nappy .. .450 measurts can
years! you thnk 01 to
reduce was1e?
 WhO Uvea In this pond?

In one of his field trips, Will has observed the inhabitants of a pond and made the following
drawing to represent them.

Copy the drawing in yrur notebook and complete t he gaps. What role does each type
of organism play in the pond: producer, consumer or decomposer?
In your notebook, create the food chain linking the organisms by arrows .
All t he inhabitants of the pond depend on a process that you know well :
photos ynthesf s. Indicate whi eh label corresponds to which letter of the drawng.

Oxygen Raw sap SVIligl11

Upstream a factory has been built that discharges untreated waste into the water. This
action is causing a high m ortality of frogs. Answer the following questions:
How does a decrease .n frogs affect the spoonbill?
L, What will happen to the number of grasshoppers?

42
The human body
and interaction

"' I
What are the boys in the picture
doing?

Do yOAJ think doing sports is

healthy? Why?
Do yOAJ do any sports? Which ones?

FI I .,,

At the end ofthis unit, you will

discover how the human bocly
works and how we canpradisesporls
even when some parts of our body
don't work normally.

43
 The three vital functions ee
All living things have one thing in convnon: they can carry
out the three vital f unctions of nutrl11on, Interaction and corry out . to do or complete
reproduction. something
breaJ< dom1 broek int o small or
nut1 I po eces

We need nutrition in order to keep our bodies working.

Ther e are tour human body systems that enable us to carry
out the vita I function of nutrition: the digestive syst em , the
respiratory system, the drculatory system and the excretory
system.

Thehumanbodysy.rtems ---------------------------
The dlaestlve system ,..... The re~plratory system

s1omach

T he digestive system
breal s down the food
we eat Into smeller The respiratory system
molecules th<rt our obsorbs oxygen ont o the
body con absorb. body and releases carbon
The stomach on d the dooxide. T he lungs end the
inte stines ~rtt or~ns of trachea are organ sof the
t he digestive system. respiratory system.

Listen to Anna, Will and Mary talk about Discuss these lifestyle habits with your
different activitie~. copy the table below partner. Are they healthy orunheatthy?
and tiel< the body system used f or each El<p lain what system they can affect.
activity. Smokong ogarettes
Eatong too much fast food
.llru Standing up straoght
l'tll Watching TV all day
ltl'V Takong a shower f!'iery mornong
 ..... . Fun fact!.
I I
Th~ lnt~stlnes ar~ pl!ri of th~
We can take care of ourbody"s systems and organs by living a ! d lges!Jve system. How long ere the
healthy lifestyle. Ifs important to: intestines? What do you thonk os

Eat a balanced diet.

- Exerdse.
e lo11ger: your Intestines ora bus?

smSaviadigolol ccm . ..

Keep clean with good hygiene habits.

Have a good posture.
Spend time with our friends and family.

I
Th drrulai ory
s.y:t m

bladder

The circulatory system The excretory systern

t ransports blood all ~limi nates the waste
over the bod y. The our body produces. The
heart os an organ of t he kidneys are ora<~ns otthe
circuhrtory system. e xcretory system.
'-

FINALTASK In groups smSaviadigllol corn

of five, imagine you A "'' I Learn more about healthy
and your partners are V habits.
a famoosbasketball
team. Find out what
healthy habits woo id
you need to follow.

45
 The interaction function
Human beings areableto control and coordnate 1heir activities
th"ough the interaction function. tt enableslivi~ things to
receive information either from the environment or from their
own body t hrough the sense organ s and respond t o it.

Types of stimuli

Exiernal ~imuli ,._

are chenges that happen 1n our 1. StirnJ Ius-sensation 2. Processing information
enwonment outSide the body.
OJr s<lnse org<~ru cepture
t hese sbmull and send a
mes5<8e to the brain. The ears
ere e sense orgen. When thy
hear aloud nose. they send
;o m essagPto the br~n. The
tram t ells us to t o tum Into th<'
une xpected n a i ~e.

Internal stlmull
ere changes that happen.ns1de
our body. Receptor o rgans
inside our body receive these
st1mull . Then. they send a
messeg to the brcn. Th
stomi!ICh is a receptive org;on
because 1ttakes 1n fo od. When
lt ls mpty, lt t..lls the brein we A s1imulus IS eny The body sends information
;ore hungry. The br!ln tells us action or change in our aboutthe sensation t o the
t o eat food. en~Aronm ent that we bre1n. The brain processes
can feel. this informat;on and
dec1des the order to send.

Listen to t hese people talking. Copy t he
table below in your notebook and tidl it
they are talking about internal or ex1emal
stimulf.
In your notebook, w rit e if ead1 action is a
m otor response or a glandular response.
Sweating after playing football.
Turning on a light when you entM a dark
room.
We start to aoss a street when the light
tums green .

46

3 . Res pon ~
The order becomes o response to
the stimuli end 11n odion thet tells the
body what to do.
FINAL TASK Go bad< to your basketball
team and make a list of1ive stimuli-
responses actions while you play your
sport. For example, one action could be
when you see the ball coming and quickly
hold yourhands to catch ft.
Fun fact!..
...Old you know thet cobra
.
: respond to lhreoto,..ng
stimuli w ith rts hood ? This
IS a flop of sk1n they can
spread to scare predetors
ond chose t hem 11way.
! Can cobra snakes be
Types of responses
Motor re:;pon~e:;
happen when the muscles move.
For example, we stretch our arms to catch the ball.
Glandular re spon~es
happen when organs c11lled g londs produce
substance. For example. when we we feel to o hot.
oyur body sweats. This is a glandular response
beceus.e our sweet glends pro duc~ sw~ l!lt .
smSavladigitol.com
A I ,, 1 1 tl Playandfindout
V L~hatthe function of interaction consists oi.
 The sensory system
In order to perform the int eraction function, human beings .... Fun facti
receive information from t he environment and from our Did you know thet 1f you h old your
own body through five senses: :;mell, ta~t. touch, :.ight and ; non whle you ere e~:~tlng, you a >n't
hearing. Each sense is located in a spedalized organ. ; taste your food? Why does this
: happen?
a sm Saviadlglto l.com .......
p-~unaJilli'
The an se of :;m ell
Olfectory receptors
ere in the nasal cavity
ne~t to the pituitary
aro. Th sens of
smell needs the sense
of taste i n order to
work properly.
bitter

The ~.., ~ ot tute

Taste receptors are
on the tongue. They
""' smell bumps
called tarte bud.
Taste buds help us
taste the dJfference
between sweet.
sour. bitter and salty
flai.'Ours.

I OUCh
ret:eptors

The ~" ot t ouch

The skn IS t he
main organ of t h e ~--f~~
sense of tout: h. 1---- dermis
Touch re<.eptor can
detect temperotur e,
pressure, pain and G~tllllf----
texture
sour: a sharp taste Slrnllar to lemon
orv1neger
bitter an unpleasant taste s.mlar
to 01'8118! PHIS, OU\11~ Of COffee
 The $<~Me of sight
The eyes "'e the org>~n the!
give us the sense of sight . L~ght
entors the eyes t hrough t he
pupil, the lens ond th e relino.
Th<' retJna S<'nds s;limuh to the

The ~nse of he nna

The eers are the org>~n of the
set~ se of helll'ing. The outer
ear collects sounds. This sound
passes through th<' i nner ear
an> I, th" nlickle ear ond
the three smoll bones. Then,
the sounds reach the axhlea
end the euditory '""""The
audrtorynerve sends Signals to
the brllin .
smell bones

audi1ory
nerve

cochlea
Inner tllf can,l

Anna and Will arein t heir garden. listen FINAL TASI<Goback t o t he actions you
and write in your notebook t he sense listed as a basketball team and select the
organs they are using . main senses involved in each action.

Iears 1'"''"' 1er,-- 'v Jlskrn ) 1--"I:<U-< Jo -~

smSaviadig rtol cam
lll.il 11 Thehurnan eye.
Explain t he difference between the outer
ear and t he middle ear.

0
 The nervous system
The nervous system has an Important role loperlorrn In the
interaction function. tt controls our entfrebody sending,
r eceiving and interpreting information from all parts of our
body. These messages travel t hrough t he body as nerve
impulses. But let's see the sequence ofthis travel:

SENSE ORGANS SENSORY NERVES

They respond to a They carry Information
sbmulus !l'ld send from the sense orgons
IITf'ulses !!long the ond .ntornol org0ns to the
sensory nerves, centr.l newous system.

CENTRALNERVOUSSYST8M
lt rece)V@5 and int erprirl:s tnformabon and produces rnponses. lt
1s mod e up of the spinet cord end the bmin.

SPINALCORD BRAI N
The spnal cord produces fast The brain ISinSlde the cranoum
ond outom..t>c responst>s. Md ot mokes decisions ond g ives
orders.

MOTOR NERVES
The cenlrel nervous system coordnetes
the nf<lrrnotion rtttoved !l'ld sonds
impuls<'Selongmotor nerves. These
motor nerves carry stgnels from the
cenlrel nervous system to the muscles
in t he muscu!oskeletel system.

M USCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
lt brof!gs a response. Th1s response can be either a voluntary or an invol untaryresponse.

flnvolu nlary tnOYements ~ fVoluntory movements ere ' )

are produced by the sp111al
cord IICbon. Our refle><es ore
1nvoluntery movements.
Reflexes are fast and automatic
responses.
produced by br ~>n ec~111ty. The
bra.n nterpretsinformotlon
from the sense org0ns ond
produces a voluntary response.
Volunt.,y r<>spons<>s ore slower
thon lnvoluntery responses.

50
r
The brain has three parts : the cerebrum , the brain stem
and the cerebellum.

The cerebrurn produces voluntary

responsl'S.It controls ourthmkng,
memory ond 1"'1guege.
-----
The brain stern control s the
organ functions, Forex~mple, our
he!ll'tbeat.
-----
rThe cerebellum controls balence
and coordination.

f
Complete in your notebook the sentences M atch the words to complete the
with the words in the box. Then, listen and sentences in your notebook.
check your answers.
The central are controlledby
! heartbeat ) nervous system the brain

Thebrarn receives and mterprets

I'11 fl""T 1 information

Voluntary are controlled by

{ retlexes J
movements the sprnal cord .
Our system controls our The Involuntary has three parts
nervous system receives and interprets movements
.The pr oduces voluntary Our
are voluntary. Our are rnvolunta ry
DISCOVER Find out the name of the
Imagine t hat you touch ahot wp. What sterUke shepe cells the nervous system is
happens? Draw inyotrnotebook the path of made up of. They are in charge of receiving
and transmitting nerve impulses along the
the stimulus-sensation, tl'1e processing of the
information and tl'1e response . nervous system.

smSavladrg~ol.com
A 1 ~~ ' Lea m more aboui
V l voluntary and involuntary m ovements.

51
 The musculoskeletal system G) C)
The musculoskeletal system consists of tre skeleton, - Fun fadl .
~-

.
~cles, tendons and ligaments ! Sometmes the JOonts on your tongers !

0why:=~ogolol
: mel<e o 'poppng' noose. Find out :

corn ....... :
l ogarnerts
conned bons
Mu scles C!ln stretch
to eoch o lhr
and contract. Thos
L
holps the bcnes to

The ske leton os

mad up of bones
and awes shope to
the hum on body.
I! protects the
Intern.,. org;w~ s.

c-
Tendons atioch
muscl es to the
bones.

Our bones are conneded to each other at the joints. Some

joints can move, wt-;le otheq01nts can't move at all . There are
different t ypes of jOints dependong on the type of movement
the bones CorYteeted can do.

Aud: can't move. The bones on the cranium Me conneded

by fixed JOints
Hlnae a connectoonof two obtecls that enables one of
them tomoveorswing like a door .. ---.. - Fun fad!.i
! Did you ~now that the hum1:11 h1:11d

e.,
Ball and ~ocket a joint that can rotate. One piece
is shaped like a ball This goes on-side another piece whkh is ! has several bones?
shaped like a round cup. smSa via digitol corn ..........
Plvo1: a joint between bones th~ rotates around one point.
Glldlna: a movement that Is smooth and easy.

51
 Bones Muscles
r

abdomineb

St ffl tUJ

Anna is loOking at a
drawng of the hLITian
rrusculosk eletal system.
listen to the P<lrb she
desoibes Then, copy the
table below and complete it

l
~

calf muscle '

Fl NAL TASK Go back to
the actons y<XJ listed and
think about the parts of the
musculosk eletal system
involved in each act1on

smSavlad1gtol corn
I I
Let's leam m04'e about
muscles.

53

 ) ( Toogue ) (
l lhrough1he sense organs ../

Smell )

THE FIVE SENSES - are l Touch

--,
( S~hl

Senses J
nerves
Is olrided inlo l cord
mvotves THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
-
l Brain \

( Motor nerves )
( sy.1em '

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM - (Muscles}
Borws

Copy and fill in the rpind map in your Name the fives ense organs and their
notebook. Add d rawlngs of the five sense function .
organs.
What are t he three parts oft h e brain? Add
Matd1 in your notebook the organs lo t11e them to t11e mind map in your notebook.
senses.
Copy this picture
Nasal cavity S1gtrt
in your notebook
Skin Heanng and label the
Eyes Smell parts of the
muswl oskeletal
Tonij\Je Touch
system.
Ears Taste
' p .,.
54
 Match t he words t o the sentences. Two friends are helping each other lea m
[digestive system ] ~splratory system J about interaction. Listen to their definitions.
Then, write the words they des cri be for ead1
[ d rrulatory system J excretory syst~m number. The first one is already done.
,w,eorgans
Transports blood all ov1' the body
musculoskeletal system "
Absorbs oxygen mto the body and releases
carbon dtoxide.
Breaks down the food we eat so our body
can absorb lt.
cerebrum
extemal stimuli
nervous system

5
-
Ellmtnat es t he waste our body produces. label In your notebook the parts of the
nervous system.
Order the photographs according to the cerebellum
( l interaction function. Explain the sequence. spinal cord

' cerebrum

s
In your notebook, match the words to the
sentences.
nerves
b<"aln stem

Weopenan stimulus
umbrel la
The bratn sends response
out a message
We get wet process
tntherain
In pairs, say whid1 picture shows a voluntary
( l movement and whid1 an involuntary
move ment .

Your mother is cooktng your favourite food in

("' the kitd1en. lt smells delidous. Your mouth
begins to salivate. ls t his a motor response or
a glandular response? Explain your answer to
a partner.

sm Saviad igilo l com

IL 1 ill s l Check what you have learnt in t he Seli'-evaluatlon.
ss
 A sprained ankle
Wnle playingfootball yesterday, Oliver
I lipped and (1) . Now his ankle is n!d
and swoll en. He C<ln't move his al1<le or
stand up because it (2) a lot.
Oliver wenttothe hospital tor an x-ray.
The d octor said that there are no (3)
bones, but Oliver has a sprained ankle. Tl'is
happenedbecausehetwisted his ankle
when he felL Tns stretched t he
(4) that support the ankle.
Tile doctor bandaged Will's ankle and told
him that heneedsto (S) for10days
unt~ the ligaments rehrnto normal. He
also has t o take some (6) that reduce
lheswellifll. Every hour, he puts an (7)
on his ankle. it's very coldand makes tis
ankle feel a lot better. Unfortunately, it is
still too painful to stand up.
That's why the doctor also gave him
a pair of crutches to help him walk.
Unfortunately, W~lcan't play football now,
but he has lots ot free time tore01d some
books he borrowed from the ibriiry.

Read the text again and complete the text Are the following sent ences 'Right' (A)
with the best words. or ' Wrong' ( B)? If there is not enough
- information, choose 'Doesn't say' (C).
A tall B teU C fallen Don't forget to write down the answers
A f eels C hurts In your notebook.
Sprained ankles don't hurt very much .
3 A break B broken c b<'oke
A right B wrong c doesn't say
I A ligaments B nerves C sense organs A sprainedanklecan make yourskin tum
A r esting B rested c rest to a different colour.
A right B wrong c doesn't say
A ptlls B sweets C1Tuot
A sprained ankle is similar to a broken
. A exercose B oce pack C blanket bone .
A right B wrong C doesn't say
Read the text again and answer these
' You should walk a lot to heal a sprained
questions in your notebook. Then, diswss
ankle.
them with your dassmates.
A right B wrong C doesn't say
J How did Wolf spraon hos ankle?
" lt's a g ood idea t o take medicine if you
What causes a sprained ankle? have a sprained ankle.
What can you do to hea I a spra ined ankle? A right B wrong C doesn't sa y

56
Our five senses g ive us information <bout the wor1d around us.
But sometimes our sight can g ive us a false impression.

An opt ical illusion is a way of trickingthe brain into thinking it sees

something differently from the way it is In reality.
Look at the three opt ical illusions and answer the questions.

b'if ll!lle A [Qlll)i> C

>~----)>

IIJt>e<e IS the dot on the line? wtuchred circletS larger?

Which object looks larger?
Mon!lo the left. The one on the left
The object on the top>
More to the righL The one on thenght
The object on the bottcm'
Exactly in the middle. Botb drcles ore the same stze.

Can you bel1e11e that both objeCIS

Th dot Is exaClly In the middle. Tney are both thP same 51ZPI
are e-xactly thP samP si~?

Measure the examples above with a ruler t o

demonstrate their sizes.

Look at the picture on the right. What do you see:

a flower vase or the profile of t wo faces?
Why can you see two things in the same p icture?
Choose the best answer.
Bee ause when our bra in receives the r1formatlon, it
processes that mformation based on 1mages rt has seen before
Because some people can see one image when I is close up and a
different image if is farther away.

Optical illusions can occur when ~ur eyes see too much light, colour or
movement. Read the four sentences Whkh situations might cause an
opt ical illusion?
Looking at a computer screen for too long
Driving a car for a longtime at night without rest1ng
Looking mto a bnght light
Taking a p1ece of cake that looks bigger

57
e let's work together:
The paralymp1c sports alternative
There's always an altemabve to practise sports when there
is a part of our musculoskelet al system that doesn't work
normally. The wheelchair basketball Is an eKample at it.
If we ca n't use ourlegs, we still can play basketball thanks
to a wheelchair because it substitutes our legs.

. Now imagine you belong to a famous wheelchair

basketball team. Then, g o bad< to your basketball
team healthy habits list. Would you follow the same
habits ?
Go back to your basket ball t eam five actions list .
Could these actions be the same for your wheelChair
basketball team? Take notes and compare them . -----~.

Go bad< to t he senses and partsofthe

musculos keletal system invol ved in your first actions t-----
list. Then, write a new list and compare t he senses
and the parts of your body you need t o use in your
new wheelchair bask etball t eam What new senses
and parts of your body are involved?

When you finish, compare your result s with the rest

of the dass. What's your conclusion?

... taking care of our senses!

Our five senses allow u s to enj oy the wor1d. They also protect
us from danger. That's why lt's importantto protect them.
Do your own research. Do a presentation I make a post er
about how to takecare of eachofthe fivesenses. You can
include photos er drawings.
Step$ to take ca.r e of our eyes

Wear sunglasses in the bright sun __ Eat fresh fruit and vegetables ...
Matter and materials

Let's speak1
What can you see in t he im age?
Where can you find it ?
0 Why does ice float?

r r~.. ~
At t he end of this unit , you will
dlscolfer how materials may become
rubbish that threatens our aquat ic
ecosystems.

59
 Matter 08
We can find matter everywhere around us.

oir rocks

human besng

Matt er is anythingthattakes up space and has mass.

Matter always has two main characteristks: spac and mass.

r MI S$ Volume
I Mossosthe quMtrty ofmetterthet Volum e os the emountofSPl!Ce e body
ebodyhas. occupies.
We measure mass on kilograms ( kgs) We measure volume on litres (l) and on mililitres
end grGms (g). We use a bolanoo to (ml). We use gr!lded conhoners flke testtubes
col culate mass. or measuring cups to calculate volume.

tf

c
-
>

@
- -,.
-
60
l
 !DID~: . . .. ,. . . . . -.. . . . -. ... . .
Compare the volume and the mass of two bodie s

Measure the volume of 1wo ballo

~
Put 200me ofwat erin a test
tube. Carefully place a metal ball
in the test t ube. You will see that
the level of water has increased 200m 2Some
to 250 me. The volume of the ball
is the difference between the two
measurements: SOme.
:
: .. Make a bal l of plasticinethe same Volume oi the: meti31 ball = Volu rn~ oi t11 t. pfasticint: b~l =
size as the metal ball and measure 25ome- 200m:SOm 2some - 20ome :Some
its volume. it's also SO me.
Mnsurethe mess ofthe ~lis
Now place each ball on the balance
and write down the mass of each
one. The metal ball has more mass
than t he plastid ne one..

The two balls have the same

volume, but the m eta l ball has
more mass. Therefore, two bodies
can have the same volume, but
different masses.

Repeat the experiment with two more objeds. Don't forget to write down the mass and the
volume of each one.

--------.. -
I

Usten t o Anna and \'lill , They're doing the Dol kg of metal and l kg of c.orl< have the
experiment above. Write down their results same mass? Which one has more volume?
in the table. What's the conclusion?
Airhasmass and
; volume. We can
II<IJI"'I see this when
PI 11'1'11111 we compare en
inflated balloon
Decide wrth a partner which of the following and an empty
( elements are formed by matter: balloon on a balance. Do you think air is
matter? Explain it to a partner.
wood sound ligllt
FINAL TASK Do an experiment, Fill a
[ w~l cardboard transparent plastic bottle with water and
put in some sand, tiny rod<s and a small so-ew.

61
 Specific properties of matter Ge
r Hordne~~
I We say matter os hard r Brlttlenn~

Matter Is brttlle when tt

when tt's dlfficutt to
scratch. Metal is harder
than chalk because th e
mete! con scratch
the chlllk eetstl y.
GiDJ.~IJIU~
bntt le: having hardness but
breaks eosrly. A wooden breaking ""slly
barismore brittle than
a met <I bar because t
breaks more easi ly.
. ....... .. ....... ... . Fun fad!
Glass is brittle. wt is it also hard?
We make glass with very hard
matter. tt's dfficult to sa!Itch t But
tt's olso bnttle, because it breaks
4 very eaSily if we drop it. But what
state of matter IS glass? Solid ,l iquid

r Elutlcity
L
r O.n~ty
or gas?

I M"ttertsehostic If it Thi s is the relation

returns to its o nglnal
sh~ etter we epply a
force to tt
between the mass and
the volume of a body. A
metal boil and a p!orttci ne
bell CM have the same
volume. but the metal
.
'
G
ball has more mass and ts
denserthon the plesticine
$rn Saviadlg tta l com .........:
ball.

L I...
................................................................
Test the density of different materials
.
Put 200 m of water in one measuring cup, 200 me of oil fn another one and 200 meof sand
in a third measuring cup.
Put each measuring cup on a balance. Do they each have the same mass?

.:.. Which substance is at the bottom? Why?

Which substancehasthe least density?

'
.-
67
!DID~:~:~ .......................-.......................... -........................................................
Experimen1 with density and buoyancy

Look at these objects. The metal ball and the ball made of corn have as imila r volume,
but one floats and the other doesn't. The metal ball sinks because metal is denser than
water, and the corn ball floats because cork is less dense than water.

How can we make a body float or sink?

Change the shape of t he body. Change the densl1y of the liquid.

A ball of plastid ne sinks, but if we <flange
the shape and bu ild a boat from the same
plasticine, i1floats. The pi asti dne boat f loats
bee ause it's got air inside and it's less dense
than water.
An ~g sinks in water. tf we add salt to the
water, t he density of the water increases,
and the egg floats.

Experim ent with other objects. Predi et if each will sink or f loat, t hen t est you r ideas.
.
.
.. ... . ... .. ........ ..

Listen t o the descriptions and number

t he photographs. Then, write the name
of the specific property described. r smSaviadlgitol com
f ~ 1 ~

V I pooL Which have most densityJ

1
A virtual objects to your swimming
11 Orag different

LWhy? Put the objects in order.

When a ship sinks and spills oil in the sea,
the oil floats. Explain v.tly to a partner.

FJ NAL TASK Carry on with your experiment.

Pour two spoons of oil and one spoon of
yellow ink into the water.
,- )
61
 Forces everywhere fi)
Many objects move around us, like leaves1tlat fall from the
trees or the cars wedrfve. And o ther objects can deform, Uke poerce: to make o hole
plasticine when we work with it. But how do these changes
h appen? Look at the picture and observe the interactions
between bodies. They're called forces.

l. The sinng l!rld the bow def onn

vvhen the l'l"cher uses the
strength of his arms to stretch it

2. The arrow moves when the

III'Cher lets the string:go
:__

Forces produce different effects. They can move, deform or even break objects.

change velocity
Forces cm mllk.e em If "n object is moving. Forces can also cht:tnge
obJect 1!11 rest start forces C51 increase or the d redionof mowment
I110Y i1'111 decrease its velocity of an object.

deform

Plastic matenols are Elasti<. matenals are Brittle matenels break

ml!llenals tnl!ll do not materials t11 et recover their when we apply force
recovN tnoi roriginal shape original shope v.tlen the onth"m.
when tile force stops. force stops.
 ~~~utlpjaeC:~!m~a~l~~=o~xW-oI~=~=t)f~~;;~~:l~~:c~~~-~~~~~~:~~~::~~=~~~-!
a piece of st ring. Put six m arbles in the b ox .

Make a hypothesis
How many marbles do you think we need t o put into the pllls1ic
plast ic cup t o mak e the box move? cup

Te,;t your hypothesis

Put the marbles into the plast ic cup one by one. Write down
the number of marbles you need to make the box move.
Was your hypot hesis correct?

Now try these experiments. M ake a hypothesis for each question and test it .

Put some p;1ncils under the box. Do ycu need Use a poece of plastJCJne onstead of the bo<.
more or le ss ma-13PS to make theboxmovto? What woll hoppen when we put the morbles
ont o t he ploshc cup? Will the pll!lstoctne move

.
10 4 1 .._. .... o o e 4 4 04 .._. . . . . . . 0 4 4 4 e . . . . . . . o 44 oo 4o " " " ' " o4 4 oo l o 4 4 u
or deform?Why?
" ' Oo 0 o4 40 40 o . . . 40 o o e I U.O.O o 0 ooo oOM 4 44o 404 oo ooO 4 04 ,.,I

Listen t o Will giving a report on a science They only needed four marbles to move
experiment he did and decide if t he t he box when t hey put pendls under rt
sentences bElow are True or False.
The box didn't move with no marbles In the smSavladoglto l.com
plastl eeup j ' r r 1 1 ' t Investigate
. .J the effect of forces in your virtual
The box moved when they put one marble
In the cup.
V I sdencelab. What conditions d-tal'{le
the velocity of the box most? Why?
When they put sex marbles en t he cup,
the box moved FINAL TASK a.rt a plastic bag into small
pie<es and put them in t he bottle. Seal the
They put six penc~s under the box bottle and shake it.Take a picture. Leave it to
rest for one hour andtakeanotherpicture.

65
 Properties of materials
look at the picture and think about the materials these GW I
objects are made of Are the materials selected the most foundilhons: lht bes. of a buoldong
suitable to use in each case? 1t supports the weoght of lhr
structure
Ahamm~ beams: l ong ptE'CE'S of metenal
made crf glass who eh wt pi ece horl:ontally,
An umbrell
made of net supported by columns

. Fun facti :
Iron os h..-d but brotUe. Howovro. If
; we add e<~rb<m to tht oron to moke a
sword. rt becomes steol. and stool os
fteltlble. How os ste.,. mad '

..
'
Shod mldt O'f p~pe:r

A material is any matter we use to make objects Before

we make an object we need todeddeon the most suitable
material to use, so we look at their propertlu. Some
properties are sm Savla dogolol com ........ 0.

Conductivity of heat1
When a material does not transmit
heat, we call it an in.ulator. When a
material transmrts heat, we call ot a
conductor.

Transparency 1
When light cannot pass through a l
material, wesayitls opaque. When (>-- - - - -
light can pass through a material, we
say it is tran~parent.
J

Impermeability'
When liquodcannot pass through a
material, we say
it is impermeabl e.

6G
 Materials In ardlltedur~

Big windowsmake the

lmerlor light.

We use insulating
materials for the walls,
like the traditional clay
bricks and oth~r more
modern materials.

Inside rooms we use

wood which is an
Insulator, and Cl!ramics
which are easy to clean.

The pipes are made of

Impermeable plastic;
coppl!rand ot.h er Concre te IS m~ de of
matelials. cement, ~nd ond
water. We use it on the
rou ndetl 011~ and the
blWmo. covenng ~ metel
structure. lt makes a very
strong structure.

aW (.., Usten to tne students talK aDOut proD!emS

they have. Which property are they talking
Name tne materfals we use to DUffel a
skyscraper. What properties do they h ave?
1
about? Tell a partner.

conductivity I impenmeability I DISCOVER What does 'insulating material'

mean? What materials are used as insulators
r transparency l in the picture? Do you know what m aterials
are used as insulators in your clothes'

67
 G4lMra l
Mass ~~
llli
properties

has
{_ J
such as
-
chang e

-r C
movements
changes ---~l 000 1ha1
11'11'0ugh -----"
c:an .. deform]

when used
In ObjeC'1s ---~~l
11 call ed -----
... 1ha1 haV1! ( prOpertieS ) !UCIUS

CQpy 11nd fill in the mind map Do these materials float or sink? Copy the
in your notebook. Add an exam ple of an table in your not ebook and complete it.
impermeable m aterial, a brittle material,
lr 1 ( , I ) Lf_ .i.-__.)
an elastic material and a derr.;e material .
Also include an example of a material which ( <O<k
conducts heat and an insulator.

- -
68
 Look at the drawings and explain to a partner lt dt?forms and returns torts original shape
how to mea.sure the mass and volume of an lt starts m oving
object Then, calculate the mass and the
volume of t he stone. 0

You stretch a spn11g Someone throws e. bl!lll

with force, ~n d then end you hit ot woth a
you reiMs~ it. baseball bat.
Choose the correct definition of 'Density':
Shows the mass of an object
Measures the volume of an ObJect
Expr esses the retatoonshlp between the
mass and the volume of an object

sm Sav icl digltol corn You put a balloon In a You leave afoot print on
1 PI 1 Play and select the bowl of water an d hold the sand on t he beach.
right properties for each material.
L__ ltdown.

Why doesn't a boat m ade of metal sink

Q in t he sea' Explain it t o a partner.
0 Ama fils a glass with water up to the t op.
She puts it on a dish. Then she puts a st one in
the glass. When she puts the stone in the glass,
Simon uses a balance and a t est tube to
some oi the water comes out. Choose the
measure the mass and the volume of four
correct sel'!tence to explain what happened.
objects and gets t hese results:
The volume of water whoch comes out os the
same as the volume of the stone

--
l.li"' 111111 ,-

I The water which comes out has the same

~
M 15Ji lrl
m ass as t he stone

-
~ ClJi 6d
SOl!IJ1'5 1071 9rl
1
8'!11 l,:DIS& 154 ~1

Copy and complete the tabl e in your

notebook. Calculate the density of each
object. Are they made of the same materia l . .
or of different mateoi als' ~ 0 Listen to the conversation and put the words on
W 1,- the correct boxes. The first one ls already done.
M at ch t he foil owing effects of forces with the
L correct pictures. Tell a dassmate. densrty
1
l
mass

--
it dt?forms and it doesn't return to its
1 volume l
'1"' oroglnal shape
lxlttle 4
4 it manges vetoaty and direction o1
movement.
insula ting
'
a sm Saviadigltol.com
V ._,_~_!-1---~-~e~ what yo~ have le.arnt in th=~l1-ev~~~~~
 The Great Pacific Rubbish Island
Every day, large quantities of objects like plastic bags, cans and oil
appear in the sea . Most of this rubbish is formed by plastic object s that
are not biod egradable and they simply br eak into tin ier and sm aller
pieces.
In 1997, scientist s discovered a large quantity of this plastic floating fn
the Pacific Ocean. This plastic, called the 'Great Pacific Rubbish Island',
is the largest rubbish d.Jmp In the worl d. The movement of tl1e water
concentrates t he rubbish in one large area of the O<ean Nobody knows
exactly h ow big it is, but it 's a serious enloironmental problem, especially
tor aquat ic o rganisms, such as plankton and algae, because mf cropl astlcs
on the surface b lock the sunlight that O<Ranisms need t o live. And if
algae and plankt on communities are threatened, the entire food chain
may change. Butmicroplastics are also an important danger to animals
because many oft hem eat them and die when they can't digest them.
And does anybody care about it? Nowadays there's no country who wants to take r esponsibility
because deaning up microplastics is a very expensive and difficult task.

Are the followrg sentences 'Right' (A) or Choose t he correct opt ion .
- 'Wrong' (B)? If there is not enough information,
~1 Thi s text isa bout
choose 'Doesn't say' (C). Don't forget to write
do'M'i the answers in your notebook. A. how to recycle our rubbtsh
' People thr ow plasbc bags into the sea B. problems that rubbiSh can cause
A r ight B wrong c doesn't say C. how rubbish c an imp rove the
environment
~ Therubbosh on the sea affects people as
well as animals and plants 2 What does the text say happens to some
rubbish that we leave?
A r ight B wrong C doesn't say
A. lt ts dropped 1n the sea by the
~. Scienti sts dtscovered the plastiC rubbish authorrttes
on an island in the Atlantic Ocean
B. lt ts recycled
A right B wrong c doesn't say C. lt cont1nues IT1 the environment caus1ng
~. The r ubbtsh 'island'ts bigger than Spa1n problems.
2 Who discovered the 'Rubbish Island?
A right B wrong C d oesn't say
5 The plastiC affects the d1ges trve system A. Scientists
of marine animals B. Rshermen
A right B wrong c d oesn't say C. Sailors
1 Why has the rubbish in the sea formed
Fi nd w ords orphras<Os in th<O t<!XI t hat mean. tntstloatlng lstano?
A p!ace where we pu t the rubbish which Is
not recycled A. lt is dropped from Ships in th1s area.
~ A ants that five in the sea
B. The rubbtsh m akes the water
po1sonous
Process the food we eat, takong nutrients
from it
C. The movement of the sea has
concentrated the rubbish there
To pay for somethmg

70
 Th~> properties of materials

Jim finds objects made of different materials in the kitchen. lt's a r eal lab.
Join him and discover their properties.

Me1ehpoon

Paper maguinu
Cerillmic floor 1ife

Copy t he t able below in your not ebook and complete it .

l.alstlli GL>:i> a~ lll:>lcbtl pi.>1Jc lot IJ.ll& I'! f!J.p Ill!'

l nJmm~l? ItS
-- - 1-
ves -- ItS
U..,:llt!
II!Jlbl~

!nttl~
- \liS
I
'JI5
- --
Now it's time t o check your hypolheses. You can use diff erent
experiments like t he ones shown in the following examples .

Water doest pass Light doesnt pass 1t doesn't bend: tfs 1t doesnt breek when
through rt: it's t hrough lt: tt'sop11CJue. not fleXIble. I hot lt it"s not frog, le.
m~rm ~obl~.

71
$ Let's work together:
Materials and the aquatiC environment
Let's collect the information from your experiment on your aquatfc m ini-ecosystem.

Now, let' s look at our r esul!sl

'!.
Take the picture of your bottle before shaking it and make a list of the materials induded in
it . What are their specific properties? Write them down in your notebook .

Now take the picture of yourbottle after shaking it. Make a list ofthe materials t hat floated
and the ones that sank. Does your bottle look like the 'Great Pacific Rubbish Island? In pairs,
explain why .

" In groups, make a list of four actions we can take in order to prevent rubbish accumulating
in t he sea. For example, don't throw the oil into the sink. Then, share yrur results with the
whole dass.

... keeping our oceans clean I

Have you ever tho~ht what h appens to the

rubbish we throw away every day? Some
common materials, like plastics, stay where
we leave them long after we have used
them.
Now it's time to do your own reseanch. In
grrups, find rut more about h ow some
international organizat ions like Greenpeace
try to take care of t he ocean and make a![~
ofthe actions they carry out. Organise the
information that you find and make n otes.
Present your work to the class .

smSavladigllol corn
]-~~----~~ Check the wayyo~ve lea~n1._
 .......... -.
: Do you remember- everything you have learnt during this term? Check lt out in this test ,

V>lhich organs and systems are involved in the 6. A matter-:

inter-action flrlction? A can be seen andtouched.
A The circ:Uatory system and excretory system 8, has colour
B. The sense organs, the nervous system and the C has mass and volume
musculoskeletal system
C The digesttve system and the nervous system

~. Choosetheoptionrelatedtothispicture.

..
.
l
.i
. A.l'l!tlerthan the water.
. 8 lower lhanthewater
C. thesameasthewater
A When an lnierna s!lmiJus occurs, the receptor

I
.: organs are 1nthe nerves.
8 When an erlernal stmulus OCCU'S, the
6. Points out wlich oneof these objects is elastic.
receptors are the sensory organs.
.: C Gland !Jar responses are caused by the
product1on of substances by the gands
3. V>lhich organ is related to these wa-ds?

l Pupil l{ Reti na ) ""(- L-en-s ---,)

A Rubber band
8 Plastkine
. A. Eye C. Soap
. B. Sk1n
9. Whenaforceactsonabody:
I C. Ear
A 1! camot change Its 5peed
4. The nervous system will transmit orders to t he 8 it can char"'f!e its speed and deform rt
wholebody t iTol.(l'h: C it camot be deformed
A lnformatJonprocesSII'-g.
B. Tnecenual nervous system. 10. C:hoosetherlghl sentence.
C Nerve Impulses. A Glass is used as a containerandrt can be
recyded
5. ThemusciJoskeletal system is formed by: 8 Cardboard cannot be reused or recycled
A Rxed and movingjoints C Plasllc isonlyusedfor making bags
B Bones,musdesandJonts
C Bones, muscles and effector organs. if) smSaviadig ltal.com r.t
.. . "
.. - -
 Plastic skin
Many sdenlists around the worl d are trying t o
imitate different parts of the human b ody. They
want to h elp people who suffer from different
illnesses. One of the most cu rious medical
ad vances is on e which im itavtes skin using a
complex material sim ilar to plastic.
This material can regenerate itself. This
means that it can a xe itself, j ust like
human skin If you cut yourself. tt even What
allo ws you to feel when you t ouch ll'tforrnation
something do we r'etflve
tiYoughourskln?
~-------------------------

EY'ES HAOF ()<' SILK

Sc>entlsts ""' trw8Sbgating how slk can be

used as a materla11o substitute and reQllne<ate
some damaged par1s of lhe eyes. In this way
fl
peoPfe Wf1h badly damaged eyes could se~
bener, <IM il m!t>t ""en be poostlfe to cure
some 1ypes o1 blindness
What part of
the1onguo do
we use to taste
flavours>

.. ,u;a/udhf4Wed-
One African fru lt, the Synsepolum dulcificium,
makes bitter or acid foods taste sweet. How
jsthis possible? 1t contatns a
substance called mtrac.ulln,
and th1s substance stops the
receptors on the tongue
that det ect bott er
and aad tastes
fromworkong
properly. The
v/
What
effect can partsof1he
last up t oan tyo do you
hour. know?
 T he lightest mate.riaJ

What specl~c
prqlenttat
m attord oycu
know?

~t /tltlcim<
You already know that the plastu:
contaners we use everyday can be P:per Is I. YtJy llpt rnuuit.J,Js.,\ lt? Butlf
we put ~sheet of pope.r, whlc.h wt.Jg.bs about
transformed nto new conta1ners, and
S g, on ddtctte .flower, the flower would b '
the reason why rt Is so m port ant to So reax.
recycle them But dd you know that whtmlwio.l "" we su In tltt phowg--L?
Jt is ~hone aer~ a.ud "t'"'
they can be transformed 1nto to the lud J0 -..- . 1t Is a simllr.t ma.te.rioJ
many otherth1ngs? Some pencils. I t lS the llglnert ma.terlal
factones have succeeded !bar ex.lstr lt presen 1.. It Js lhout 3 700 tJm
li&hter thr.n ptperl es
tnusngthese plastcs As well"' pl,stlt.
to make clothes. The whblothe motarhh ~is. Is very l?'portant discovery, becwoeJthu
plastiG from the bottles con we ecyclll' peci.lJ properties thlt malce it very use!ul 1
can be transformed mto lechooloiY n
threads'
~--------~~~~

A 1aboratory in space
'In the 1990's, we launched an ....-------~-=::"!!""-~
artifidal satellite that crbits
Earth at an altitude of 400 km.
This enormous satellite is
called the lntemational Space
Station. The astronauts there
do many experiments on space
and Earth, but also on matter
and matenals. Th1s research
improves the materials we use
nour lives, and is used tomakemedtcallnstruments, for example.
~not proporun
dau g!au have ,
Ano Wl)cd?
 The wind chiU factor lhe tempera!Ure Is 3 c.
btA the ..!nd chil ls
\ a<%1/alll)' 3 'C """'" l2fQ.J
With the same t emperature, some days we feel colder than
others . This is due t o the wind chill factor, which is the feeling
of hot or cold a person f eels.

The skin captures the temperature, hum idity and speed of the
wind. The wind increases t he feeling of cold.
Fan yourself on one hand. How does it feel different t o
your other hand? What if yo u fan yourself harder? Explain
t he relationship of this with the wind chill factor.

On a trip, the thermometer read at 4 c, wind speed was 24

km per hour and wind chill was 1Cbelow zero. If the wind
blows at 50 km per hour, v.klat would the wind chill be?
A The same because the temperature is the same.
r Hogher because the wind blows harder
C lower because t he wond blows harder

0 How do we process information when we feel cold due to the wind?

Relate shivering and wrapping up warm with voluntary and involuntary movements.

The paper

Paper is one ofthe most used matErials in school. Look at its composition .

r
--
Fibers: Ttley come from pl""ts
.... such as cotton.lmen or wood .

...... load: These are mneral elements

-...
[ thalg!Ve consistency t o the poper.
l:
Hlv--' Adciti"Yes: Adhesi~s. dyes or
~ .w....,~ bleoches.

What is paper made from? Is the paper matter? Explain why.

0 Is its densit y hig hef' or lower than water? How can you test t his?
tJ Each pef'son uses approximately470 g of paper pef' day. How many grams of paper are
used in a year? How many in kil os? Relate this t o the importance of recycting.

76
Energy

I -I
What are these?

Where ea n we see them?

What do we use them for?

Does rt alwa ys move?

In this unit you will lea m about

energy and how it affects the ent irely
life in our planet. Finally, you will
discover what e-waste Is and what
should we do with it .

n
 What is energy?ee
Energy has no mass and occupies no space but it makes
things happen. We know it eJ<ists because we see the effects
it produces on other things. Nothing happens without energy.

forms ot energy
Kinet ic enI"JY Potem lal enerr; M .eh m ica! enei"JY

ThiS enetgy1s the sum of

Th1s energy Is
produced by mass 1n
movement, Ilk th +
wind or;:. t;:tr,
T hts energy 1S
possessed by bodie s
p~ced at a certan
-- kinetic llnd potentilll energy.
For example, a wegon of e roller
coestef IS both In movement
(it has kmebc enetgy) and
h eoght. like a book on
;, s helf. e t ~PIIP<llimPtrpo; abn"" lhP
ground (rt h!!S potential eni!fgy):
son has mechanical energy.

Hut enei'Jly

Llght nmg and soml'
bodies ltkethe sun
e m1t energy In the
form of light.
We fi nd it 1n na-ture In t he ltgntnlng
bolts of storms.. We can make t his f orm
of ent>rgy ari1f1etally using waterfalls,
or bummg petrol or coe>l. lt Is the most
common energy b ecause it's easy t o
trlln sform 1nto other forms of energy.
Some bod1es like the sun,
the fire or the lava of a
volceno emrt energ.y In
the fo rm of heat.

Nudnr enerr;

We g etthi s form
Th1s energy Is stored in
certain substances fike of energy from
cpr~ln mtnerals bke
the food we eat. the o il
or the coel.
L uran1um.

78
 ................ Fun iactl
.: . 5,000
years e_go,e person
Properties of energy consumed eround 12,000
kllocalon es (kcal ) each day to
We an 'lranster ..noerg y surVIve.

Energy cen p~~ss from one body to In AD 1,400. a person consumed

onother. If you ploce D line of dominoes 26,000 kt<:~ l .
hke 1n the picture and push the first one,
oil the o thers stert to 11111. Th1s hoppens ..! 1875,
In 11fter the lndustnol
Revolution, a person consumed
because l!llCh d ommo trl!rlsfers energy
to the rest of t he dominoes 1n the 11 ne. . 77,000 kcal to survive
By 1975. a person co nsumed
230,000 kcal..
H ow much has t h e chemiCc:~l
W e an trllr>sfor-'1 .., I energy a pt>rso1, con sumes
One form of en ergy cllrl betrllrlsformed mcreesed? Whet do you thmk th1s
mto dfferent forms. For exel'fllle, electncel mcrl!llse 1n energy IS due to?
energy Cllrl be transformed into light energy
1n 11 l111ht b.Jib, mto he!lt energy In a red1alor
or into mechanical en~gy in a fan. For ihis
reason it's very usefuL
.

Wean .tor eo~e

...
Blltten es c~:~n stor e ch emlc!!l energy.
In this Wfl>/,lt's r~:>ady for us to use wh en
.................................
we need it. The food w e eat is also a
store of energy for our bod1es.

We u n tron~po-1 llllfi Y
We C<Jn tat<e energy irom on e p lace t o
another. For exl!lmple. we transport
elctn eel en ergy using cobles f rom
where we produ ce the energy to where
we use ll And 01 1ond gas. which con tDin
chemicc:~l energy, e re trllrlsported. f or
t>xarrple,1n sh1ps.

Li$"len and decide which type of energy

is being describ ed. Then, cop y tne t abl e
energy <. energy
energy
below and complete it.

f sm Savladigllol com
A I 1 Find out how energy
Complet e t his diagram in your n ot ebook. U L.:an be transformed.
What transfOITTla tions of energy happen
when you tu m on a light bulb?

79
 Sources of energy Gto. , ,
lhe energy we use comes from energy sources. Sources of k;flowor remeimngor unused
energy are reserves of energy which we fine! in nature.lhese materials
sources can be renewable or non- renewa ble

,
Renewable energy sources are natural resources which do
not run out because they are constantly renewed. lhey a re
the sun, wind , water and biomass.

Solu ner-:y

r The sun Is the source of sol11r r!ldillltlon.

Depending o n how we collect it, thts ccn
Wtnd turbines lrllnsform the mechMtcel
energy of th e 'Nind into electrical energy.
produce electnCill energy or hellt t-nergy.

Hr droeledrlc eneray

Thts is the mechi!nicel energy of water. We Ci!n The chemical energy of organic waste from plants,ltke

L produce elect rical energy using water falling from a

reservotr or th e tides of the see.
the lef'.ov....-s from the hl!lrvest, orfrom Munels,
like eKcrement, is used to generate heel tonergy or
electrical energy.

80
 I ................ .... F.., fadr ..
'
Non-renewoble enerlrY sou rce ~ are nat ural resources whictl

: D1d you know thet g eothermal
! energy is the energyfromthe very :
can run out , because we consume t hem faster than they can : high temperatures inside the Earth?
regenerate. These sources are f ossil fuels ltke oil and coal an d tt is a renew11ble en ergy source, M d :
radioactive substances like uranium. we con use 1t for h ellting. We C!ln
olso use it t o prod uce electricity in
g eotherm al power plants. Find out
where t he mc:un geothermel power
piMts ere located on our planet.

We use col!i, ges end 011 to move In nuclearpower m t ions,

\~hides, <r~d for heating. In energyfrom uraniUm ,
thermoelectric power plants, celled rlilclettr er1ergy.
the dlernical energy in the fossil is transformed into ht>llt
1uels ts trcnstormed 1nto heat energ y, and the hPat energy
energy, end the heat energy
is transformed into electrical
energy.
L 1S transformed Into electrical
energy.

......
Tak e a cylindrical container. Cut out a piece to m ak e a
window. Ask an adult tor help to cut the container.
Colour the outside of the container bla<X and covert he
window with a piece of clear plastic.

..: . Put a sausage on a skewer and place it in the ccot ainer.

.. Put the container fn a sunny place, and wait. Be
pa tient: a sausage can t ake half an hour to cook I

.. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this t ype of cooker compar ed wit h t he cooker
.
.
. you use at home?
........... ....................................................
Listen to thi s conversation about energy W smSaviadigitaLcom
sources. Then, copy t he t able below fn y our
notebook and put the energy sources in the
right place.
e l I Findout whicharethe
1 energy sources we use most
L ._
DISCOVER There rs a renewable source
gas energy solar energy petrol of energy produced f rom biornass that is
used b y millions of cars as an alternative
r ~droel ectric energy biomass t o petrol What do we ca ll this alternative
f orm of energy.? What is it m ainl y m ade
frorn? Why do y ou think ft can be a 'dean'
solution for vehicles?

81
 Energy and the environment
Progress has been possible because of energy use. The
production and use of energy ha ve consequences for t he
environment. We call these consequenc;es envl ronmenial
impads. lhese impacts are damaging the eflllironment and
threatening our pl anet natural resources.
Envtronmenta Impacts on the planet
The et'Tio~ph '
Some of t he gMes whtch vetlld es rei e!ISe cen
re~c:t with the eir and produce clouds of acidic
substances. The rain from these clouds ts call ed aetd
rein end lt demeges the ground, t he hervests end
the fo restswh en it falls.
Tt la d
We teke rock f rom quemc end mtner llls f rom
mines . By doi ng this, we else cause son erosion .
8:1
fi) cq , f
quarrie\: 1!1 pfl!lce where we dig the
stone out
Th ocn
Ace dents with ell tenkers end dumping lea\/!!
dengerous st.bstances in the sea. The waste from
nuclear power pla nts also contammates nvers and
sees with r!ldio!lcttve substences. like unentum.
Llvna .nln 4
Aquetlc orgentsms die beceuse of weste from
ondustr ies poured into nvers and sellS. Birds l!llso
die because of wind tu rbines.
 ..-- - . LW~ tactr
:' On A~ust lA., 2003, more thl!in

Most oft he energy we use in the developed

: 50 mdhon people rn New York and
: Ont-cno were
.
world comes from fossil fuels beca use t h ey
are cheap and easy to obtain. However, if we
: left without
: electncity tor two .
continue t o increase our consumption of these days. Frn d out
fossil f uels, they run out. whet a b lackout
is and whlrt
.
:
For this reason, we need to cont rol our
consumption of fossil fuels, and use other happened to the :
renewable sources of energy. people dunng :
! thlrttrme. :
. ... smSaviadigitaLcom ..../
................................... ..
.. "
ln1erpre1ing data
..
look at the dat a on world energy consumption and energy reserves from 2012:
..
Renewable ..
Nuclear
5;1;
..
~ Ill., l >-\1< ''> !11~, 1~1 lll' a:.ltiL rn ..
Or I
Cc>al Oil Between 60 !!nd 1110 years .
"'t<
30%.
G1:1s Between 200 and 250 years
Gas
24% Cot!l Between 150 end 300 ye~
.
.
What percentag e of the energy we consume comes from fossfl fuels?
.
What percentage of the energy we consume comes from renewable energies?

.. .
. At t he current rate of consumption. whichiossil fuel will run out first?
..... ... ...................
Listen to these conversations ab out What relation exists between energy
environmental impacts. Then, copy the consumption and the development o1
table below in your notebook and tick the humanity? DisOJss it with a classmate.
correct answers.
Make a list of all the t hing s in your house
whi d1 need energy to wori<. Are any of
them unnecessary in your lif e? Explain your
answer,

lt we know that renewable en ergy

resources are going t o nun out, why do

3
- - you think we continue to use them? Discuss
this with a dassmate.

FINAL TASK Find out what e-waste is and

where we throw it away. INh y?

83
 Sustainable development$ 8 ...... ... .......... Fun fad! .
I

We know t h at excessive consumption of energy , Did you know t hatthe energy

contaminat es the environment and wast es natural resources. consumption at home in Spa1n
If we contfnue t o use energy in this way, we may put future repri!Sl'nts 20% of all energy
generat ions in danger. What can we do? Is there a solution ? consumption in our <:ountry. Find
out what the n li!W Energy Efficiency
I 1 Cerbf1cate for elllsbng buildings Is. i
We can start sailing energy ai home. 8 smSaviadigital.com .. .J
We can now b uO d houses which need l ess energy and wh ich
use renewable natural resources. We call these houses
sustainabl e houses.

Hot-ter ard heating

The house has thermo Bectricity
sol!lf panels to heatthe Photovoltaic solar
water. pl!n l'fs tu m the
energy from the
sun mto el ectn cal
Mergy, and the w1nd
turbin e produces
electricity from the
wind .

..

n
rWat~r treatment
Thl' system coli ects rein
( Ecological
swimtnlngpool
l
wat er. Wl!Ste Wllter f rom the We don't need t o
house 1sr ecyded and used to change the water~tt
waterth! gerden. Is d e~ned netur11lly.
\.___
 R t
Our planet is also our home. We all have to help
reduce the ene-gy we use in orderto keep our
natural resources and to reduce our environmental
impact s and waste production.
Sustainable development means improving our
welfare and t he welfare of developing countries by
protecting our environment and our pi anet tor Mure
gene-ations.

Look at t his house. What change s can you Sorne~rhing t.rot lasts

Loving and
make to aeate a sustainable house? List for a rong time -maybe cartng fo r ou r
them in pairs. planet ond
forever

5cmeth;ng that tS
good for ev~yone
T
If we want to help sustainable
l developmE!jlt, it is important to reduce the
energy we use. W hich of these pictures
shows saving energy?

Listen to these children talking and decide

which of these actions is part of sustainable
development . If it is sustainable, write 'Yes'
in your notebook,
if it is not sustainable, writ e ' No',
Read the foll owing definitions from
children about what sustainable
development means for t hem. In pairs,
write two more definit ions of sust ainability
with your own words.
FINALTASK VisitthefoQowingweb p age and
find out where Europecn and USA e-waste
ends up: http://www.e-sm .net /carnpaigns.
M ake a list of the Spossibleendings for
e-waste and keep il You will need it for t he
f inal task.
 Energy-saving measures fi)
lhe authorit ies and the people must work together to save
energy. We ha ve to remember that al l our actions have
consequences f or our planet.

As citizens, we can help save energy in lots of ways.

Use public t ronsport

whenever posible.

Drive responsibly. Tl"llvt'l et the

corrt'ct spet'd and -turn off the
eng me ifthe car has stopped.

Use natumlligtt
when you can.
Turn off lights
Use ~gtt bulbs that need
when you're not
If!SS en f'rgy.
using t hem.

Do not use healing o r air ronclitioning Choost' tht' most efficient ele<:tricl!l l
too much. Keep t he temperatur(> at applictnc:es. Th is mea1s thattht'y hiiVe the
home at 21 c 1n winter and 26 c 1n scme results usmg less energy. Tu m off
summer. 8pphances when you art' not using them.
J
86
Authorities a ls o have a series of obligati ons that can help to
reduce our e nergy consumption. Lo<i< at some of the m:

Teach sodety Promote t he use

abOIJt the need of renewable
to save energy, energies t hat
using publicity all ows ~to
campaigns. produce clean
energy.

Make companies have Support

a responsible attitude investigation into
cont rolIi ng the effects alternative
that thetrproduction energy resources
proces~ es have on and effici eot use
nature . of energy.

Invent a slogan t o make people t hink about One bus carries people, but it uses
saving energy. Write yoor slog an on a less ener8}' than
poster and lndude some images. Here are
some verbs you can use. The buSe$ don't use petrol, thetr fuelts
( take care I share save think I made from , which is a

Listen to the teacher talking t o his students Find o ut why the red STAND-BY
about saving energy. Then complete the light from the ' Stand 0
notes in yo ur notebook. bv' button is familiarly POWEROtl
renewable energy source S[;'l J biomass known as 'vampire
power'.
(three cars J I tv f ifty red light
The energy from one old mcandescent
light bulb Is enougl1 to power energy-
s<IVIng bulbs
FINAL TASK Visltttis web page
Don't leave yot..r on standby when you http://www.e-sm .ne t/sol ut10ns.
Choose the most suitable solutions provided
are not usl~ 1t. lftl has a on t hen rt is
f or e-waste. Keepthemfor the finaltask.
consuming energy Turn it off p roperly'
 }'--------------'
- - because we can-----,..-----...------.-.-----....,.
(
possesses
( transfer ft ) 8 ( store lt ) ( transport 1t )

(irecurcal ener~
sucn

r
DIFFEReNT FORMS as

appears In
Le Heat energy ) G udear energy)

...
comestrom

NON-RENEWABLE
SOURCES
consumptlon
C3U$0J

ENOOF
:")
RESOURCES
J
-
so it's n ecessary to have
ENVIRONMENTAL Energy-saving
measures

Copy and f ill in the mind map in your Copy and match the two columns in your
not eb ook. Add ot her examples of obje cts notebo ok.
associated with each energy form we have
studied. SOURCES FORMS
Wind Mechanical
Name the d1anges of ene11:y
0 11 Ugtrt
that happen when a wind
turbine is working. sun Heat
Urarlun Cherrical
Water Nuclear
Look at this picture of a pendulum t o explain Look at this detail from a home natural gas
Newton's idea of the conservation of energy: bill. In what periods does t hehomeusemost
'Energy is not O"eated, and lt is not destroyed. gas? When does it use less? Why do you think
lt can only be transformed'. this is? Propose two measures t o save energy
in the home and discuss them with a
classmate.
Natural Gos
'\ll()Q
~00
l.OOO
1.500

. .
],000
1.500
1.000
500
000000000000
- -

-- ---------
------------------------ - N
..0:; a_>-c:;: D'O..t: ~ ~ c:A :0 a_>-c3 cna.t:?;
c ~
~~<i~~~~Ozo~~~<i~~~~Ozo~

Look f or information about incandescent light

In yoor not ebook, match each energy form bulb s and low-consumption light bulbs.
with the correct definition: If we substrtute five Incandescent bulbs for
f 1ve I ow -ccnsumptlon bulbs, we save about
Mechanteal energy is transrrutted
1n t ne form of heat oOf: each year in the electricrty bill
Nuclear energy iS produced by Counthowmany1ncandescentbulbs you have
bodies in movement in your home If you change all of them for
low-consumption bulbs, how much w1ll you
Heat energy is stored 1n fuels
save In one year?
Chemteal energy 6 1s obtained from
substances hke
Describe the images and compare them.
uraniUm
Which bulb seems t o be the most effident?
Why?
Why is the sun the principal source of energy?
Worl< with 11 classml!te and h!lme ot her
sources of energy that depend on the sun.

When we t urn on a heater we produce this

energy tra nsformatlon:
Electrical energy~ Heat energy 30%heat 90%heat
In yoor not ebook, write down t he energy
70'J(, light 10%hght
transformation that happens in each case;

Peddhng on a bicycle. aW usten to the conversation and put the words

~in the correct boxes. The f irst one is already
energy ..Y energy done.
Turning on the rad1o. 1 wind
energy~ energy sun l
f ossil fuels l
Tuming on a fan
uran1um ~
energy ..Y energy
water 5

A . smSaviadigitol.c001
V j I Check what you have leamt in the S.lf-evalu~t11on.
~.. - - - - - - - - - -
89
 The ener~ efficiency sticker
In recent years, developed ccuntnes haveincreasedtheirenergy A
const..mption to very hiilh rates and there is a real danQ'er of collapse in the <
near M ure duetoa lack of energy. Thus it is veryirrportantto ( the
natural fossil fuel sources we already have at the same time that we I-') ' 0
attemativesustainable energy srurces. But energyconservationst arts at
home with incflli duals.
For exam~e, the fridge Isone of tne electrical appliances that (3 the
most energy intl1ehome. When we buy a fri~e,ifsf~rtant to think
about t hei nformation we get from t he energy efficiency sticker.
Ttis sticker m easLres the energy consumption of electrical appliances ( 'l
t o other appliances of the same class.
Energy efficiency is shown by capital letters. 'A: is the most effi dent (it
consumes thel e<lst) <lnd 'G' is the least efficient (it consumes the m ost).
But obviously, energy efficiency in a fridge also (5l on how we use it. tfs
Important to (l>) opening and closing the fridge frequently, or (J tne
door open for a Iongtime, because t his makes tne motor w ork very hard to
keep the temperature constant, and l) the energy consumption.

Read the text again and in your notebook Are t he f ollowing set1t ences' Right' (A)
choose t he bestword(A, B or C) f oreach or 'Wronf{ (8)? If there is not enough
~ s pa ce . ~ inform ation, choose 'Doesn't sa y' (C).
I A save B use C keep Don't forget to write down tl1e answers
A searching B seek Cloaked in your n otebook.
A get s B uses C use 1 Fridges do not use much energy.
A compared B similar c contrasted A nght B wrong c doesn't say
A describes B depends C depend
A keep B pre-1ent C avoid The energ y effidency st icker show s the
consumption of an electrical appliance
A leav1ng B getl1ng C maintaining
compared to other appli<lnces ofthe same
A Increase B mcreases C Increasing
d ass.
Read the text and answer these questions in A right B wrong c doesn't say
your not ebook. Then, discuss t hem with , We show energy effidency using letters.
your dassmates.
A right B wrong C doesn't say
Accordmg to the text, which c aprtal
4 The most efficient appl i <lnces are the
letters correspond t o the most efficient
domestic ones.
appfi <lnces? Which ones correspond to <ln
average consumption? And which A nght B wrong c doesn't say
correspond to the appli ances t hat ' We can change the energy eftidency of
consume the most energy? our fridge by using it in different w ays.
Does t he f ndge in the picture help t o save A nght B wrong C doesn't say
energy? List two more measures to help
save energy at home

'0
 Build a turbine
A t urbine is an essential element for generating
electrical energy. A turbine is a wheel with
paddles or blades that tu m. The kinetic energy of
the wind or the watermakesthe turbinetum on
an axis.

To make your turbine, draw a n oct agon on

your card, like the one in the picture. Then
cut along the dotted lines.

Fold the points like we can see in the

photograph. They should look like spoons.
Staple the points so they don't move.

M eke a tube andpushit tiTough the hole in

the centre of the card. Then put a chopstick
through the tube. M ake S~.Jre it is not too tight.

Test your turbine. Carefully turn on a tap and place t he turbine under the water. What
happens?

What t ype of energy does the water's energy turn Int o?

KinetiC energy 4 energy

What sources of energy does the turbine use? Explain what advantages t hese types of
energy offer.

91
fi) Let's work together:
Th~ t.. \1 ast. . . i,:;
Work in groups of five and design an e-wastetrip poster t o
present to t he dass.

Go ba ck to the definition of ewaste you made and

choose an e-waste object. Find or draw a picture of it.

Take the list of e-waste destinies you made. Draw

a wor1 d map and locate three main places where
European and the USA export e-waste to. Use arrows
and points to illustrate where thee- waste comes
from and where it goes t o.

Take the list of relevant solutions you chose f or

e-wasteto end up and t hink about them. Can you
think of other solutions? Don't f orget to write not es
about them.

Make a poster showing a trip for your e-waste object.

Where does it end up?

Present your poster to t he d as s. Dedde which

information each person should ta lk about to explain
your e-waste trip. Write your talk. Every member of
t he group should talk for about one minute, and yru
should try not to read your t ext.

... saving energy In your dally life

Every day we use manymarnines and appliances

t hat work w ith electricity. But almost all of t hat
energy comes from non-renewable sources that will
soon run out. If we want t o protect our environment
and protect the wor1d for M u re generations it is
very important to save eneflly. Make a list of things
you can do to save energy at home, in the street,
at school, etc., and try to use them in your daily life.
 L J-
What's t he name of this structure?
What is it made of?

What is it used for?

What famous European structure
does it look like?

Atthe end of the unit, you will t hink

of an object, what its st ructure is like,
how it works and how we must use it
safely.

Structures
J
r
e ..
A ~rudure ls a grol.P of elements which can support weight
and which can protect the objects or machines they belong to.
There are natural s1rudures- for example, the skeleton- and
a rtlfldal strud ur es - for example, a shelf, a swing Of" a bridge.
Look at the shape and elements of the following structures:

Tube<lrap<d
ftruc1ute
on a structute

girder:
Hupporu
the load

The fesistance of an object depends on t he material it is

made of and its shape.

...... ..... "

................... -............ -..

How t o make a piece o1 paper resistant '
...
.... ..::
... ...
.. ..
..
I
When we fold the piece of paper, we give ita shape and we make it more resistant .
. ..
.. Experiment. Which op1ion is more resistant? And the least resistant? Explain why.
.
~ .................
 ..................... Fun fa,tr .
: .
Bridges are structures that can support very large forces. .
: There os e type of brodge ell! led
suspension bndge. ltis en erch
:
:,
They can support: bridgetu m ed upsid e down and it :
needs to be very flexible 1n order to
Their own weight and the weight of t he load.
resost w1nd movernents. Wetchthos
The m ovemerrls caused by wind and moving vehicles. video end try to find out why the
Tecoma Narrows Bndge collapsed
- -Types of bridges - - - - - - . .
on 1940.
.


.

..
In e bndge with arches, the In a bndgl' of g1r di.'r9, we
stones form e curved erch. jo10 trienguler pieces. We
Thos mekes e v.ry resistent cen meke long end regsbmt
bndge. crodgesm thos wey.
..........
.... .. ..
Build resistan1 structures
Observe what happens when we apply a force or a weight to a square structure and
a triangula r structure.
I apply aiorn ..

..
0L7~ ...

I appiya 1oK ~ .. The way to avoid the

A
ueform
~nd i1 doesn'1
Sljllare deformrng rs 1hi
We uc:ethe.
1118118111"'
struc1ute Ul
broclges

.. Buold a triangular shaped bridge and place some books on lt. Why it resists? ..
......-............
di !

Listen to these people talking about The bones of the human skeleton form a
famous bridges and complete the table in 1structure. Explain whyto a partner.
your not ebook.
\ BrooKiyn J Alc6ntara l Ponte vecch~ Is a table a structure? Identify which
elements form the pillars and the girders.
What load does your table support?

FINAL TASK Choose a machine that helps

you move in your dail y lif e What's the
l structure like? Draw it andid entif y the m ain
elements.

95
 Simple machines
Simple machines help us to perform
ee a task or reduce the Gt I

force needed to perform thattask.. tuk rurrr the piZKe where an obJect
belances

T'- e lever
A lever 1s a rig1d bar wh1ch 1s baanced on " pomt.
the rut~ ur- (FJJ). ihe pwot on wh ic:h the lever
moves. We use 1Hotransmit a force. We apply a
r Thewhel
A wheel is a circule~r objectthe~t r otelt es around Cl
centrllloxle. Wheels make oqects roll end they
ere some of the most important mach1nes In our
force (F) to one end of the lever, end we move the lives.
load (L) which ts at the other end.
l
F

force

lul<rum

To bal ence t he I ever the boy must weigtrtwice os

much as t he gt rf es he IS located at half the distance
to the fulcrum.

..................................................................................................
:
Experiment with levers
There are t hree types of lever, depending on where we placet he f orce and the load.
F
L

Fu
Class 11ever Class 21ever Class3 lever

Reproduce these three situations and Identity the force, the load and the fulcrum in each case.

Observe how we use these objects and dedde which type of lever each one is. Label the
fulaum, t he load and where we apply the force in each one.

-
........................................................
~- ~ ..................................................
96
The human body.
, . -t J

There are t hree different dasses of l e~~ers depending on t he

placement of the f orce (F), the load (L) and the fulcrum (Fu).
let's see one example CYf each in our body:

Types of lever
Fir~l-cii!.S l ever
The fulcrum Is located between t he force The lo!!d is l oceted between t hri'fulcrum
Zll'ld the loll d. end the force.

F
... l
Fu Fu

F l , l L
Fu
For elC!Imple, the head. The fulcrum Is t he unon For ex11mple, the foot Thefulaum IS the b!lll of the
between the spo nal column end the Cn:w'li um. The foot, close to the toes.. The ce~tf muscl ~s pull to I1ft
muscles in t he neck and the b&ck compensate-the t he we4ght of the body.
weoght of the h ead.

Third -eo n I v f'

The force os located between

the fulcrum and t he load. F

l
Fu
Fu l
For example, the elbow, The fulcrum is the elbow. The biceps fift the load at the end of the orm.

Listen t o the conversation and draw Draw t he following levers in yournotebook

the Iever they are talking about fn your and label the force, the load and the
notebook Then, write the right weight in f ulcrum in each one. Classify them
each position. Do you ihink t he d istance to depending on the d ass of l ever t hey are.
the fulo-um affects to the force we need to
apply to lift a force? ...0
C' ~ /
e.
8'
bottle openf!' scissors tweezers

!5mSavladigitoJ COOl
L_ __ T'< ~ r Oassifythe mac.tinesbyt ype.
"
97
 More simple machines fi)
I 11
The ramp is a simple machine called an indined plane.

for e~

load
Ana will need ih e le.a st force because her ramp is less mcfrnrd plane
in dined then th e Eve's one.

We use incl ined pl anes to raise or lower objects wit h less f orce.

I
lhe ramp is very useful to save force. But if it is If wejointwo inclined planes we get a wedge.
very long, we can roll it up to occupy less space.
If we roll an inclined plane round a cylinder or a xis
we mak e a screw.
The w edge IS made of1woindin ed pla nes.

inclined plane
+ -+

We use screws t o fix pieces together when we We use wedges in many machines or tools to
mak e furniture and other things. separate t wo objects when we apply a force.
Wedges form part of many t oots, like axes, nails,
se is sors or kn1ves.

98
 'CJ ' "}
The pulley 'M!!I: 11 hole 'n the ground whtc:h
contains weter
aone~ a structure used to lift
objects on constructi on sites
1orce

load force

The girl in the picture is using a simple machine called a pUlley A

pulley is a wheel with a channel which guides a rope. When we pull
the rope, t he object rises.

We use pulleys in V< ..lis, cran"5, lifts, etc.

Listen and i dentify whidl t yPe of simple lf weusetwopulleys t ogether, we reduce

machine Is being used. the force w e need by hal f . If we Hft 120 kilos
using two pulleys, we need 60 kilos of force.
\ pUlley _I fndfned plane v.oedge
What force would we need 1f we used
f our pulleys to lift 120 ktlos?
What simple machine is m ost useful to lift
an object from the ground t o t he t hirdfloor
of a building ? Explain why t o a p01rtner.

Lever Pulley Inclined plane

60kg
Observe how your teeth m ove when you iorce
chew. What type of machine is tnis? Disruss
it with a partner. Why do cranes use this system?

Look at t he pictures and Ident ify t he name &nSavladigltol.cOOt

of eadl object. Whattype of machine is A j 1 " Playwiththe
being u sed? Ho w does it work ? V L_'7lachinesand learn what weusethem f or.

Fl NAL TASK How many simple machines

does your madline have?

99
 Complex machines ee
To lift a car we usually use a complex ma chi ne called a jack.
A Jack is a complex machine because it is made of different
simple machines called mechanical components.
Mechanical components transmit movement to reduce t he
effort These components form the mechanism of a complex
machine.
Cnnk
The crank 1s e bent bar thattn~nsmts 1ts movement
to an alUs. We use itln a doorhendle or rn the
mechanism of afi shingrod.
R ck and pinion
The rack and pinion system IS the combo nab on
of a cog (ceUed 11 plmon)end e lll!lrwlth teeth (c!!lled e
red<).
When the pinion turns. the rack moves i n 11 straight
hne. We u se th1s system m corkscre-.o~s, sli d1ng garage
doors, etc.
100
The crenk, the nut end the
screw are t he mechanical
components of the jeck.
Coa ::.
Cogs ere wheels w1th teeth oround the edge. The
teeth fit together with t he teeth on other cogs.
This system transmits the movement of onl' cog to
11nother, ch11ng1ng the di rection ofthE' movement.
We use cogslnsome wetches and mschines
Coa and chain
The cogundchaln system tS mede up of a cheon
wh ich trensmlts the movement from one cog (1) to
enother (2). Both cogs move in the same direction,
thanks t o the chain.
We use this system m b icycles and motorbikes.
The bicycle uses a crank and coa~ as its basic component s.
1t also uses the wheel, the lever and th e pulley.

The b rake hancRe on

~'(,]l'fl>--?'' tht hendl eb!ll's is e
.---..., lever. When we pull
rt,lt trensmrts t he
force to the brake
pads o n th e wheels. ~
handlebar b rake pads

G he wheels tum !ll'ound'

I ~n exis. The front wheel
cont rols t he dlrecbon
..... usltlg the hendl ebars,
end t he back whpef
recerves the t erce trom
the pedels.

~
- The pedals are cran ks
thet turn 11 cogs
and chain syste m.
These t111nsmit the
movement of the

"
pedels to the b eck
----' chain wheel .

l
Which are t he complex m achines in this DISm VER The frame is t he main structure
lis1? of the bicyde. lt can stand very big forces.
al indlned plane ~b~ Do you know why? W hat 's it made of?
[_ ped motor ''""' _ What's its shap e?

cog pulley Hthe A wheel moves foil ow ing t he arrow's

V!ICU""' cl4'ener
J direction, where will B wheel and C move
to? Explain it to a partner.
Listen to the following descriptions
and writ e the name of the mechanical
components described.
cogs crali< rack an d p_l!llon J

101
 Construction and use of machines fi)
Before we build a machine, it is important to plan and
organise the projecl We need to think about what we are
going to use it f or, and choose the necessary materfals.

........... 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Construct a catapult

Catapults were machines used

... to throw stones aver a Iong

... distance. They worked using

alever, and they could throw
. stones weighing 135 krtos aver
.. SOOmetres.

~ Ma1erials
_,.
!'.a
2 d othes pegs Glue
t
:: 2 lollipop sticks
1 bottle t op
String

t A marble

!
.: "t lnstrudions
... ... e> &5e;w:
::
.....
I.
lie
1. FIX one ofthe clothes
pegs to ~:~lollipop stick
2. Fidht>otht>rlolllpop stlckto
tht> other peg 1n the opposrte
3. Glut> the two clotht>s pegs
together. Sbck the bottle top
using stri ng. direct on. onto the end ofthto lollipop
stick on t opofthe structure.

Place t he marble on the bottle top of the catapu lt. Press the lever (the lollipop stick) down;,.. ~ :

Wht will h"PP'" whM you """" the I~? :;::: ~ !

.. What w iU happen if you place the catapult on an incfmed plane? --- :
...
. Make these changes and launch the object again. Expla in what happens.

... Put a heavier obJect on the bottle top

..
..................
Stick t he bottle top closer to the clothes pegs (these act as the fulcrum)
.... .. . ......... ~-

104'
 Do you think these people should be more careful? Using
machines can involve risks. We should t ake precautions when
we use ma ctli nes.

Machines and electricit y M achmes nnd comrnunoct~tion

When we ml!lmpullrte electrical appiiMces The excesSive use of socu1l networks end
we hcwe to avoid contact wi1h water and messa~wservices can creat e addiction. This
make sure they ere unplugged. m eMs we ci!ln start to spend too much tome
on thl' computr or the mobill' phone.

ctise!

e Listen to these conversations, Which

do you t hink are safe and whi eh are
dangerous? Write in your notebook'S' for
the safe ooes, and 'D' iorthe dangerous
ones.
In pairs, name machines, tools or electrical
J appliances you have at home. W]lat safety
measures do they have?

sm Savladogotol.com
1 '' Design and construct the
Discuss with a dassmate what precautions model of a windmill youseeinthevideo.
we should take when we use a pair of Whatsteps did you foll ow to construct it?
scissors? And a skateboard7

103
 COMPLEX canbe Mechanical
MACHINES - made af ~ components

1ogether
make

d fsuchas~
need

PROTECT
OBJECTS

Copy and fill in the mind map in your Copy this picture into
notebook. Add another mechani cal your notebook and
component to the mind map and draw it. identify t he pillars,
the g irders and the
What type of lever is the see-saw fn the load on t he seat.
picture in the mind map?

look at the bicyde and nam e all t he

mechanical components. What is ead1 one
used f or?

104
Draw this picture in your not ebook and label
the load, t hegirder andthepillars.

Look at this lever and answer t he questions:

B or C) can we place
! In which position (A,
another 100 g weight t o balance the lever?
c
A 8

Imag ine you are on the left hand side ofthe

river and you want to cross it. Whattype of
structure would you bufl d? Des fgn it.
' If we w ant to balance the lever plating an
obj ect in position A, wh feh of these weights
should we use?
100 g 50 g 400 g

.. sm Savladig1lol com
~ ' ' What are the names of the
mechanical component s of a machine that
J.._!,l'ansmit movement ? Play and find out.

Classify t he foll owing levers according t o their

class. Then, i dentify t h e load, t he fulcrum and Cog A turns in t he direction m arked in t he
the force in each Me. p icture. M ark in which direction cog B will
t urn and explain the movements from A to B.

Thin k of a complex machine that indudesone6 Listen to the conversation and complete the
of t he f oll owing mechanical components. W t able in your notebook. Theiirst one is alrea dy
done.
( Inclined planeJ pu lley cQS5
load
wedge
The length of t he arm of a lever on which you
apply t he f orce is fundamental t o how t he
pulley 3
lever works. As you can see in the picture, cog 4
a girl could lift an elephant if she wa s at a lever s
suffident distance from t he f ul crum .

e smSaviadigitol.cCITl
L ..' I Ch eck wh at you have learnt in t he Sel1tvaluatlon.

10!>
 W<lt~rmflls '------=============-....
A watermtl is a structure that uses a waterwheel to drive a
mechanical process such as flo~tr procl.Jction. There t) two basic
types ot watermflls, one powered by a vertical wateswheel, and the
other is equipped with a horizontal waterwheel .
Most waterm~ls in Britain and the United States of America had a
vertical waterwheel.llis vertical wheel (2) rotarymotic:o around
a horizontal allis.ln flourmflls horizomal rotation was converted 3)
vertical rotation using cogs, which01lso madethemmst onestum
faster 4) the WO!lerwheel. As waterwheel technology fflllroved,
m~ Is <-> more efficient, and by the 19t11 century, "~) sirwle
waterwheel coUI d drive as many as f our mat stones. Adjusti fll the
flow of t he water past the main wheel allowed the mll erto maintain
the water sup pi y constcr~t.
By the early 20m century, cheap electrical energy made the w01t ermill
obsolete Tn developed coun!nes, although some small er rural
mHis c:ontinuedto operate (T the 1900's. In some developing
countries, watenmmsare (8) usedfor makirwflour. Forecafll'le,
there are about 25,000 operating in Nepal, and 200,000 in India.

Read the text again and fn your notebook Why doyouthtnk watermtl ls were
choose the best word (A, B or C) f or each replaced when cheap electncal energy
space. became available?

A is B are C be Are t he f ollowing sent ences 'Right' (A)

- A has S have C produced or ' Wronv; (B)? tfthere is not enough
produced produced infor mation, choose 'Doesn't sa y' (C).
, A ln Don't forget to write down the answers
B lnto Cfor
in your notebook .
A wtth B by Cthan
1 Watermills use a wheel as a mechanical
A became B become C have
component.
become
A the Ba Cthis
A nght B wrong c doesn't say
Watermills were used t o produce flour.
A to B up C until
A yet C sbll
A nght B wrong c doesn't say
B s.nce
All waterrnills use a vertical waterwheel.
Read the text again and ahSwer these A right B wrong Cdoesn'tsay
quest1ons in your notebook. Then, disruss Watermills use cog s In t he internal
them wit h your dassmates. mechanism.
Us1ng cogs, how can you make the A nght B wrong C doesn't say
millstone rotate faster t han the The speedofthe millst one is always the
waterwheel? sa me as the speed of the waterwheel.
Why is rt important to matntarn the water A right B wrong C doesn't say
supply constant in a watermrft?

106
 The crane

tensor

A crane is a machine we use t o lift and distribute

loads very high up. tts structure is a tower m ade from
triangular pieces which makes it very resistant.
The crane also has t ensors. These are rigid cables t l1at
give t he structure stability. The tensors are connected
t o h eavy blocks of stone c alied counterweight s. The
counterweig ht s st op the crane falling down.

The mot or ofthe machine pull s a cable which has t he

load on t he end.l'o make t his easier, this process uses a
pulley.

look at the structure of t he crane. What gives it more stability?

t he pulley the tensors the load

What is thepulleyatthe top of t he CTan e used for?

What would happen ifthere was no counterweight in the CTane's structure?

What would happen nthe t ensors broke?

10/
let's work together:

Think and design a poster illustrating how to use machines

safely.

Get into groups of five and choose one of your

machines .

Discuss the main challenges in building the structure of

this machine to make it resista nt. Draw the structure in
your posterlike in the picture below.

- axle

What are the mechanical components of your machine?

How does it work?

Ust the key safety elements to make your maChine

safer. Why are they Important?

... developing your imagination!

Throughout history, engineers and inventors have used

t heir imagination to create machines that have helped
l1umanity to progress.
How ha ve machines evolved t hroughout history? In
groups, Choose the best invention ever and make a
poster to present it to 1tle dass. Don't forget to include
phot os and your own drawings.
 ~ What structure
In our human
c :> \;::;_} body lets us
move?
0
Engineers and scientists from all ~
c CNer !he world deSigl'l deviCes !hat
allow us to communicate our
thovghts thrOUgh computers al'ld
other appararus. lllis means !hat
your computer or ~ur televiSIOI'l
can do ta~s for yru, just by lhln
king about them. Apart from SOVn
ding amazing, 11 c~;ld be of wear
c ) use to people with physiCal disabi-
lities.

Whal
tunct10n do
st ructures
have?

J
. ntlng a hand in 30 PALM TREE ISLANDS
can you l~g~r~ : a substitute for a
and then us ng . ht have heard abOUt Ad.....,tes ;.,..,~ll'leso~~nd >hue tu~<"""
real hand? You m!Q m~hlne that reo.ch it1<M<I.bl~ 6mits sucn oilS ll1e <0t1Stluctl0o1
tl'e 3D printer, which Isala made of of the 9"""t 'p;>!m t, . lslo>t1d' ot1 the '"" ;.,
Dub.,, 0.. it, they~~~ bt..tt kot!!ls, "'.o>Lk"'Olys
can make parts, .gener ~ by software .;tbove ll1e WO>ter ..,d go~~rci&os.
plastic, from designs ma
To >lq>otftcm. co!IO>p5i ,.,g, O> solid structure
pr<>;;jrams.
3D printers ha'.e q::e
ned the door to ,...., built <Mcle rwtteY So ..,uc/1 '"'"dwo~~s U5a(
during its <0t1stnKti011 tho>t., 6 ...,ette Coi!II....,Lt
many ~ss!bll itleS. especlal~ln COUld be butt frOt.llt IJ1o~~t COI.ild 9001l'OIJI'Ic( the
medicine, such as prosthes E.orth 3 b"'el
Whal ktndol
and organs whiCh are levers are In our
compatible with the bodY. join1S'

110
 Nocturnal vision: What energy
sources do you
your heat betrays you Mnow?
Nig ht vis 1on cameras ha ve
a lot to do with energy. These
dev1ces are capable of detecbng heat
energy from our bodies and creating
an Image. The colou rs depend on the
temperature of our bodies. Some snakes
ha ve this type ofv tsion and a re able to
'see the colrur' of the1r prey.
Wna1 types ot
power sources
do you Mnow?

lf geo1hermal energy warms .

subterranean, or underground wat er, lt
can cause hUge jets of water and vapour
to be rel eased. These phenomenon
are called geyser. Iceland IS home to
the biggest geyser on our planet, the
Strokkur which spurts ou1hot wqt er and
vapour 1SOtmes each day. Each one l asts
10 rrunutes! The jet of water ~an reach as
high as the 8'"floor of a buBdng.

Wha1 dellices
'hDuld llUildlng!
havPtobe
sustainable?

BLOG

Skyscrapers that rotate

W hat a weird shape these b uildings are!
Each floor can rotate and rt can choose a
d lfleren1 view or selup wl1h 1he SLn In mind.
How do you think this is possible? THs
works thanks 1o turbines and solar panels
and these skyscrapers are energetically
se11-su fllclenl.

m
 Energy sources

lsabel has discovered the sources of electrical energy with this poster.

Where does most of the energy we consum e come from?

What is t he name of the en ergy sources that are irtustrated in this
poster? Which are reneo.vables? Which are non- rer~ewable?

Help lsabet: Do you think. it is important to save electricity?

String mechanisms

M any old toys used to move thanks to the string mechanism.

This t o y is a complex machine. W hy?

What are the names of the lettered componer1t s? What Is their role?
Copy the drawing of the two cogs and add one more. What way will ittum?

nz