Augustine of Hippo - Wikipedia

7/11/2016 AugustineofHippoWikipedia
AugustineofHippo
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
AugustineofHippo(/stn/,[1]/stn/,[2]or
AugustineofHippo
/'stn/[3]Latin:AureliusAugustinusHipponensis[note1]
13November35428August430),alsoknownasSaint BishopofHippoRegius
Augustine,SaintAustin,[4](/stn/or/stn/)[5]Blessed
Augustine,[6]andtheDoctorofGrace[7](Latin:Doctor
gratiae),wasanearlyChristiantheologianand
philosopher[8]whosewritingsinfluencedthedevelopmentof
WesternChristianityandWesternphilosophy.Hewasthe
bishopofHippoRegius(moderndayAnnaba,Algeria),
locatedinNumidia(RomanprovinceofAfrica).Heis
viewedasoneofthemostimportantChurchFathersin
WesternChristianityforhiswritingsinthePatristicEra.
AmonghismostimportantworksareTheCityofGodand
Confessions.
Accordingtohiscontemporary,Jerome,Augustine
"establishedanewtheancientFaith."[note2]Inhisearlyyears,
hewasheavilyinfluencedbyManichaeismandafterwardby
theneoPlatonismofPlotinus.Afterhisbaptismand SaintAugustinefroma19thcenturyengraving
conversiontoChristianityin386,Augustinedevelopedhis
Diocese HippoRegius
ownapproachtophilosophyandtheology,accommodatinga
varietyofmethodsandperspectives.[9]Believingthatthe Appointed 395
graceofChristwasindispensabletohumanfreedom,he Installed 396
helpedformulatethedoctrineoforiginalsinandmade
Termended 430
seminalcontributionstothedevelopmentofjustwartheory.
Orders
WhentheWesternRomanEmpirebegantodisintegrate, Ordination 391
AugustinedevelopedtheconceptoftheChurchasaspiritual
Consecration 395
CityofGod,distinctfromthematerialEarthlyCity.[10]His
thoughtsprofoundlyinfluencedthemedievalworldview.The Personaldetails
segmentoftheChurchthatadheredtotheconceptofthe Birthname AureliusAugustinus
TrinityasdefinedbytheCouncilofNicaeaandtheCouncil
Born 13November354
ofConstantinople[11]closelyidentifiedwithAugustine'sCity
Thagaste,Numidia(modernday
ofGod.
SoukAhras,Algeria)
IntheCatholicChurchandtheAnglicanCommunion,heisa Died 28August430(aged75)
saint,apreeminentDoctoroftheChurch,andthepatronof HippoRegius,Numidia(modern
theAugustinians.Hismemorialiscelebratedon28August, dayAnnaba,Algeria)
thedayofhisdeath.Heisthepatronsaintofbrewers,
printers,theologians,thealleviationofsoreeyes,anda Buried SanPietroinCield'Oro,Pavia,
Italy
numberofcitiesanddioceses.[12]ManyProtestants,
especiallyCalvinists,considerhimtobeoneofthe Denomination NiceneChristianity
theologicalfathersoftheProtestantReformationduetohis Sainthood
teachingsonsalvationanddivinegrace.
Feastday 28August(Western)
IntheEast,someofhisteachingsaredisputedandhavein 15June(Eastern)
the20thcenturyinparticularcomeunderattackbysuch 4November(Assyrian)
theologiansasJohnRomanides.[13]Butothertheologians Veneratedin AllChristiandenominationswhich
andfiguresoftheEasternOrthodoxChurchhaveshown
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo 1/27
significantappropriationofhiswritings,chieflyGeorges veneratesaints
Florovsky.[14]Themostcontroversialdoctrinesurrounding TitleasSaint Bishop,philosopher,theologian,
hisnameisthefilioque,[15]whichhasbeenrejectedbythe DoctoroftheChurch(Doctorof
OrthodoxChurch.[16]Otherdisputedteachingsincludehis Grace)
viewsonoriginalsin,thedoctrineofgrace,and Canonized PreCongregation
predestination.[15]Nevertheless,thoughconsideredtobe
Attributes Childdovepenshell,pierced
mistakenonsomepoints,heisstillconsideredasaint,and
heart,holdingbookwithasmall
hasevenhadinfluenceonsomeEasternChurchFathers,
church,bishop'sstaff,miter
mostnotablySaintGregoryPalamas.[17]IntheOrthodox
Patronage Brewersprinterstheologians
Churchhisfeastdayiscelebratedon28August,[15][18]and
hecarriesthetitleofBlessed. Bridgeport,ConnecticutCagayan
deOro,PhilippinesSanAgustin,
Isabela
Contents Shrines SanPietroinCield'Oro,Pavia,

Italy
1 Life
1.1 Childhoodandeducation
1.2 Teachingrhetoric
1.3 Christianconversionandpriesthood
1.4 Deathandveneration
1.4.1 Relics
2 Viewsandthought
2.1 Christiananthropology
2.2 Slavery
2.3 Astrology
2.4 Creation
2.5 Ecclesiology
2.6 Eschatology
2.7 Epistemology
2.8 Justwar
2.9 Mariology
2.10 Naturalknowledgeandbiblical
interpretation
2.11 Originalsin
2.12 Freewill
2.13 Sacramentaltheology
2.14 Jews
2.15 Sexuality
2.16 Pedagogy
3 Works
4 Influence
4.1 Inphilosophy
4.2 Intheology
4.3 Inpopularculture
5 Seealso
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 Sources
6.3 Furtherreading
7 Externallinks
7.1 General
7.2 Bibliography
7.3 WorksbyAugustine
7.4 Biographyandcriticism
Life
Childhoodandeducation
Augustinewasbornintheyear354ADinthemunicipiumofThagaste
(nowSoukAhras,Algeria)inRomanAfrica.[19][20]Hismother,Monica
orMonnica,[21]wasadevoutChristianhisfatherPatriciuswasaPagan
whoconvertedtoChristianityonhisdeathbed.[22]Scholarsgenerally
agreethatAugustineandhisfamilywereBerbers,anethnicgroup
indigenoustoNorthAfrica,[23][24][25][26]butthattheywereheavily
Romanized,speakingonlyLatinathomeasamatterofprideand
dignity.[23]Inhiswritings,Augustineleavessomeinformationastothe
consciousnessofhisAfricanheritage.Forexample,herefersto
Apuleiusas"themostnotoriousofusAfricans,"[27]toPonticianusas"a
countrymanofours,insofarasbeingAfrican,"[28]andtoFaustusof
Mileveas"anAfricanGentleman."[29]
Augustine'sfamilyname,Aurelius,suggeststhathisfather'sancestors
werefreedmenofthegensAureliagivenfullRomancitizenshipbythe
EdictofCaracallain212.Augustine'sfamilyhadbeenRoman,froma
legalstandpoint,foratleastacenturywhenhewasborn.[30]Itis TheSaintAugustineTakentoSchool
assumedthathismother,Monica,wasofBerberorigin,onthebasisof bySaintMonica.byNiccoldiPietro
hername,[31][32]butashisfamilywerehonestiores,anupperclassof 141315
citizensknownashonorablemen,Augustine'sfirstlanguageislikelyto
havebeenLatin.[31]
Attheageof11,AugustinewassenttoschoolatMadaurus(nowM'Daourouch),asmallNumidiancityabout
19miles(31km)southofThagaste.TherehebecamefamiliarwithLatinliterature,aswellaspaganbeliefs
andpractices.[33]Hisfirstinsightintothenatureofsinoccurredwhenheandanumberoffriendsstolefruit
theydidnotwantfromaneighborhoodgarden.Hetellsthisstoryinhisautobiography,TheConfessions.He
remembersthathedidnotstealthefruitbecausehewashungry,butbecause"itwasnotpermitted."[34]Hisvery
nature,hesays,wasflawed.'Itwasfoul,andIlovedit.IlovedmyownerrornotthatforwhichIerred,but
theerroritself."[34]Fromthisincidentheconcludedthehumanpersonisnaturallyinclinedtosin,andinneed
ofthegraceofChrist.
Attheageof17,throughthegenerosityofhisfellowcitizenRomanianus,[35]AugustinewenttoCarthageto
continuehiseducationinrhetoric.ItwaswhilehewasastudentinCarthagethathereadCicero'sdialogue
Hortensius(nowlost),whichhedescribedasleavingalastingimpressionandsparkinghisinterestin
philosophy.[36]AlthoughraisedasaChristian,AugustineleftthechurchtofollowtheManichaeanreligion,
muchtohismother'sdespair.[37]AsayouthAugustinelivedahedonisticlifestyleforatime,associatingwith
youngmenwhoboastedoftheirsexualexploits.Theneedtogaintheiracceptanceforcedinexperiencedboys
likeAugustinetoseekormakeupstoriesaboutsexualexperiences.[38]Itwasduringthisperiodthatheuttered
hisfamousprayer,"Grantmechastityandcontinence,butnotyet."[39]
Atabouttheageof19,AugustinebegananaffairwithayoungwomaninCarthage.Thoughhismotherwanted
himtomarryapersonofhisclass,thewomanremainedhislover[40]foroverfifteenyears[41]andgavebirthto
hissonAdeodatus,[42]whowasviewedasextremelyintelligentbyhiscontemporaries.In385,Augustineended
hisrelationshipwithhisloverinordertopreparehimselftomarryatenyearoldheiress.(Hehadtowaitfor
twoyearsbecausethelegalageofmarriagewastwelve.Bythetimehewasabletomarryher,however,he
insteaddecidedtobecomeacelibatepriest.)[41][43]
Augustinewasfromthebeginningabrilliantstudent,withaneagerintellectualcuriosity,buthenevermastered
Greek[44]hetellsusthathisfirstGreekteacherwasabrutalmanwhoconstantlybeathisstudents,and
Augustinerebelledandrefusedtostudy.BythetimeherealizedthatheneededtoknowGreek,itwastoolate
andalthoughheacquiredasmatteringofthelanguage,hewasnevereloquentwithit.However,hismasteryof
Latinwasanothermatter.Hebecameanexpertbothintheeloquentuseofthelanguageandintheuseofclever
argumentstomakehispoints.
Teachingrhetoric
AugustinetaughtgrammaratThagasteduring373and374.ThefollowingyearhemovedtoCarthageto
conductaschoolofrhetoricandwouldremainthereforthenextnineyears.[35]Disturbedbyunrulystudentsin
Carthage,hemovedtoestablishaschoolinRome,wherehebelievedthebestandbrightestrhetoricians
practiced,in383.However,Augustinewasdisappointedwiththeapatheticreception.Itwasthecustomfor
studentstopaytheirfeestotheprofessoronthelastdayoftheterm,andmanystudentsattendedfaithfullyall
term,andthendidnotpay.ManichaeanfriendsintroducedhimtotheprefectoftheCityofRome,Symmachus,
whohadbeenaskedbytheimperialcourtatMilan[45]toprovidearhetoricprofessor.
Augustinewonthejobandheadednorthtotakehispositioninlate384.
Thirtyyearsold,hehadwonthemostvisibleacademicpositioninthe
Latinworldatatimewhensuchpostsgavereadyaccesstopolitical
careers.AlthoughAugustineshowedsomefervourforManichaeism,he
wasneveraninitiateor"elect",butan"auditor",thelowestlevelinthe
sect'shierarchy.[45]
WhilestillatCarthageadisappointingmeetingwiththeManichaean
Bishop,FaustusofMileve,akeyexponentofManichaeantheology,
startedAugustine'sscepticismofManichaeanism.[45]InRome,he
reportedlyturnedawayfromManichaeanism,embracingthescepticism
oftheNewAcademymovement.Becauseofhiseducation,Augustine
hadgreatrhetoricalprowessandwasveryknowledgeableofthe
philosophiesbehindmanyfaiths.[46]AtMilan,hismother'sreligiosity,
Augustine'sownstudiesinNeoplatonism,andhisfriendSimplicianus
allurgedhimtowardsChristianity.[35]InitiallyAugustinewasnot
stronglyinfluencedbyChristianityanditsideologies,butaftercoming
incontactwithAmbroseofMilan,Augustinereevaluatedhimselfand
TheearliestknownportraitofSaint wasforeverchanged.
Augustineina6thcenturyfresco,
Lateran,Rome LikeAugustine,Ambrosewasamasterofrhetoric,butolderandmore
experienced.[47]AugustinewasverymuchinfluencedbyAmbrose,even
morethanbyhisownmotherandothersheadmired.AugustinearrivedinMilanandwasimmediatelytaken
underthewingbyAmbrose.WithinhisConfessions,Augustinestates,"ThatmanofGodreceivedmeasa
fatherwould,andwelcomedmycomingasagoodbishopshould."[48]Soon,theirrelationshipgrew,as
Augustinewrote,"AndIbegantolovehim,ofcourse,notatthefirstasateacherofthetruth,forIhadentirely
despairedoffindingthatinthyChurchbutasafriendlyman."[48]AugustinevisitedAmbroseinordertosee
ifAmbrosewasoneofthegreatestspeakersandrhetoriciansintheworld.Moreinterestedinhisspeakingskills
thanthetopicofspeech,AugustinequicklydiscoveredthatAmbrosewasaspectacularorator.Eventually,
Augustinesaysthatthroughtheunconscious,hewasledintothefaithofChristianity.[48]
Augustine'smotherhadfollowedhimtoMilanandarrangedamarriageforwhichheabandonedhisconcubine.
AlthoughAugustineacceptedthismarriage,Augustinewasdeeplyhurtbythelossofhislover.Hesaid,"My
mistressbeingtornfrommysideasanimpedimenttomymarriage,myheart,whichclavetoher,wasracked,
andwounded,andbleeding."Augustineconfessedthathewasnotaloverofwedlocksomuchasaslaveof
lust,soheprocuredanotherconcubinesincehehadtowaittwoyearsuntilhisfiancecameofage.However,
hiswoundwasnothealed,evenbegantofester.[49]
ThereisevidencethatAugustinemayhaveconsideredthisformerrelationshiptobeequivalenttomarriage.[50]
InhisConfessions,headmittedthattheexperienceeventuallyproducedadecreasedsensitivitytopain.
Augustineeventuallybrokeoffhisengagementtohiselevenyearoldfiance,butneverrenewedhis
relationshipwitheitherofhisconcubines.AlypiusofThagastesteeredAugustineawayfrommarriage,saying
thattheycouldnotlivealifetogetherintheloveofwisdomifhemarried.Augustinelookedbackyearslateron
thelifeatCassiciacum,avillaoutsideofMilanwherehegatheredwithhisfollowers,anddescribeditas
ChristianaevitaeotiumtheChristianlifeofleisure.[51]
Christianconversionandpriesthood
Inthesummerof386,attheageof31,afterhavingheardandbeen
inspiredandmovedbythestoryofPonticianus'sandhisfriends'first
readingofthelifeofSaintAnthonyoftheDesert,Augustineconverted
toChristianity.AsAugustinelatertoldit,hisconversionwasprompted
byachildlikevoiceheheardtellinghimto"takeupandread"(Latin:
tolle,lege),whichhetookasadivinecommandtoopentheBibleand
readthefirstthinghesaw.AugustinereadfromPaul'sEpistletothe
Romansthe"TransformationofBelievers"section,consistingof
chapters12through15whereinPauloutlineshowtheGospel Angelico,Fra."TheConversionof
transformsbelievers,andthebelievers'resultingbehaviour.Thespecific St.Augustine"(painting).
parttowhichAugustineopenedhisBiblewasRomanschapter13,
verses13and14,towit:
Notinriotinganddrunkenness,notinchamberingandwantonness,notinstrifeandenvying,but
putontheLordJesusChrist,andmakenoprovisionforthefleshtofulfilltheluststhereof.[52]
Helaterwroteanaccountofhisconversionhisverytransformation,asPauldescribedinhisConfessions
(Latin:Confessiones),whichhassincebecomeaclassicofChristiantheologyandakeytextinthehistoryof
autobiography.Thisworkisanoutpouringofthanksgivingandpenitence.Althoughitiswrittenasanaccount
ofhislife,theConfessionsalsotalksaboutthenatureoftime,causality,freewill,andotherimportant
philosophicaltopics.[53]Thefollowingistakenfromthatwork:
LatehaveIlovedThee,OLordandbehold,
ThouwastwithinandIwithout,andthereIsoughtThee.
ThouwaswithmewhenIwasnotwithThee.
Thoudidstcall,andcry,andburstmydeafness.
Thoudidstgleam,andglow,anddispellmyblindness.
Thoudidsttouchme,andIburnedforThypeace.
ForThyselfThouhastmadeus,
AndrestlessourheartsuntilinTheetheyfindtheirease.
LatehaveIlovedThee,ThouBeautyeveroldandevernew.[53]
AmbrosebaptizedAugustine,alongwithhissonAdeodatus,onEasterVigilin387inMilan.Ayearlater,in
388,AugustinecompletedhisapologyOntheHolinessoftheCatholicChurch.[45]Thatyear,also,Adeodatus
andAugustinereturnedhometoAfrica.[35]Augustine'smotherMonicadiedatOstia,Italy,astheypreparedto
embarkforAfrica.[54]Upontheirarrival,theybeganalifeofaristocraticleisureatAugustine'sfamily's
property.[55][56]Soonafter,Adeodatus,too,died.[57]Augustinethensoldhispatrimonyandgavethemoneyto
thepoor.Theonlythinghekeptwasthefamilyhouse,whichheconvertedintoamonasticfoundationfor
himselfandagroupoffriends.[35]
In391AugustinewasordainedapriestinHippoRegius(nowAnnaba),inAlgeria.Hebecameafamous
preacher(morethan350preservedsermonsarebelievedtobeauthentic),andwasnotedforcombatingthe
Manichaeanreligion,towhichhehadformerlyadhered.[45]
In395hewasmadecoadjutorBishopofHippo,andbecamefullBishopshortlythereafter,[58]hencethename
"AugustineofHippo"andhegavehispropertytothechurchofThagaste.[59]Heremainedinthatpositionuntil
hisdeathin430.HewrotehisautobiographicalConfessionsin397398.HisworkTheCityofGodwaswritten
toconsolehisfellowChristiansshortlyaftertheVisigothshadsackedRomein410.
AugustineworkedtirelesslyintryingtoconvincethepeopleofHippotoconverttoChristianity.Thoughhehad
lefthismonastery,hecontinuedtoleadamonasticlifeintheepiscopalresidence.Heleftaregulaforhis
monasterythatledtohisdesignationasthe"patronsaintofregularclergy."[60]
MuchofAugustine'slaterlifewasrecordedbyhisfriendPossidius,bishopofCalama(presentdayGuelma,
Algeria),inhisSanctiAugustiniVita.PossidiusadmiredAugustineasamanofpowerfulintellectandastirring
oratorwhotookeveryopportunitytodefendChristianityagainstitsdetractors.Possidiusalsodescribed
Augustine'spersonaltraitsindetail,drawingaportraitofamanwhoatesparingly,workedtirelessly,despised
gossip,shunnedthetemptationsoftheflesh,andexercisedprudenceinthefinancialstewardshipofhissee.[61]
Deathandveneration
ShortlybeforeAugustine'sdeaththeVandals,aGermanictribethathadconvertedtoArianism,invadedRoman
Africa.TheVandalsbesiegedHippointhespringof430,whenAugustineenteredhisfinalillness.According
toPossidius,oneofthefewmiraclesattributedtoAugustine,thehealingofanillman,tookplaceduringthe
siege.[61]:43AccordingtoPossidius,Augustinespenthisfinaldaysinprayerandrepentance,requestingthatthe
penitentialPsalmsofDavidbehungonhiswallssothathecouldreadthem.Hedirectedthatthelibraryofthe
churchinHippoandallthebooksthereinshouldbecarefullypreserved.Hediedon28August430.[61]:57
Shortlyafterhisdeath,theVandalsliftedthesiegeofHippo,buttheyreturnednotlongthereafterandburned
thecity.TheydestroyedallofitbutAugustine'scathedralandlibrary,whichtheyleftuntouched.[62]
Augustinewascanonizedbypopularacclaim,andlaterrecognizedasaDoctoroftheChurchin1298byPope
BonifaceVIII.[63]Hisfeastdayis28August,thedayonwhichhedied.Heisconsideredthepatronsaintof
brewers,printers,theologians,soreeyes,andanumberofcitiesanddioceses.[12]
Relics
AccordingtoBede'sTrueMartyrology,Augustine'sbodywaslatertranslatedormovedtoCagliari,Sardinia,by
theCatholicbishopsexpelledfromNorthAfricabyHuneric.Around720,hisremainsweretransportedagain
byPeter,bishopofPaviaanduncleoftheLombardkingLiutprand,tothechurchofSanPietroinCield'Oroin
Pavia,inordertosavethemfromfrequentcoastalraidsbyMuslims.InJanuary1327,PopeJohnXXIIissued
thepapalbullVenerandaSantorumPatrum,inwhichheappointedtheAugustiniansguardiansofthetombof
Augustine(calledArca),whichwasremadein1362andelaboratelycarvedwithbasreliefsofscenesfrom
Augustine'slife.
InOctober1695,someworkmenintheChurchofSanPietroinCield'OroinPaviadiscoveredamarblebox
containingsomehumanbones(includingpartofaskull).AdisputearosebetweentheAugustinianhermits
(OrderofSaintAugustine)andtheregularcanons(CanonsRegularofSaintAugustine)astowhetherthese
werethebonesofAugustine.Thehermitsdidnotbelievesothecanonsaffirmedthattheywere.Eventually
PopeBenedictXIII(17241730)directedtheBishopofPavia,MonsignorPertusati,tomakeadetermination.
Thebishopdeclaredthat,inhisopinion,theboneswerethoseofSaintAugustine.[64]
TheAugustinianswereexpelledfromPaviain1700,takingrefugeinMilanwiththerelicsofAugustine,and
thedisassembledArca,whichwereremovedtothecathedralthere.SanPietrofellintodisrepair,butwasfinally
rebuiltinthe1870s,undertheurgingofAgostinoGaetanoRiboldi,andreconsecratedin1896whentherelics
ofAugustineandtheshrinewereonceagainreinstalled.[65][66]
Viewsandthought
Christiananthropology
AugustinewasoneofthefirstChristianancientLatinauthorswithaveryclearvisionoftheological
anthropology.[67]Hesawthehumanbeingasaperfectunityoftwosubstances:soulandbody.Inhislate
treatiseOnCaretoBeHadfortheDead,section5(420AD)heexhortedtorespectthebodyonthegrounds
thatitbelongedtotheverynatureofthehumanperson.[68]Augustine'sfavouritefiguretodescribebodysoul
unityismarriage:carotua,coniunxtuayourbodyisyourwife.[69][70][71]Initially,thetwoelementswerein
perfectharmony.Afterthefallofhumanitytheyarenowexperiencingdramaticcombatbetweenoneanother.
Theyaretwocategoricallydifferentthings.Thebodyisathreedimensionalobjectcomposedofthefour
elements,whereasthesoulhasnospatialdimensions.[72]Soulisakindofsubstance,participatinginreason,fit
forrulingthebody.[73]Augustinewasnotpreoccupied,asPlatoandDescarteswere,withgoingtoomuchinto
detailsineffortstoexplainthemetaphysicsofthesoulbodyunion.Itsufficedforhimtoadmitthattheyare
metaphysicallydistinct:tobeahumanistobeacompositeofsoulandbody,andthesoulissuperiortothe
body.Thelatterstatementisgroundedinhishierarchicalclassificationofthingsintothosethatmerelyexist,
thosethatexistandlive,andthosethatexist,live,andhaveintelligenceorreason.[74][75]
LikeotherChurchFatherssuchasAthenagoras,[76]Augustine"vigorouslycondemnedthepracticeofinduced
abortion",andalthoughhedisapprovedofanabortionduringanystageofpregnancy,hemadeadistinction
betweenearlyabortionsandlaterones.[77]Nevertheless,heacceptedthedistinctionbetween"formed"and
"unformed"fetusesmentionedintheSeptuaginttranslationofExodus21:2223(http://tools.wmflabs.org/bible
versefinder2/?book=Exodus&verse=21:2223&src=!),atextthat,heobserved,didnotclassifyasmurderthe
abortionofan"unformed"fetus,sinceitcouldnotbesaidwithcertaintythatithadalreadyreceivedasoul(see,
e.g.,DeOrigineAnimae4.4).[78]
Slavery
AugustineledmanyclergyunderhisauthorityatHippotofreetheirslaves"asanactofpiety."[79]Heboldly
wrotealetterurgingtheemperortosetupanewlawagainstslavetradersandwasverymuchconcernedabout
thesaleofchildren.Christianemperorsofhistimefor25yearshadpermittedsaleofchildren,notbecausethey
approvedofthepractice,butasawayofpreventinginfanticidewhenparentswereunabletocareforachild.
Augustinenotedthatthetenantfarmersinparticularweredriventohireoutortoselltheirchildrenasameans
ofsurvival.[80]Inhisfamousbook,TheCityofGod,hepresentsthedevelopmentofslaveryasaproductofsin
andascontrarytoGod'sdivineplan.HewrotethatGod"didnotintendthatthisrationalcreature,whowas
madeinhisimage,shouldhavedominionoveranythingbuttheirrationalcreationnotmanoverman,but
manoverthebeasts."Thushewrotethatrighteousmeninprimitivetimesweremadeshepherdsofcattle,not
kingsovermen."Theconditionofslaveryistheresultofsin,"hedeclared.[81]However,hedidonatleastone
occasionsupportslavery.InTheCityofGod,Augustinewrotehefeltslaverywasnotapunishment.Hewrote:
"Slaveryisnotpenalincharacterandplannedbythatlawwhichcommandsthepreservationofthenatural
orderandforbidsdisturbance."
Astrology
Augustine'scontemporariesoftenbelievedastrologytobeanexactandgenuinescience.Itspractitionerswere
regardedastruemenoflearningandcalledmathemathici.AstrologyplayedaprominentpartinManichaean
doctrine,andAugustinehimselfwasattractedbytheirbooksinhisyouth,beingparticularlyfascinatedbythose
whoclaimedtoforetellthefuture.Later,asabishop,heusedtowarnthatoneshouldavoidastrologerswho
combinescienceandhoroscopes.(Augustine'sterm"mathematici",meaning"astrologers",issometimes
mistranslatedas"mathematicians".)AccordingtoAugustine,theywerenotgenuinestudentsofHipparchusor
Eratosthenesbut"commonswindlers".[82][83]:63[84][85]
Creation
InCityofGod,Augustinerejectedboththeimmortalityofthehumanraceproposedbypagans,and
contemporaryideasofages(suchasthoseofcertainGreeksandEgyptians)thatdifferedfromtheChurch's
sacredwritings.[86]InTheLiteralInterpretationofGenesis,Augustinetooktheviewthateverythinginthe
universewascreatedsimultaneouslybyGod,andnotinsevencalendardayslikealiteralinterpretationof
Genesiswouldrequire.HearguedthatthesixdaystructureofcreationpresentedintheBookofGenesis
representsalogicalframework,ratherthanthepassageoftimeinaphysicalwayitwouldbearaspiritual,
ratherthanphysical,meaning,whichisnolessliteral.OnereasonforthisinterpretationisthepassageinSirach
18:1,creavitomniasimul("Hecreatedallthingsatonce"),whichAugustinetookasproofthatthedaysof
Genesis1hadtobetakennonliterally.[87]Augustinealsodoesnotenvisionoriginalsinascausingstructural
changesintheuniverse,andevensuggeststhatthebodiesofAdamandEvewerealreadycreatedmortalbefore
theFall.[88]Apartfromhisspecificviews,Augustinerecognizesthattheinterpretationofthecreationstoryis
difficult,andremarksthatweshouldbewillingtochangeourmindaboutitasnewinformationcomesup.[89]
Ecclesiology
AugustinedevelopedhisdoctrineoftheChurchprincipallyinreactiontotheDonatistsect.Hetaughtthatthere
isoneChurch,butthatwithinthisChurchtherearetworealities,namely,thevisibleaspect(theinstitutional
hierarchy,theCatholicsacraments,andthelaity)andtheinvisible(thesoulsofthoseintheChurch,whoare
eitherdead,sinfulmembersorelectpredestinedforHeaven).Theformeristheinstitutionalbodyestablished
byChristonearthwhichproclaimssalvationandadministersthesacraments,whilethelatteristheinvisible
bodyoftheelect,madeupofgenuinebelieversfromallages,andwhoareknownonlytoGod.TheChurch,
whichisvisibleandsocietal,willbemadeupof"wheat"and"tares",thatis,goodandwickedpeople(asper
Mat.13:30),untiltheendoftime.ThisconceptcounteredtheDonatistclaimthatonlythoseinastateofgrace
werethe"true"or"pure"churchonearth,andthatpriestsandbishopswhowerenotinastateofgracehadno
authorityorabilitytoconfectthesacraments.[90]:28Augustine'secclesiologywasmorefullydevelopedinCity
ofGod.Thereheconceivesofthechurchasaheavenlycityorkingdom,ruledbylove,whichwillultimately
triumphoverallearthlyempireswhichareselfindulgentandruledbypride.AugustinefollowedCyprianin
teachingthatthebishopsandpriestsoftheChurcharethesuccessorsoftheApostles,[90]andthattheir
authorityintheChurchisGodgiven.
Eschatology
Augustineoriginallybelievedinpremillennialism,namelythatChristwouldestablishaliteral1,000year
kingdompriortothegeneralresurrection,butlaterrejectedthebelief,viewingitascarnal.Hewasthefirst
theologiantoexpoundasystematicdoctrineofamillennialism,althoughsometheologiansandChristian
historiansbelievehispositionwasclosertothatofmodernpostmillennialists.ThemediaevalCatholicchurch
builtitssystemofeschatologyonAugustinianamillennialism,whereChristrulestheearthspirituallythrough
histriumphantchurch.[91]AttheReformation,theologianssuchasJohnCalvin
acceptedamillennialism.Augustinetaughtthattheeternalfateofthesoulis
determinedatdeath,[92][93]andthatpurgatorialfiresoftheintermediatestatepurify
onlythosethatdiedincommunionwiththeChurch.Histeachingprovidedfuelfor
latertheology.[92]
Epistemology
EpistemologicalconcernsshapedAugustine'sintellectualdevelopment.Hisearly
dialogues[Contraacademicos(386)andDeMagistro(389)],bothwrittenshortly
afterhisconversiontoChristianity,reflecthisengagementwithsceptical
argumentsandshowthedevelopmentofhisdoctrineofinnerillumination.The
doctrineofilluminationclaimsthatGodplaysanactiveandregularpartinhuman
perception(asopposedtoGoddesigningthehumanmindtobereliable
consistently,asin,forexample,Descartes'ideaofclearanddistinctperceptions)
andunderstandingbyilluminatingthemindsothathumanbeingscanrecognize
intelligiblerealitiesthatGodpresents.AccordingtoAugustine,illuminationis
obtainabletoallrationalminds,andisdifferentfromotherformsofsense
perception.Itismeanttobeanexplanationoftheconditionsrequiredforthemind
tohaveaconnectionwithintelligibleentities.[8]Augustinealsoposedtheproblem
ofothermindsthroughoutdifferentworks,mostfamouslyperhapsinOnthe
Trinity(VIII.6.9),anddevelopedwhathascometobeastandardsolution:the
argumentfromanalogytootherminds.[94]IncontrasttoPlatoandotherearlier
philosophers,Augustinerecognizedthecentralityoftestimonytohuman
knowledgeandarguedthatwhatotherstelluscanprovideknowledgeevenifwe
don'thaveindependentreasonstobelievetheirtestimonialreports.[95]
Justwar
St.AugustinebyCarlo
AugustineassertedthatChristiansshouldbepacifistsasapersonal,philosophical Crivelli
[96]
stance. However,peacefulnessinthefaceofagravewrongthatcouldonlybe
stoppedbyviolencewouldbeasin.Defenceofone'sselforotherscouldbea
necessity,especiallywhenauthorizedbyalegitimateauthority.Whilenotbreakingdowntheconditions
necessaryforwartobejust,AugustinecoinedthephraseinhisworkTheCityofGod.[97]Inessence,the
pursuitofpeacemustincludetheoptionoffightingforitslongtermpreservation.[98]Suchawarcouldnotbe
preemptive,butdefensive,torestorepeace.[99]ThomasAquinas,centurieslater,usedtheauthorityof
Augustine'sargumentsinanattempttodefinetheconditionsunderwhichawarcouldbejust.[100][101]
Mariology
AlthoughAugustinedidnotdevelopanindependentMariology,hisstatementsonMarysurpassinnumberand
depththoseofotherearlywriters.[102]EvenbeforetheCouncilofEphesus,hedefendedtheeverVirginMary
astheMotherofGod,who,becauseofhervirginity,isfullofgrace.[103]Likewise,heaffirmedthattheVirgin
Mary"conceivedasvirgin,gavebirthasvirginandstayedvirginforever."[104]
Naturalknowledgeandbiblicalinterpretation
Augustinetooktheviewthat,ifaliteralinterpretationcontradictsscienceandourGodgivenreason,the
Biblicaltextshouldbeinterpretedmetaphorically.WhileeachpassageofScripturehasaliteralsense,this
"literalsense"doesnotalwaysmeanthattheScripturesaremerehistoryattimestheyareratheranextended
metaphor.[105]
Originalsin
AugustinetaughtthatOriginalsinofAdamandEvewaseitheranactof
foolishness(insipientia)followedbyprideanddisobediencetoGodor
thatpridecamefirst.[note3]ThefirstcoupledisobeyedGod,whohad
toldthemnottoeatoftheTreeoftheknowledgeofgoodandevil(Gen
2:17).[106]Thetreewasasymboloftheorderofcreation.[107]Self
centerednessmadeAdamandEveeatofit,thusfailingtoacknowledge
andrespecttheworldasitwascreatedbyGod,withitshierarchyof
beingsandvalues.[note4]Theywouldnothavefallenintoprideandlack
ofwisdom,ifSatanhadn'tsownintotheirsenses"therootofevil"
(radixMali).[108]Theirnaturewaswoundedbyconcupiscenceorlibido,
whichaffectedhumanintelligenceandwill,aswellasaffectionsand
desires,includingsexualdesire.[note5]Intermsofmetaphysics,
concupiscenceisnotabeingbutbadquality,theprivationofgoodora
wound.[109]
PortraitbyPhilippedeChampaigne,
Augustine'sunderstandingoftheconsequencesoftheoriginalsinandof
17thcentury
necessityoftheredeeminggracewasdevelopedinthestruggleagainst
PelagiusandhisPelagiandisciples,CaelestiusandJulianof
Eclanum,[90]whohadbeeninspiredbyRufinusofSyria,adiscipleofTheodoreofMopsuestia.[110]They
refusedtoagreethatlibidowoundedhumanwillandmind,insistingthatthehumannaturewasgiventhepower
toact,tospeak,andtothinkwhenGodcreatedit.Humannaturecannotloseitsmoralcapacityfordoinggood,
butapersonisfreetoactornottoactinarighteousway.Pelagiusgaveanexampleofeyes:theyhavecapacity
forseeing,butapersoncanmakeeithergoodorbaduseofit.[83]:355356[111]LikeJovinian,Pelagiansinsisted
thathumanaffectionsanddesireswerenottouchedbythefalleither.Immorality,e.g.fornication,isexclusively
amatterofwill,i.e.apersondoesnotusenaturaldesiresinaproperway.Inoppositiontothat,Augustine
pointedouttheapparentdisobedienceofthefleshtothespirit,andexplaineditasoneoftheresultsoforiginal
sin,punishmentofAdamandEve'sdisobediencetoGod.[112]
Augustinehadservedasa"Hearer"fortheManichaeansforaboutnineyears,[113]whotaughtthattheoriginal
sinwascarnalknowledge.[114]Buthisstruggletounderstandthecauseofevilintheworldstartedbeforethat,
attheageofnineteen.[115]Bymalum(evil)heunderstoodmostofallconcupiscence,whichheinterpretedasa
vicedominatingpersonandcausinginmenandwomenmoraldisorder.A.TrapinsiststhatAugustine's
personalexperiencecannotbecreditedforhisdoctrineaboutconcupiscence.Hismarriageexperience,though
Christianmarriagecelebrationwasmissing,wasexemplary,verynormalandbynomeansspecificallysad.[116]
AsJ.Brachtendorfshowed,AugustineusedCiceronianStoicconceptofpassions,tointerpretPaul'sdoctrineof
universalsinandredemption.[117]
TheviewthatnotonlyhumansoulbutalsosenseswereinfluencedbythefallofAdamandEvewasprevalent
inAugustine'stimeamongtheFathersoftheChurch.[118]ItisclearthatthereasonforAugustine'sdistancing
fromtheaffairsofthefleshwasdifferentfromthatofPlotinus,aneoPlatonist[note6]whotaughtthatonly
throughdisdainforfleshlydesirecouldonereachtheultimatestateofmankind.[119]Augustinetaughtthe
redemption,i.e.transformationandpurification,ofthebodyintheresurrection.[120]
SomeauthorsperceiveAugustine'sdoctrineasdirectedagainsthumansexualityandattributehisinsistenceon
continenceanddevotiontoGodascomingfromAugustine'sneedtorejecthisownhighlysensualnatureas
describedintheConfessions.Butinviewofhiswritingsitisapparentlyamisunderstanding.[83]:312[note7]
Augustinetaughtthathumansexualityhasbeenwounded,togetherwiththewholeofhumannature,and
requiresredemptionofChrist.Thathealingisaprocessrealizedinconjugalacts.Thevirtueofcontinenceis
achievedthankstothegraceofthesacramentofChristianmarriage,whichbecomesthereforearemedium
concupiscentiaeremedyofconcupiscence.[121][122]Theredemptionof
humansexualitywillbe,however,fullyaccomplishedonlyinthe
resurrectionofthebody.[123]
ThesinofAdamisinheritedbyallhumanbeings.Alreadyinhispre
Pelagianwritings,AugustinetaughtthatOriginalSinistransmittedto
hisdescendantsbyconcupiscence,[124]whichheregardedasthepassion
ofboth,soulandbody,[note8]makinghumanityamassadamnata(mass
ofperdition,condemnedcrowd)andmuchenfeebling,thoughnot
destroying,thefreedomofthewill.[92]:12001204
Augustine'sformulationofthedoctrineoforiginalsinwasconfirmedat
numerouscouncils,i.e.Carthage(418),Ephesus(431),Orange(529),
Trent(1546)andbypopes,i.e.PopeInnocentI(401417)andPope
Zosimus(417418).AnselmofCanterburyestablishedinhisCurDeus
Homothedefinitionthatwasfollowedbythegreat13thcentury
Schoolmen,namelythatOriginalSinisthe"privationofthe
righteousnesswhicheverymanoughttopossess",thusseparatingit
St.AugustinebyPeterPaulRubens
fromconcupiscence,withwhichsomeofAugustine'sdiscipleshad
definedit[83]:371[125]aslaterdidLutherandCalvin.[92]:12001204In1567,
PopePiusVcondemnedtheidentificationofOriginalSinwithconcupiscence.[92]:12001204
AugustinetaughtthatsomepeoplearepredestinedbyGodtosalvationbyaneternal,sovereigndecreewhichis
notbasedonman'smeritorwill.ThesavinggracewhichGodbestowsisirresistibleandunfailinglyresultsin
conversion.Godalsograntsthosewhomhesaveswiththegiftofperseverancesothatnoneofthosewhom
Godhaschosenmayconceivablyfallaway.[90]:44[126]
InOnRebukeandGrace(Decorreptioneetgratia),Augustinewrote:"Andwhatiswritten,thatHewillsall
mentobesaved,whileyetallmenarenotsaved,maybeunderstoodinmanyways,someofwhichIhave
mentionedinotherwritingsofminebuthereIwillsayonething:Hewillsallmentobesaved,issosaidthat
allthepredestinatedmaybeunderstoodbyit,becauseeverykindofmenisamongthem."[127]
Freewill
IncludedinAugustine'stheodicyistheclaimthatGodcreatedhumansandangelsasrationalbeingspossessing
freewill.Freewillwasnotintendedforsin,meaningitisnotequallypredisposedtobothgoodandevil.Awill
defiledbysinisnotconsideredas"free"asitoncewasbecauseitisboundbymaterialthings,whichcouldbe
lostorbedifficulttopartwith,resultinginunhappiness.Sinimpairsfreewill,whilegracerestoresit.Onlya
willthatwasoncefreecanbesubjectedtosin'scorruption.[128]
TheCatholicChurchconsidersAugustine'steachingtobeconsistentwithfreewill.[129]Heoftensaidthat
anyonecanbesavediftheywish.[129]WhileGodknowswhowillandwon'tbesaved,withnopossibilityfor
thelattertobesavedintheirlives,thisknowledgerepresentsGod'sperfectknowledgeofhowhumanswill
freelychoosetheirdestinies.[129]
Sacramentaltheology
AlsoinreactionagainsttheDonatists,Augustinedevelopedadistinctionbetweenthe"regularity"and
"validity"ofthesacraments.RegularsacramentsareperformedbyclergyoftheCatholicChurch,while
sacramentsperformedbyschismaticsareconsideredirregular.Nevertheless,thevalidityofthesacramentsdo
notdependupontheholinessofthepriestswhoperformthem(exopereoperato)therefore,irregular
sacramentsarestillacceptedasvalidprovidedtheyaredoneinthenameofChristandinthemannerprescribed
bytheChurch.OnthispointAugustinedepartsfromtheearlierteachingofCyprian,whotaughtthatconverts
fromschismaticmovementsmustberebaptised.[90]Augustinetaughtthatsacramentsadministeredoutsidethe
CatholicChurch,thoughtruesacraments,availnothing.However,healsostatedthatbaptism,whileitdoesnot
conferanygracewhendoneoutsidetheChurch,doesconfergraceassoonasoneisreceivedintotheCatholic
Church.
AugustineupheldtheearlyChristianunderstandingofthe
realpresenceofChristintheEucharist,sayingthatChrist's
statement,"Thisismybody"referredtothebreadhe
carriedinhishands,[130][131]andthatChristiansmusthave
faiththatthebreadandwineareinfactthebodyandblood
ofChrist,despitewhattheyseewiththeireyes.[132]
AgainstthePelagians,Augustinestronglystressedthe
importanceofinfantbaptism.Aboutthequestionwhether
baptismisanabsolutenecessityforsalvation,however,
Augustineappearstohaverefinedhisbeliefsduringhis
lifetime,causingsomeconfusionamonglatertheologians St.AugustineinHisStudybyVittoreCarpaccio,
abouthisposition.Hesaidinoneofhissermonsthatonly 1502
thebaptizedaresaved.[133]Thisbeliefwassharedbymany
earlyChristians.However,apassagefromhisCityofGod,concerningtheApocalypse,mayindicatethat
AugustinedidbelieveinanexceptionforchildrenborntoChristianparents.[134]
Jews
AgainstcertainChristianmovements,someofwhichrejectedtheuseofHebrewScripture,Augustine
counteredthatGodhadchosentheJewsasaspecialpeople,[135]andheconsideredthescatteringofJewish
peoplebytheRomanEmpiretobeafulfillmentofprophecy.[136]Herejectedhomicidalattitudes,quotingpart
ofthesameprophecy,namely"Slaythemnot,lesttheyshouldatlastforgetThylaw"(Psalm59:11).
Augustine,whobelievedJewishpeoplewouldbeconvertedtoChristianityat"theendoftime,"arguedthat
GodhadallowedthemtosurvivetheirdispersionasawarningtoChristiansassuch,heargued,theyshouldbe
permittedtodwellinChristianlands.[137]ThesentimentsometimesattributedtoAugustinethatChristians
shouldlettheJews"survivebutnotthrive"(itisrepeatedbyauthorJamesCarrollinhisbookConstantine's
Sword,forexample)[138][139]isapocryphalandisnotfoundinanyofhiswritings.[140]
Sexuality
ForAugustine,theevilofsexualimmoralitywasnotinthesexualactitself,butratherintheemotionsthat
typicallyaccompanyit.InOnChristianDoctrineAugustinecontrastslove,whichisenjoymentonaccountof
God,andlust,whichisnotonaccountofGod.[141]Augustineclaimsthat,followingtheFall,sexualpassionhas
becomenecessaryforcopulation(asrequiredtostimulatemaleerection),sexualpassionisanevilresultofthe
Fall,andtherefore,evilmustinevitablyaccompanysexualintercourse(Onmarriageandconcupiscence1.19).
Therefore,followingtheFall,evenmaritalsexcarriedoutmerelytoprocreatethespeciesinevitably
perpetuatesevil(Onmarriageandconcupiscence1.27ATreatiseagainstTwoLettersofthePelagians2.27).
ForAugustine,properloveexercisesadenialofselfishpleasureandthesubjugationofcorporealdesiretoGod.
Theonlywaytoavoidevilcausedbysexualintercourseistotakethe"better"way(Confessions8.2)and
abstainfrommarriage(Onmarriageandconcupiscence1.31).Sexwithinmarriageisnothoweverfor
Augustineasin,althoughnecessarilyproducingtheevilofsexualpassion.Basedonthesamelogic,Augustine
alsodeclaredthepiousvirginsrapedduringthesackofRometobeinnocentbecausetheydidnotintendtosin
norenjoytheact.[142][143]
BeforetheFall,Augustinebelievedthatsexwasapassionlessaffair,"justlikemanyalaboriouswork
accomplishedbythecompliantoperationofourotherlimbs,withoutanylasciviousheat"thepeniswouldhave
beenengorgedforsexualintercourse"simplybythedirectionofthewill,notexcitedbytheardourof
concupiscence"(Onmarriageandconcupiscence2.29cf.CityofGod14.23).AftertheFall,bycontrast,the
peniscannotbecontrolledbymerewill,subjectinsteadtobothunwantedimpotenceandinvoluntaryerections:
"Sometimestheurgearisesunwantedsometimes,ontheotherhand,itforsakestheeagerlover,anddesire
growscoldinthebodywhileburninginthemind...Itarousesthemind,butitdoesnotfollowthroughwhatit
hasbegunandarousethebodyalso"(CityofGod14.16).DeaneGalbraithexplainsthat"Augustineregardsthe
'disobedience'ofthepenistothecommandofaman'smindasajustanddeservedpunishment,becauseit
enactswithinmanhisoriginaldisobediencetothecommandofGod"atthetimeoftheFall(TheLiteral
MeaningofGenesis9.19).[144]GalbraitharguesthatAugustine'sdescriptionofhispenisashaving"amindof
itsown"(TreatiseontheMeritsandForgivenessofSins,andontheBaptismofInfants2.36)contributedtohis
developmentofthedoctrineofOriginalSin:"Augustinesuncontrollablepenis,whichhepresentsasthemajor
bodilyevidencefortheFall,is...amajorbodilystimulusofhisinterpretationofPaulandhisformulationof
originalsin.AugustinesgreatcontributiontoChristiantheologyis,toasignificantextent,informedbyhis
experienceofbeingunabletocontrolhiserections."[145]
AugustinebelievedthattheserpentapproachedEvebecauseshewaslessrationalandlackedselfcontrol,while
Adam'schoicetoeatwasviewedasanactofkindnesssothatEvewouldnotbeleftalone.[146]Augustine
believedsinenteredtheworldbecauseman(thespirit)didnotexercisecontroloverwoman(theflesh).[147]
Augustinedoes,however,praisewomenandtheirroleinsocietyandintheChurch.InhisTractatesonthe
GospelofJohn,Augustine,commentingontheSamaritanwomanfromJohn4:142,usesthewomanasa
figureofthechurch.
AccordingtoRaming,theauthorityoftheDecretumGratiani,acollectionofRomanCatholiccanonlawwhich
prohibitswomenfromleading,teaching,orbeingawitness,restslargelyontheviewsoftheearlychurch
fathersoneofthemostinfluentialbeingAugustine,theBishopofHippo.[148]Thelawsandtraditionsfounded
uponAugustine'sviewsofsexualityandwomencontinuetoexerciseconsiderableinfluenceoverchurch
doctrinalpositionsregardingtheroleofwomeninthechurch.[149]
Pedagogy
Augustineisconsideredaninfluentialfigureinthehistoryofeducation.AworkearlyinAugustine'swritingsis
DeMagistro(OntheTeacher),whichcontainsinsightsabouteducation.However,hisideaschangedashe
foundbetterdirectionsorbetterwaysofexpressinghisideas.InthelastyearsofhislifeSaintAugustinewrote
hisRetractationes,reviewinghiswritingsandimprovingspecifictexts.HenryChadwickbelievesanaccurate
translationof"retractationes"maybe"reconsiderations".Reconsiderationscanbeseenasanoverarchingtheme
ofthewaySaintAugustinelearned.Augustine'sunderstandingofthesearchforunderstanding/meaning/truth
asarestlessjourneyleavesroomfordoubt,developmentandchange.[150]
Augustinewasastrongadvocateofcriticalthinkingskills.Becausewrittenworkswerestillratherlimited
duringthistime,spokencommunicationofknowledgewasveryimportant.Hisemphasisontheimportanceof
communityasameansoflearningdistinguisheshispedagogyfromsomeothers.Augustinebelievedthat
dialogue/dialectic/discussionisthebestmeansforlearning,andthismethodshouldserveasamodelfor
learningencountersbetweenteachersandstudents.SaintAugustine'sdialoguewritingsmodeltheneedfor
livelyinteractivedialogueamonglearners.[150]
Herecommendedadaptingeducationalpracticestofitthestudents'educationalbackgrounds:
thestudentwhohasbeenwelleducatedbyknowledgeableteachers
thestudentwhohashadnoeducationand
thestudentwhohashadapooreducation,butbelieveshimselftobewelleducated.
Ifastudenthasbeenwelleducatedinawidevarietyofsubjects,the
teachermustbecarefulnottorepeatwhattheyhavealreadylearned,but
tochallengethestudentwithmaterialwhichtheydonotyetknow
thoroughly.Withthestudentwhohashadnoeducation,theteacher
mustbepatient,willingtorepeatthingsuntilthestudentunderstands,
andsympathetic.Perhapsthemostdifficultstudent,however,istheone
withaninferioreducationwhobelievesheunderstandssomethingwhen
hedoesnot.Augustinestressedtheimportanceofshowingthistypeof
studentthedifferencebetween"havingwordsandhaving
understanding,"andofhelpingthestudenttoremainhumblewithhis
acquisitionofknowledge.
UndertheinfluenceofBede,AlcuinandRabanusMaurus,De
catechizandisrudibuscametoexerciseanimportantroleinthe
educationofclergyatthemonasticschools,especiallyfromtheeighth
centuryonwards.[151]
Augustinebelievedthatstudentsshouldbegivenanopportunityto
applylearnedtheoriestopracticalexperience.Yetanotherof
Augustine'smajorcontributionstoeducationishisstudyonthestylesof SaintAugustineinHisStudyby
teaching.Heclaimedtherearetwobasicstylesateacheruseswhen SandroBotticelli,1494,Uffizi
speakingtothestudents.Themixedstyleincludescomplexand Gallery
sometimesshowylanguagetohelpstudentsseethebeautifulartistryof
thesubjecttheyarestudying.Thegrandstyleisnotquiteaselegantas
themixedstyle,butisexcitingandheartfelt,withthepurposeofignitingthesamepassioninthestudents'
hearts.AugustinebalancedhisteachingphilosophywiththetraditionalBiblebasedpracticeofstrictdiscipline.
Works
AugustinewasoneofthemostprolificLatinauthorsintermsof
survivingworks,andthelistofhisworksconsistsofmorethanone
hundredseparatetitles.[152]Theyincludeapologeticworksagainstthe
heresiesoftheArians,Donatists,ManichaeansandPelagianstextson
Christiandoctrine,notablyDeDoctrinaChristiana(OnChristian
Doctrine)exegeticalworkssuchascommentariesonGenesis,the
PsalmsandPaul'sLettertotheRomansmanysermonsandlettersand
theRetractationes,areviewofhisearlierworkswhichhewrotenear
theendofhislife.Apartfromthose,Augustineisprobablybestknown
forhisConfessions,whichisapersonalaccountofhisearlierlife,and
forDecivitateDei(TheCityofGod,consistingof22books),whichhe
wrotetorestoretheconfidenceofhisfellowChristians,whichwas
badlyshakenbythesackofRomebytheVisigothsin410.HisOnthe
Trinity,inwhichhedevelopedwhathasbecomeknownasthe
'psychologicalanalogy'oftheTrinity,isalsoamonghismasterpieces,
andarguablyoneofthegreatesttheologicalworksofalltime.Healso
wroteOnFreeChoiceoftheWill(Deliberoarbitrio),addressingwhy
SaintAugustinepaintingbyAntonio
Godgiveshumansfreewillthatcanbeusedforevil.
Rodrguez
Influence
Inbothhisphilosophicalandtheologicalreasoning,AugustinewasgreatlyinfluencedbyStoicism,Platonism
andNeoplatonism,particularlybytheworkofPlotinus,authoroftheEnneads,probablythroughthemediation
ofPorphyryandVictorinus(asPierreHadothasargued).AlthoughhelaterabandonedNeoplatonism,some
ideasarestillvisibleinhisearlywritings.[153]Hisearlyandinfluential
writingonthehumanwill,acentraltopicinethics,wouldbecomea
focusforlaterphilosopherssuchasSchopenhauer,Kierkegaard,and
Nietzsche.HewasalsoinfluencedbytheworksofVirgil(knownforhis
teachingonlanguage),andCicero(knownforhisteachingon
argument).[8]
Inphilosophy
PhilosopherBertrandRussellwasimpressedbyAugustine'smeditation
onthenatureoftimeintheConfessions,comparingitfavourablyto
Kant'sversionoftheviewthattimeissubjective.[154]Catholic
theologiansgenerallysubscribetoAugustine'sbeliefthatGodexists
outsideoftimeinthe"eternalpresent"thattimeonlyexistswithinthe
createduniversebecauseonlyinspaceistimediscerniblethrough
motionandchange.Hismeditationsonthenatureoftimeareclosely
SaintAugustineDisputingwiththe linkedtohisconsiderationofthehumanabilityofmemory.Frances
HereticspaintingbyVergsGroup Yatesinher1966studyTheArtofMemoryarguesthatabriefpassage
oftheConfessions,10.8.12,inwhichAugustinewritesofwalkingupa
flightofstairsandenteringthevastfieldsofmemory[155]clearlyindicatesthattheancientRomanswereaware
ofhowtouseexplicitspatialandarchitecturalmetaphorsasamnemonictechniquefororganizinglarge
amountsofinformation.
Augustine'sphilosophicalmethod,especiallydemonstratedinhis
Confessions,hadcontinuinginfluenceonContinentalphilosophy
throughoutthe20thcentury.Hisdescriptiveapproachtointentionality,
memory,andlanguageasthesephenomenaareexperiencedwithin
consciousnessandtimeanticipatedandinspiredtheinsightsofmodern
phenomenologyandhermeneutics.[156]EdmundHusserlwrites:"The
analysisoftimeconsciousnessisanageoldcruxofdescriptive
psychologyandtheoryofknowledge.Thefirstthinkertobedeeply
sensitivetotheimmensedifficultiestobefoundherewasAugustine,
wholabouredalmosttodespairoverthisproblem."[157]Martin
HeideggerreferstoAugustine'sdescriptivephilosophyatseveral
juncturesinhisinfluentialworkBeingandTime.[note9]HannahArendt
beganherphilosophicalwritingwithadissertationonAugustine's
conceptoflove,DerLiebesbegriffbeiAugustin(1929):"Theyoung
Arendtattemptedtoshowthatthephilosophicalbasisforvitasocialisin
Augustinecanbeunderstoodasresidinginneighbourlylove,grounded
inhisunderstandingofthecommonoriginofhumanity."[158]Jean
BethkeElshtaininAugustineandtheLimitsofPolitics findssimilarity
betweenAugustineandArendtintheirconceptsofevil :"Augustinedid
notseeevilasglamorouslydemonicbutratherasabsenceofgood, SaintAugustineMeditatesonthe
somethingwhichparadoxicallyisreallynothing.Arendt...envisioned TrinitywhentheChildJesusAppears
eventheextremeevilwhichproducedtheHolocaustasmerelybanal[in beforehimbyVergsGroup
EichmanninJerusalem]." [159]Augustine'sphilosophicallegacy
continuestoinfluencecontemporarycriticaltheorythroughthecontributionsandinheritorsofthese20th
centuryfigures.Seenfromahistoricalperspective,therearethreemainperspectivesonthepoliticalthoughtof
Augustine:first,politicalAugustinianismsecond,Augustinianpoliticaltheologyandthird,Augustinian
politicaltheory.[160]
Intheology
ThomasAquinaswasinfluencedheavilybyAugustine.Onthetopicoforiginalsin,Aquinasproposedamore
optimisticviewofmanthanthatofAugustineinthathisconceptionleavestothereason,will,andpassionsof
fallenmantheirnaturalpowersevenaftertheFall.[92]:12001204Augustine'sdoctrineofefficaciousgracefound
eloquentexpressionintheworksofBernardofClairvauxalsoReformationtheologianssuchasMartinLuther
andJohnCalvinwouldlookbacktohimastheirinspiration.WhileinhisprePelagianwritingsAugustine
taughtthatAdam'sguiltastransmittedtohisdescendantsmuchenfeebles,thoughdoesnotdestroy,thefreedom
oftheirwill,ProtestantreformersMartinLutherandJohnCalvinaffirmedthatOriginalSincompletely
destroyedliberty(seetotaldepravity).[92]:12001204
AccordingtoLeoRuickbie,Augustine'sargumentsagainstmagic,differentiatingitfrommiracle,werecrucial
intheearlyChurch'sfightagainstpaganismandbecameacentralthesisinthelaterdenunciationofwitchesand
witchcraft.AccordingtoProfessorDeepakLal,Augustine'svisionoftheheavenlycityhasinfluencedthe
secularprojectsandtraditionsoftheEnlightenment,Marxism,Freudianismandecofundamentalism.[161]Post
MarxistphilosophersAntonioNegriandMichaelHardtrelyheavilyonAugustine'sthought,particularlyThe
CityofGod,intheirbookofpoliticalphilosophyEmpire.
AugustinehasinfluencedmanymoderndaytheologiansandauthorssuchasJohnPiper.HannahArendt,an
influential20thcenturypoliticaltheorist,wroteherdoctoraldissertationinphilosophyonAugustine,and
continuedtorelyonhisthoughtthroughouthercareer.LudwigWittgensteinextensivelyquotesAugustinein
PhilosophicalInvestigationsforhisapproachtolanguage,bothadmiringly,andasasparringpartnertodevelop
hisownideas,includinganextensiveopeningpassagefromtheConfessions.Contemporarylinguistshave
arguedthatAugustinehassignificantlyinfluencedthethoughtofFerdinanddeSaussure,whodidnot'invent'
themoderndisciplineofsemiotics,butratherbuiltuponAristotelianandNeoplatonistknowledgefromthe
MiddleAges,viaanAugustinianconnection:"asfortheconstitutionofSaussuriansemiotictheory,the
importanceoftheAugustinianthoughtcontribution(correlatedtotheStoicone)hasalsobeenrecognized.
SaussuredidnotdoanythingbutreformanancienttheoryinEurope,accordingtothemodernconceptual
exigencies."[162]
InhisautobiographicalbookMilestones,PopeBenedictXVIclaimsAugustineasoneofthedeepestinfluences
inhisthought.
Inpopularculture
MuchofAugustine'sconversionisdramatizedinJohannAdolphHasse'soratorioLaconversionediSant'
Agostino.InthelibrettofortheoratoriobyDuchessMariaAntoniaofBavaria,Augustine'smotherMonicais
presentedasaprominentcharacterthatisworriedthatAugustinemightnotconverttoChristianity.The
DuchesstookafivepartdramabyFranciscusNeumayrandcondenseditforthepurposesoftheoratorio.As
Dr.AndreaPalent[163]says:
MariaAntoniaWalpurgisrevisedthefivepartJesuitdramaintoatwopartoratoriolibertyin
whichshelimitsthesubjecttotheconversionofAugustineandhissubmissiontothewillofGod.
Tothiswasaddedthefigureofthemother,Monica,soastoletthetransformationappearby
experienceratherthanthedramaticartificeofdeusexmachina.
ThroughouttheoratorioAugustineshowshiswillingnesstoturntoGod,buttheburdenoftheactofconversion
weighsheavilyonhim.ThisisdisplayedbyHassethroughextendedrecitativepassages.
AugustinewasplayedbyDaryBerkaniinthe1972televisionmovieAugustineofHippo.Hewasplayedby
FrancoNerointhe2010miniseriesAugustine:TheDeclineoftheRomanEmpireandthe2012featurefilm
RestlessHeart:TheConfessionsofSaintAugustine.[164]ThemoderndaynamelinkstotheAgostinelli
family.[165]
JosteinGaarder'sphilosophicalnovelVitaBrevisispresentedasa
translationofamanuscriptwrittenbyAugustine'sconcubineafterhe
becametheBishopofHippo.AugustinealsoappearsinthenovelThe
DalkeyArchivebyFlannO'Brien(thepennameofIrishauthorBrian
O'Nolan).Heissummonedtoanunderwatercavernbyanabsurd
scientistcalledDeSelbytogethertheydiscusslifeinHeavenandthe
charactersofothersaints.WalterM.Miller,Jr.'snovelACanticlefor
LeibowitzcitesAugustineaspossiblypositingthefirstversionofa
theoryofevolution.[166]HeappearsprominentlyinPatriciaMcGerr's
novel,MyBrothers,RememberMonica:ANoveloftheMotherof
Augustine.[167]
BobDylanrecordedasongentitled"IDreamedISawSt.Augustine"on
hisalbumJohnWesleyHarding.PopartistStingpaysanhomageof
sortstoAugustine'sstruggleswithlustwiththesong"SaintAugustine
inHell"whichappearsonthesinger's1993albumTenSummoner's
TheConsecrationofSaintAugustine Tales.ChristianrockbandDisciplenamedtheirfourthtrackontheir
byJaumeHuguet 2010releaseHorseshoesandHandgrenadesafterAugustine,called
"TheBalladofSt.Augustine".Thesong"St.Augustine"appearson
Girlyman'salbum,Supernova.AmericanrockbandMoenamedandreferencedAugustineofHippointheir
songentitled"St.Augustine".
TheconversionofSaintAugustineisdramatizedintheoratorioLaconversionediSant'Agostino(1750)
composedbyJohannAdolphHasse.Thelibrettoforthisoratorio,writtenbyDuchessMariaAntoniaof
Bavaria,drawsupontheinfluenceofMetastasio(thefinishedlibrettohavingbeeneditedbyhim)andisbased
offanearlierfiveactplayIdeaperfectaeconversionisdiveAugustinuswrittenbytheJesuitpriestFranz
Neumayr.[168]
Seealso
AlexanderofSanElpidio Freewill FrancisLandeyPatton
MarAmmo GregoryofRimini Pelagianism
Augustinianhypothesis MichaelHorton Philosophyofhistory
AugustinianInstitute Incurvatusinse Philosophyofreligion
AugustinianStudies CorneliusJansen Predestination
Augustiniantheodicy Jansenism JohannPupper
Augustinians Justwartheory Problemofevil
DomingoBaez JohannesKlenkok Reformed
ThomasBradwardine AbrahamKuijper Scholasticism
Confessions(Augustine) JohnGreshamMachen Semipelagianism
Constantinianshift OrderofSaintAugustine TheologyofJohnCalvin
CouncilofOrange(529) Originalsin Truth
Ecclesiology Otium BennetTyler
JonathanEdwards NeoCalvinism B.B.Warfield
Filioque BlaisePascal
Freewill FrancisLandeyPatton
References
Notes
1.ThenomenAureliusisvirtuallymeaningless, 5.InoneofAugustine'slateworks,Retractationes,he
signifyinglittlemorethanRomancitizenship(see: madeasignificantremarkindicatingthewayhe
Salway,Benet(1994)."What'sinaName?ASurvey understooddifferencebetweenspiritual,morallibido
ofRomanOnomasticPracticefromc.700B.C.to andthesexualdesire:"Libidoisnotgoodand
A.D.700".TheJournalofRomanStudies.Societyfor righteoususeofthelibido"("libidononestbonuset
thePromotionofRomanStudies.84:12445. rectusususlibidinis").Seethewholepassage:Dixi
doi:10.2307/300873.ISSN00754358. etiamquodamloco:Quodenimestcibusadsalutem
JSTOR300873.). hominis,hocestconcubitusadsalutemgeneris,et
2.JeromewrotetoAugustinein418:"Youareknown utrumquenonestsinedelectationecarnali,quae
throughouttheworldCatholicshonourandesteem tamenmodificataettemperantiarefrenanteinusum
youastheonewhohasestablishedanewtheancient naturalemredacta,libidoessenonpotest.Quodideo
Faith"(conditorantiquaerursumfidei).Cf.Epistola dictumest,quoniam"libidononestbonusetrectus
195(http://www.augustinus.it/latino/lettere/lettera_20 ususlibidinis".Sicutenimmalumestmaleutibonis,
0_testo.htm)TeSelle,Eugene(1970).Augustinethe itabonumbeneutimalis.Dequarealias,maxime
Theologian.London.p.343.ISBN0223977284. contranovoshaereticosPelagianos,diligentius
March2002edition:ISBN1579109187. disputavi.Cf.Debonoconiugali,16.18PL40,385
3.HeexplainedtoJulianofEclanumthatitwasamost Denuptiisetconcupiscentia,II,21.36PL44,443
subtlejobtodiscernwhatcamefirst:Sedsi ContraIulianum,III,7.16PL44,710ibid.,V,
disputationesubtilissimaetelimatissimaopusest,ut 16.60PL44,817.SeealsoIdem(1983).Lemariage
sciamusutrumprimoshominesinsipientiasuperbos, chrtiendansl'oeuvredeSaintAugustin.Une
aninsipientessuperbiafecerit.(ContraJulianum,V, thologiebaptismaledelavieconjugale.Paris:
4.18PL44,795) tudesAugustiniennes.p.97.
4.Augustineexplaineditinthisway:"Whythereforeis 6.AlthoughAugustinepraiseshimintheConfessions,
itenjoineduponmind,thatitshouldknowitself?I 8.2.,itiswidelyacknowledgedthatAugustine's
suppose,inorderthat,itmayconsideritself,andlive attitudetowardsthatpaganphilosophywasverymuch
accordingtoitsownnaturethatis,seektobe ofaChristianapostle,asT.E.ClarkeSJwrites:
regulatedaccordingtoitsownnature,viz.,underHim TowardsNeoplatonismtherewasthroughouthislife
towhomitoughttobesubject,andabovethose adecidedlyambivalentattitudeonemustexpectboth
thingstowhichitistobepreferredunderHimby agreementandsharpdissent,derivationbutalso
whomitoughttoberuled,abovethosethingswhich repudiation.Inthematterwhichconcernsushere,the
itoughttorule.Foritdoesmanythingsthrough agreementwithNeoplatonism(andwiththePlatonic
viciousdesire,asthoughinforgetfulnessofitself. traditioningeneral)centersontworelatednotions:
Foritseessomethingsintrinsicallyexcellent,inthat immutabilityasprimarycharacteristicofdivinity,and
moreexcellentnaturewhichisGod:andwhereasit likenesstodivinityastheprimaryvocationofthe
oughttoremainsteadfastthatitmayenjoythem,itis soul.Thedisagreementchieflyconcerned,aswehave
turnedawayfromHim,bywishingtoappropriate said,tworelatedandcentralChristiandogmas:the
thosethingstoitself,andnottobeliketoHimbyHis IncarnationoftheSonofGodandtheresurrectionof
gift,buttobewhatHeisbyitsown,anditbeginsto theflesh.Clarke,SJ,T.E."St.Augustineand
moveandslipgraduallydownintolessandless, CosmicRedemption".TheologicalStudies.19(1958):
whichitthinkstobemoreandmore."("Onthe 151.Cf..Schmitt'schapter2:L'idologiehellnique
Trinity(http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/130105.ht etlaconceptionaugustiniennederalitscharnelles
m)"(DeTrinitate),5:7CCL50,320[112]) in:Idem(1983).Lemariagechrtiendansl'oeuvrede
SaintAugustin.Unethologiebaptismaledelavie
conjugale.Paris:tudesAugustiniennes.pp.108
123.O'Meara,J.J.(1954).TheYoungAugustine:The
GrowthofSt.Augustine'sMinduptoHis
Conversion.London.pp.143151and195f.Madec,
G.Le"platonisme"desPres.p.42.inIdem(1994).
PetitestudesAugustiniennes.Antiquit142.
Paris:Collectiond'tudesAugustiniennes.pp.2750.
ThomasAq.SThIq84a5AugustineofHippo,City
ofGod(http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120108.ht
m)(DeCivitateDei),VIII,5CCL47,221[34].
7.GeraldBonner'scommentexplainsalittlebitwhy
therearesomanyauthorswhowritefalsethings
aboutAugustine'sviews:"Itis,ofcourse,always
easiertoopposeanddenouncethantounderstand."
8.In393or394hecommented:Moreover,ifunbeliefis 9.Forexample,Heidegger'sarticulationsofhow
fornication,andidolatryunbelief,andcovetousness "Beingintheworld"isdescribedthroughthinking
idolatry,itisnottobedoubtedthatcovetousnessalso aboutseeing:"Theremarkablepriorityof'seeing'was
isfornication.Who,then,inthatcasecanrightly noticedparticularlybyAugustine,inconnectionwith
separateanyunlawfullustwhateverfromthe hisInterpretationofconcupiscentia."Heideggerthen
categoryoffornication,ifcovetousnessis quotestheConfessions:"Seeingbelongsproperlyto
fornication?Andfromthisweperceive,thatbecause theeyes.Butweevenusethisword'seeing'forthe
ofunlawfullusts,notonlythoseofwhichoneisguilty othersenseswhenwedevotethemtocognizing...We
inactsofuncleannesswithanother'shusbandor notonlysay,'Seehowthatshines',...'butweeven
wife,butanyunlawfullustswhatever,whichcause say,'Seehowthatsounds'".BeingandTime,Trs.
thesoulmakingabaduseofthebodytowanderfrom Macquarrie&Robinson.NewYork:Harpers,1964,
thelawofGod,andtoberuinouslyandbasely p.171.
corrupted,amanmay,withoutcrime,putawayhis
wife,andawifeherhusband,becausetheLordmakes
thecauseoffornicationanexceptionwhich
fornication,inaccordancewiththeabove
considerations,wearecompelledtounderstandas
beinggeneralanduniversal.("OntheSermononthe
Mount
(http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/16011.htm)",De
sermoneDominiinmonte,1:16:46CCL35,52)
Sources
1.Wells,J.(2000).Longman 8.Mendelson,Michael.Saint 17."GregoryPalamas'Useof
PronunciationDictionary(2 Augustine.TheStanford Augustine'sDeTrinitatefor
ed.).NewYork:Longman. EncyclopediaofPhilosophy. OriginalSinanditsApplication
ISBN0582364671. Retrieved21December2012. totheTheotokos&Scholarius'
2."Augustine",inWebster'sNew 9.TeSelle,Eugene(1970). PalamiticoAugustinianismof
BiographicalDictionary(1988), AugustinetheTheologian. theImmaculateConception
Springfield,MA:Merriam London.pp.347349.ISBN0 (Stockholm28.VI.15)".
Webster,ISBN0877795436. 223977284.March2002 Retrieved20150930.
3."Augustin(e,n.(andadj.)".(htt edition:ISBN1579109187. 18.Archimandrite."BookReview:
p://www.oed.com/viewdictionary 10.Durant,Will(1992).Caesarand ThePlaceofBlessedAugustine
entry/Entry/13120)Oxford Christ:aHistoryofRoman intheOrthodoxChurch".
EnglishDictionary.March2011. CivilizationandofChristianity OrthodoxTradition.II(3&4):
OxfordUniversityPress. fromTheirBeginningstoA.D. 4043.Archivedfromthe
Retrieved25May2011. 325.NewYork:MJFBooks. originalon10July2007.
4.TheAmericanHeritageCollege ISBN1567310141. Retrieved28June2007.
Dictionary.Boston,MA: 11.Wilken,RobertL.(2003).The 19.MacKendrick,Paul(1980)The
HoughtonMifflinCompany. SpiritofEarlyChristian NorthAfricanStonesSpeak,
1997.p.91.ISBN039566917 Thought.NewHaven:Yale ChapelHill:UniversityofNorth
0. UniversityPress.p.291. CarolinaPress,p.326,ISBN
5."Austin",inWebster'sNew ISBN0300105983. 0709903944.
BiographicalDictionary,11th 12.KnowYourPatronSaint(http:// 20.Ferguson,Everett(1998)
Edition,Springfield,MA: www.catholicapologetics.info/lib EncyclopediaofEarly
MerriamWebster,ISBN9780 rary/saints/index.htm). Christianity,Taylor&Francis,
877798095. catholicapologetics.info p.776,ISBN0815333196.
6.IntheOrthodoxChurch 13."SOMEUNDERLYING 21."[T}henamesMonnicaand
"AugustineHippo". POSITIONSOFTHIS Nonnicaarefoundon
OrthodoxWiki.Retrieved WEBSITE".www.romanity.org. tombstonesintheLibyan
17September2015. Retrieved20150930. languageassuchMonnicais
7. Portali,Eugne(1913)."St. 14."LimitsofChurch". theonlyBerbernamecommonly
AugustineofHippo".In www.fatheralexander.org. usedinEnglish."MichaelBrett
Herbermann,Charles.Catholic Retrieved20150930. andElizabethFentress(1996),
Encyclopedia.NewYork:Robert 15.Rev.Dr.GeorgeC. TheBerbers,Cambridge,MA:
AppletonCompany.Retrieved Papademetriou,"SaintAugustine Blackwell,p.293,ISBN
30June2016. intheGreekOrthodox 0631168524.
Tradition"(http://www.goarch.or
g/ourfaith/ourfaith8153)
16.Siecienski2010,pp.5367.
22.Vesey,Mark,trans.(2007) 32.MichaelBrettandElizabeth 45.Portali,Eugne."LifeofSt.

"ConfessionsSaintAugustine", Fentress,TheBerbers,Wiley AugustineofHippo"(http://ww
introduction,ISBN9781 Blackwell,1997,pp.71,293 w.newadvent.org/cathen/02084a.
593082598. 33.AndrewKnowlesandPachomios htm)TheCatholicEncyclopedia.
23.Hollingworth,Miles(2013). Penkett,AugustineandHis Vol.2.NewYork:Robert
SaintAugustineofHippo:An World,Ch.2. AppletonCompany(1907).
IntellectualBiography.Oxford 34.AugustineofHippo, Retrieved30September2011
UniversityPress.p.51. Confessions,2:4 46.(Kishlansky,142Kishlansky,
ISBN9780199861590. 35.EncyclopediaAmericana,v.2, MarkGeary,PatrickO'Brien,
24.FROST,MAURICE(194207 p.685.Danbury,CT:Grolier, Patricia(2010).Civilizationin
01)."ANOTEONTHE 1997.ISBN0717201295. theWest(Volume1:to1715
BERBERBACKGROUNDIN 36.AugustineofHippo, ed.).NewJersey:Pearson
THELIFEOFAUGUSTINE". Confessions,3:4 EducationInc.pp.142143.
TheJournalofTheological 37.Pope,Hugh."SaintMonica". 47.BeDuhn,JasonDavid(28
Studies.osXLIII(171172). CatholicEncyclopedia. October2009).Augustine's
doi:10.1093/jts/osXLIII.171 Retrieved20April2012."At ManichaeanDilemma:
172.188.ISSN00225185. CarthageAugustinehadbecome ConversionandApostasy,373
25.Leith,JohnH.(1990).From aManichaeanandwhenonhis 388C.E.Universityof
GenerationtoGeneration:The returnhomehepropounded PennsylvaniaPress.p.163.
RenewaloftheChurch certainhereticalpropositionsshe ISBN9780812242102.
AccordingtoItsOwnTheology drovehimawayfromhertable, Retrieved17June2011.
andPractice.WestminsterJohn butastrangevisionurgedherto 48.Outler,Albert." "Medieval
KnoxPress.p.24. recallhim.Itwasatthistime Sourcebook."InternetHistory
ISBN9780664251222. thatshewenttoseeacertain SourcebooksProject".Fordham
26.CatholicWorld,Volumes175 holybishop,whosenameisnot University,Medieval
176.PaulistFathers.1952. given,butwhoconsoledher Sourcebook.Fordham
p.376."ThewholeofNorth withthenowfamouswords, University.Retrieved
Africawasagloryof "thechildofthosetearsshall 30October2014.
ChristendomwithSt.Augustine, neverperish."" 49.AugustineofHippo,
himselfaBerber,itschief 38.AugustineofHippo, Confessions,6:15
ornament." Confessions,2:3 50.Burrus,Virginia(2011).
27.Ep.,CXXXIII,19.English 39.AugustineofHippo, " "FleeingtheUxorious
version(http://www.newadvent.o Confessions,8:17 Kingdom":Augustine'sQueer
rg/fathers/1102138.htm),Latin 40.RankeHeineman,Uta(1988). TheologyofMarriage".Journal
version(http://www.augustinus.i EunuchsfortheKingdomof ofEarlyChristianStudies.
t/latino/lettere/lettera_139_testo. Heaven:Women,Sexualityand JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress.
htm) theCatholicChurch.US: 19(1):120.
28.Confess.,VIII,6,14.English PenguinBooks. doi:10.1353/earl.2011.0002.
version(http://www.newadvent.o ISBN9780385265270. 51.Ferguson,Everett(1999)
rg/fathers/110108.htm),Latin 41.http://www.utne.com/mindand ChristianityinRelationtoJews,
version(http://www.augustinus.i body/staugustineandoriginal Greeks,andRomans,Taylor&
t/latino/confessioni/index2.htm) sinze0z1505zken.aspx"Don't Francis,p.208,ISBN08153
29.ContraFaustum,I,1.English BlametheDevil:StAugustine 30693.
version(http://www.newadvent.o andOriginalSin".UtneReader, 52.AugustineofHippo(2008).
rg/fathers/140601.htm),Latin May2015. Confessions.Chadwick,Henry
version(http://www.augustinus.i 42.AugustineofHippo, transl.NewYork:Oxford
t/latino/contro_fausto/index2.ht Confessions,4:2 UniversityPress.pp.15253.
m) 43.Brown,Peter(1970).Augustine 53.AugustineofHippo,Bishopand
30.Lancel,Serge(2002)Saint ofHippo:ABiography. Theologian(http://justus.anglica
Augustine,HymnsAncient& Berkeley:Universityof n.org/resources/bio/50.html).
Modern,p.5,ISBN CaliforniaPress.p.63. Justus.anglican.org.Retrieved
0334028663. 44.O'Donnell,JamesJ."Augustine on20150617.
31.Power,Kim(1999)"Family, theAfrican",Georgetown 54.Pope,Hugh."SaintMonica".
Relatives",pp.35354in University(http://faculty.georget CatholicEncyclopedia.
AugustineThroughtheAges:An own.edu/jod/augustine/). Retrieved20April2012."Here
Encyclopedia.AllanD. Faculty.georgetown.edu. deathovertookMonicaandthe
Fitzgerald,ed.GrandRapids: Retrievedon20150617. finestpagesofhis
Wm.B.Eerdmans,ISBN978 "Confessions"werepennedas
0802838438. theresultoftheemotion
Augustinethenexperienced."
55.Possidius,v.Aug.3.1
56.Lepelley,2:17677 68.AugustineofHippo,Decura 83.Bonner,G(1986).St.Augustine

57.A'Becket,John."CATHOLIC promortuisgerendaCSEL41, ofHippo.Lifeand
ENCYCLOPEDIA:Adeodatus". 627[1322]PL40,595:Nullo Controversies.Norwich:The
Retrieved20April2012. modoipsaspernendasunt CanterburyPress.ISBN0
58.Brown,Peter(2000)Augustine corpora.(...)Haecenimnonad 860782034.
ofHippo:ABiography, ornamentumveladiutorium, 84.Testard,M(1958).Saint
Berkeley:Universityof quodadhibeturextrinsecus,sed AugustinetCicron,I.Cicron
CaliforniaPress,ISBN adipsamnaturamhominis danslaformationetl'oeuvrede
0520227573. pertinent. saintAugustin(inFrench).
59.Augustine,ep.126.1 69.AugustineofHippo, Paris:tudesAugustiniennes.
60.SaintAugustineofHippo(http:// Enarrationesinpsalmos,143, pp.1006.
saints.sqpn.com/saintaugustine 6. 85.AugustineofHippo,
ofhippo/)atsaints.sqpn.com. 70.CCL40,2077[46]2078[74] Confessions5,7,127,6
Retrieved30September2011 46,23435. 86.AugustineofHippo,"Ofthe
61.Weiskotten,HerbertT.(2008). 71.AugustineofHippo,Deutilitate FalsenessoftheHistoryWhich
TheLifeofSaintAugustine:A ieiunii,4,45. AllotsManyThousandYearsto
TranslationoftheSancti 72.AugustineofHippo,De theWorld'sPast"(http://www.cc
AugustiniVitabyPossidius, quantitateanimae1.25.9. el.org/fathers2/NPNF102/npnf1
BishopofCalama. 73.AugustineofHippo,De 0218.htm#P2017_1154484),
Merchantville,NJ:Evolution quantitateanimae13.12: TheCityofGod,Book12:
Publishing.ISBN188975890 Substantiaquaedamrationis Chapt.10[419].
6. particeps,regendocorpori 87.Teske,RolandJ(1999)."Genesi
62."StAugustineofHippo"(http:// accomodata. adlitteramliberimperfectus,
www.philosophybasics.com/phil 74.AugustineofHippo,Onthefree De".InFitzgerald,AllanD.
osophers_augustine.html)at will(Deliberoarbitrio)2.3.7 AugustineThroughtheAges:An
PhilosophyBasics.com. 6.13. Encyclopedia.WmBEerdmans.
Retrieved30September2011. 75.Mann,WE(1999)."InnerLife pp.37778.ISBN97808028
63."NewAdventPopeBoniface Ethics".InMatthews,GB.The 38438.
VIII".Retrieved26February AugustinianTradition. 88.OntheMerits,1.2CityofGod,
2012. UniversityofCaliforniaPress. 13:1Enchiridion,104
64.Augustine'stomb,Augnet(htt pp.14142.ISBN052020999 89.Young,DavisA."The
p://www.augnet.org/default.asp?i 0. ContemporaryRelevanceof
pageid=2213&iparentid=145). 76.theAthenian,Athenagoras."A Augustine'sViewofCreation"
Augnet.org(20070422). PleafortheChristians".New (http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSC
Retrievedon20150617. advent. F/1988/PSCF388Young.html),
65.Dale,Shanon(2001)."Ahouse 77.Bauerschmidt,JohnC(1999). PerspectivesonScienceand
divided:SanPietroinCield'Oro "Abortion".InFitzgerald,Allan ChristianFaith40.1:4245
inPaviaandthepoliticsofPope D.AugustineThroughtheAges: (3/1988).Retrieved30
JohnXXII".Journalof AnEncyclopedia.WmB September2011.
MedievalHistory.27:55. Eerdmans.p.1.ISBN9780 90.Gonzalez,JustoL.(19701975).
doi:10.1016/S0304 802838438. AHistoryofChristianThought:
4181(00)000166. 78."OntheSoulandItsOrigin". Volume2(FromAugustineto
66.Stone,HaroldSamuel(2002)St. 79.Augustine,"OftheWorkof theeveoftheReformation).
Augustine'sBones:A Monks",p.25,Vol.3,Nicene& AbingdonPress.
Microhistory(StudiesinPrint PostNiceneFathers, ISBN0687171830.
CultureandtheHistoryofthe Eerdman's,GrandRapids,MI, 91.Blomberg,CraigL.(2006).
Book)Amherst:Universityof Reprinted1986 FromPentecosttoPatmos.
MassachusettsPress,ISBN 80.TheSaints,PaulineBooks& Apollos.p.519.
1558493883. Media,DaughtersofSt.Paul, ISBN0805432485.
67."SaintAugustinePhilosophical EditionsduSigne(1998),p.72 92.Cross,FrankL.Livingstone,
Anthropology".Encyclopediaof 81.Augustine,TheCityofGod,Ch. Elizabeth,eds.(2005).The
Philosophy.Stanford.Retrieved 15,p.411,Vol.II,Nicene& OxfordDictionaryofthe
23March2011. PostNiceneFathers, ChristianChurch.Oxford:
Eerdman's,GrandRapids,MI, OxfordUniversityPress.
Reprinted1986 ISBN0192802909.
82.VanDerMeer,F(1961). 93.AugustineofHippo,
AugustinetheBishop.TheLife Enchiridion,110
andWorkoftheFatherofthe 94.Matthews,GarethB.(1992).
Church.LondonNewYork. Thought'segoinAugustineand
p.60. Descartes.CornellUniversity
Press.ISBN0801427754.
95.King,PeterNathanBallantyne 109.Nonsubstantialitermanere 118.See:SfameniGasparro,G.

(2009)."Augustineon concupiscentiam,sicutcorpus (2001).Enkrateiae
Testimony"(PDF).Canadian aliquodautspiritumsedesse Antropologia.Lemotivazioni
JournalofPhilosophy.39(2): affectionemquamdammalae protologichedellacontinenzae
195.doi:10.1353/cjp.0.0045. qualitatis,sicutestlanguor.(De dellaverginitnel
96."ATimeForWar?"(http://www. nuptiisetconcupiscentia,I,25. christianesimodelprimisecolie
christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/se 28PL44,430cf.Contra nellognosticismo.Studia
ptemberwebonly/91755.0.htm Julianum,VI,18.53PL44, EphemeridisAugustinianum
l)ChristianityToday(200101 854ibid.VI,19.58PL44, 20.Rome.pp.250251.
09).Retrievedon20130428. 857ibid.,II,10.33PL44,697 Somers,H."ImagedeDieu.Les
97.AugustineofHippo(http://www. ContraSecundinum sourcesdel'exgse
crusadesencyclopedia.com/augu Manichaeum,15PL42,590. augustinienne".Revuedes
stineofhippo.html).Crusades 110.MariusMercatorLib.subnot.in tudesAugustiniennes.7
encyclopedia.com.Retrievedon verb.Iul.Praef.,2,3PL48,111 (1961):115.ISSN00352012.
20130428. /v.513/Bonner,Gerald. hdl:2042/712..Cf.John
98.St.AugustineofHippo(http://w RufinusofSyriaandAfrican Chrysostom,
ww.crusadesencyclopedia.com/a Pelagianism.pp.35(X).in: (DeSanctaVirginitate),XIV,6
ugustineofhippo.html), Idem(1987).God'sDecreeand SCh125,142145Gregoryof
CrusadesEncyclopedia Man'sDestiny.London: Nyssa,OntheMakingofMan(h
99."SaintAugustineandtheTheory VariorumReprints.pp.3147 ttp://www.newadvent.org/father
ofJustWar"(http://www.jknirp. (X).ISBN0860782034. s/130105.htm),17SCh6,164
com/mattox.htm).Jknirp.com 111.AugustineofHippo,Degratia 165andOnVirginity(http://ww
(20070123).Retrievedon Christietdepeccatooriginali(h w.newadvent.org/fathers/2907.ht
20130428. ttp://www.augustinus.it/latino/gr m),12.2SCh119,402[1720].
100."TheJustWar"(http://www.cath azia_cristo/grazia_cristo_1_libr Cf.AugustineofHippo,Onthe
oliceducation.org/articles/politic o.htm),I,15.16CSEL42,138 GoodofMarriage(http://www.n
s/pg0029.html). [v.2429]Ibid.,I,4.5CSEL ewadvent.org/fathers/1309.htm),
Catholiceducation.org.Retrieved 42,128[v.1523]. 2.2PL40,374.
on20130428. 112.AugustineofHippo,Against 119.Gerson,LloydP.Plotinus.New
101.Gonzalez,JustoL.(1984).The TwoLettersofthePelagians York,NY:Routledge,1994.203
StoryofChristianity.San 1.3132 120.AugustineofHippo,
Francisco:Harper. 113.Brown,Peter.Augustineof "EnarrationsonthePsalms"
ISBN006185588X. Hippo.Berkeley:Universityof (Enarrationesinpsalmos),
102.OStegmller,inMarienkunde, CaliforniaPress,1967.ISBN0 143:6CCL40,2077[46]
455 520001869,35 2078[74]OntheLiteral
103.AugustineofHippo,DeSancta 114."TheManichaeanVersionof MeaningofGenesis(DeGenesi
Virginitate,6,6,191. Genesis24".Archivedfromthe adLitteram),9:6:11,trans.John
104.AugustineofHippo,DeSancta originalon29October2005. HammondTaylorSJ,vol.2,p.
Virginitate,18 Retrieved25March2008.. 7677PL34,397.
105.AugustineofHippo,DeGenesi TranslatedfromtheArabictext 121.AugustineofHippo,De
adliteram1:1920,Chapt.19 ofIbnalNadm,Fihrist,as continentia,12.27PL40,368
[408],DeGenesiadliteram,2:9 reproducedbyG.Flgelin Ibid.,13.28PL40,369Contra
106.AugustineofHippo,Onthe Mani:SeineLehreundseine Julianum,III,15.29,PL44,
LiteralMeaningofGenesis(De Schriften(Leipzig,1862 717Ibid.,III,21.42,PL44,
Genesiadlitteram),VIII,6:12, reprinted,Osnabrck:Biblio 724.
vol.1,p.1923and12:28,vol. Verlag,1969)58.1161.13. 122."APostscripttotheRemedium
2,p.21920,trans.John 115.AugustineofHippo,Delibero Concupiscentiae".TheThomist.
HammondTaylorSJBA49,28 arbitrio1,9,1. 70:481536.2006.
and5052PL34,377cf. 116.Trap,A.S.Agostino: 123.MeritsandRemissionofSin,
idem,DeTrinitate,XII,12.17 IntroduzioneallaDottrinadella andInfantBaptism(http://www.
CCL50,371372[v.26311 Grazia.INaturaeGrazia. newadvent.org/fathers/1501.htm)
36]Denaturaboni3435 pp.113114. (Depeccatorummeritiset
CSEL25,872PL42,551572 117.Brachtendorf,J.(1997)."Cicero remissioneetdebaptismo
107.AugustineofHippo,Onthe andAugustineonthePassions": parvulorum),I,6.6PL44,112
LiteralMeaningofGenesis(De 307.hdl:2042/23075. 113cf.OntheLiteralMeaning
Genesiadlitteram),VIII,4.8 ofGenesis(DeGenesiad
BA49,20 litteram)9:6:11,trans.John
108.AugustineofHippo,Nisi HammondTaylorSJ,vol.2,pp.
radicemmalihumanustunc 7677PL34,397.
reciperetsensus("Contra
Julianum",I,9.42PL44,670)
124.AugustineofHippo, 138.JamesCarroll,Constantine's 149.Edwards,B.(2011)."LetMy

ImperfectumOpuscontra Sword(HoughtonMifflin PeopleGo:ACalltoEndthe
Iulianum,II,218 Harcourt,2002),p.219. OppressionofWomeninthe
125.Southern,R.W.(1953).The 139.SeealsoPaulaFredriksen, Church."Charleston,SC:
MakingoftheMiddleAges. interviewedbyDavidVan Createspace,ISBN1466401117.
London.pp.2347. Biema,"WasSaintAugustine 150.McCloskey,GaryN.(April
126.Hgglund,Bengt(2007)[1968]. GoodfortheJews?"(http://cont 2008)EncountersofLearning:
Teologinshistoria[Historyof ent.time.com/time/nation/article/ SaintAugustineonEducation(h
Theology](inGerman). 0,8599,1864878,00.html)in ttp://www.merrimack.edu/acade
TranslatedbyGeneJ.Lund(4th Timemagazine,December7, mics/augustinian_pedagogy/docu
rev.ed.).St.Louis,MO: 2008. ments/encountering_0408.pdf),
ConcordiaPublishingHouse. 140.FredrikseninterviewedbyVan SaintAugustineInstitutefor
pp.139140.ISBN978 Biema,"WasSaintAugustine LearningandTeaching,
0758613486. GoodfortheJews?" MerrimackCollege.
127.St.AugustineofHippo."On 141.AugustineofHippo,On 151.G.Howie,G.,Educational
RebukeandGrace".InPhilip ChristianDoctrine,3.37 TheoryandPracticeinSt.
Schaff.NiceneandPostNicene 142.Russell,Bertrand(1945)A Augustine(London:Routledge
Fathers,FirstSeries,Vol.5. HistoryofWesternPhilosophy, andKeganPaul,1969),150153
TranslatedbyPeterHolmesand Simon&Schuster.p.356. 152.Wright,F.A.andSinclair,T.A.
RobertErnestWallis,and 143.AugustineofHippo,Cityof (1931)AHistoryofLaterLatin
revisedbyBenjaminB. God,BookI,Ch.16,18. Literature,DawsonsofPall
Warfield(revisedandeditedfor 144.Galbraith,D.(2015)."The Mall,London,pp.56ff.
NewAdventbyKevinKnight) PerfectPenisofEdenandQueer 153.BertrandRussell,Historyof
(1887ed.).Buffalo,NY: TimeinAugustine'sReadingof WesternPhilosophyBookII
ChristianLiteraturePublishing Paul,"pp.119inR.J.Myles ChapterIV
Co. andC.Blyth(Ed.),Sexuality, 154.AHistoryofWesternPhilosophy
128.Meister,ChadCopan,Paul, IdeologyandtheBible: (1946),reprintedUnwin
eds.(2012).TheRoutledge AntipodeanEngagements, Paperbacks1979,pp.352353.
CompaniontoPhilosophyof Sheffield:SheffieldPhoenix 155.ConfessionesLiberX:
Religion.RoutledgePhilosophy Press,ISBN1909697834),p.9. commentaryon10.8.12(http://w
Companions(2nded.).London. 145.Galbraith,D.(2015)."The ww.stoa.org/hippo/text10.html#
ISBN9780415782944. PerfectPenisofEdenandQueer TB10C8S12)(inLatin)
129.Portali,Eugne."Teachingof TimeinAugustine'sReadingof 156.dePaulo,CraigJ.N.(2006).
St.AugustineofHippo"(http:// Paul,"pp.119inR.J.Myles TheInfluenceofAugustineon
www.newadvent.org/cathen/0209 andC.Blyth(Ed.),Sexuality, Heidegger:TheEmergenceofan
1a.htm)TheCatholic IdeologyandtheBible: AugustinianPhenomenology.
Encyclopedia.Vol.2.NewYork: AntipodeanEngagements, TheEdwinMellenPress.
RobertAppletonCompany Sheffield:SheffieldPhoenix ISBN0773456899.
(1907).Retrieved30September Press,ISBN1909697834),p. 157.Husserl,Edmund(1964)
2011 10. PhenomenologyofInternal
130.AugustineofHippo, 146.Reuther,R.R.(2007). TimeConsciousness.Tr.James
ExplanationsofthePsalms "Augustine:Sexualitygender S.Churchill.Bloomington:
33:1:10[405] andwomen",pp.4768inJ.C. IndianaUP,p.21.
131.AugustineofHippo,Sermons Stark(Ed.),Feminist 158.Chiba,Shin(1995)."Hannah
227[411] InterpretationsofAugustine, ArendtonLoveandthe
132.AugustineofHippo,Sermons UniversityPark,PA:The Political:Love,Friendship,and
272 PennsylvaniaStateUniversity Citizenship".TheReviewof
133.AugustineofHippo,ASermon Press,ISBN027103257X. Politics.57(3):505535(507).
toCatechumensontheCreed, 147.Edwards,B.(2011)LetMy doi:10.1017/S003467050001972
Paragraph16 PeopleGo:ACalltoEndthe 0.JSTOR1408599.
134.AugustineofHippo,Cityof OppressionofWomeninthe 159.Tinder,GlennElshtain,Jean
God,Book20,Chapter8 Church,Charleston,SC: Bethke(1997)."Augustineand
135.DiarmaidMacCulloch.The Createspace,ISBN1466401117. theLimitsofPolitics,byJean
Reformation:AHistory 148.Raming,I.(2004).AHistoryof BethkeElshtain".American
(PenguinGroup,2005)p8. WomenandOrdination,Volume PoliticalScienceReview.91(2):
136.AugustineofHippo,Cityof Two:ThePriestlyOfficeof 432433.doi:10.2307/2952372.
God,book18,chapter46. WomenGod'sGifttoa
137.Edwards,J.(1999)TheSpanish RenewedChurch(B.Cooke&
Inquisition,Stroud,pp.3335, G.Macy,trans.)Lanham,MD:
ISBN0752417703. ScarecrowPress,pp.2930,
ISBN0810848503.
160.Woo,B.Hoon(2015). 162.Munteanu,E.'OntheObject 164.RestlessHeart(http://www.restl

"Pilgrim'sProgressinSociety Language/Metalanaguage essheartfilm.com/).
Augustine'sPoliticalThoughtin DistinctioninSaintAugustine's Restlessheartfilm.com.
TheCityofGod".Political Works.DeDialecticaandde Retrievedon20130428.
Theology.16(5):421441. Magistro.',p.65.InCram,D., 165.AGOSTINELLIFamilyCrest/
doi:10.1179/1462317X14Z.0000 Linn,A.R.,&Nowak,E. AGOSTINELLICoatofArms
00000113. (Eds.).HistoryofLinguistics (http://www.4crests.com/agostin
161.Lal,D.(March2002)"Morality 1996:Volume2:FromClassical ellicoatofarms.html).
andCapitalism:Learningfrom toContemporaryLinguistics. 4crests.com(20130419).
thePast"(http://www.econ.ucla. JohnBenjaminsPublishing Retrievedon20130428.
edu/workingpapers/wp812.pdf). Company.RetrievedApril16, 166.Miller,WalterM.,Jr.(1959)A
WorkingPaperNumber812, 2015from CanticleforLeibowitz,p.209.
DepartmentofEconomics, https://books.google.com/books? 167.McGerr,Patricia(1964),My
UniversityofCalifornia,Los id=IWtCAAAAQBAJ. Brothers,RememberMonica:A
Angeles. 163.Hasse,JohannAdolf(1993).La NoveloftheMotherof
conversioneDiSant'Agostino. Augustine,NewYork:P.J.
CDBooklet:MarcusCreed's Kenedy.
recordingofLaconversiondi 168.Smither,HowardE.(197701
Sant'AgostinowiththeRIAS 01).AHistoryoftheOratorio.
Kammerchor10389/90.: UNCPressBooks.
CapriccioDigital.p.13. ISBN9780807812747.
Furtherreading
AncientChristianWriters:TheWorksofthe dePaulo,CraigJ.N.(2011).AugustinianJust
FathersinTranslation.NewYork:Newman WarTheoryandtheWarsinAfghanistanand
Press.1978. Iraq:Confessions,ContentionsandtheLustfor
Augustine,Saint(1974).VernonJosephBourke, Power.PeterLang.ISBN9781433112324.
ed.TheEssentialAugustine(2nded.). Doull,JamesA.(1979)."Augustinian
Indianapolis:Hackett. TrinitarianismandExistentialTheology".
Ayres,Lewis(2010).AugustineandtheTrinity. Dionysius.III:111159.
Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress. Doull,JamesA.(1988)."WhatisAugustinian
ISBN9780521838863. "Sapientia"?".Dionysius.XII:6167.
Bourke,VernonJoseph(1945).Augustine's Fitzgerald,AllanD.,O.S.A.,GeneralEditor
QuestofWisdom.Milwaukee:Bruce. (1999).AugustinethroughtheAges:An
Bourke,VernonJoseph(1984).WisdomFrom Encyclopedia.GrandRapids:WilliamB.
St.Augustine.Houston:CenterforThomistic EerdmansPublishingCo.ISBN080283843
Studies. X.
BrachtendorfJ."CiceroandAugustineonthe Gilson,Etienne(1960).TheChristian
Passions".RevuedestudesAugustiniennes.43 PhilosophyofSt.Augustine.L.E.M.Lynch,
(1997):289308.hdl:2042/23075. trans.NewYork:RandomHouse.
Brown,Peter(1967).AugustineofHippo. Green,BradleyG.ColinGuntonandthe
Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress. FailureofAugustine:TheTheologyofColin
ISBN0520001869. GuntonintheLightofAugustine(http://www.ja
Burke,Cormac(1990)."St.Augustineand mesclarke.co/product_info.php/products_id/167
ConjugalSexuality".Communio.IV(17):545 5?osCsid=1673ba77f80a4a6cf663eb311d2556b
565. 6),JamesClarkeandCo.(2012),ISBN
Burnaby,John(1938).AmorDei:AStudyofthe 9780227680056
ReligionofSt.Augustine.TheCanterburyPress Kolbet,PaulR.(2010).AugustineandtheCure
Norwich.ISBN1853110221. ofSouls:RevisingaClassicalIdeal.Notre
Clark,MaryT.(1994).Augustine.Geoffrey Dame,IN:UniversityofNotreDamePress.
Chapman.ISBN9780225666816. ISBN9780268033217.
Deane,HerbertA.(1963).ThePoliticaland Lawless,GeorgeP.(1987).AugustineofHippo
SocialIdeasofSt.Augustine.NewYork: andHisMonasticRule.Oxford:Clarendon
ColumbiaUniversityPress. Press.
LeMoine,FannieKleinhenz,Christopher,eds. Pollman,Karla(2007).SaintAugustinethe
(1994).SaintAugustinetheBishop:ABookof Algerian.Gttingen:EditionRuprecht.ISBN3
Essays.GarlandMedievalCasebooks.9.New 897442094.
York:Garland. Pottier,Ren(2006).SaintAugustinleBerbre
Lubin,Augustino(1659).OrbisAugustinianus (inFrench).FernandLanore.ISBN285157
siveconventuumordiniseremitarumSancti 2822.
Augustinichorographicaettopographica RgledeSt.Augustinpourlesreligieusesde
descriptio.Paris. sonordreetConstitutionsdelaCongrgation
Mackey,Louis(2011).FaithOrder desReligieusesduVerbeIncarnetduSaint
Understanding:NaturalTheologyinthe Sacrament(Lyon:ChezPierreGuillimin,1662),
AugustinianTradition.Totonto:PIMS. pp.2829.Cf.latereditionpublishedatLyon
ISBN9780888444219. (ChezBriday,Libraire,1962),pp.2224.
Markus,R.A.,ed.(1972).Augustine:A Englishedition,(NewYork:Schwartz,Kirwin,
CollectionofCriticalEssays.GardenCity,NY: andFauss,1893),pp.3335.
Anchor. Siecienski,AnthonyEdward(2010).The
Matthews,GarethB.(2005).Augustine. Filioque:HistoryofaDoctrinalControversy.
Blackwell.ISBN0631233482. OxfordUniversityPress.
Mayer,CorneliusP.(ed.).AugustinusLexikon. Starnes,Colin(1990).Augustine'sConversion:
Basel:SchwabeAG. AGuidetotheArgumentsofConfessionsIIX.
Miles,MargaretR.(2012).Augustineandthe Waterloo,Ontario:WilfridLaurierUniversity
Fundamentalist'sDaughter(http://www.lutterw Press.
orth.com/product_info.php/products_id/1674?o Tanquerey,Adolphe(2001).TheSpiritualLife:
sCsid=1673ba77f80a4a6cf663eb311d2556b6), ATreatiseonAsceticalandMysticalTheology.
LutterworthPress,ISBN9780718892623. Rockford,IL:TanBooks&Publishers.pp.37).
Nash,RonaldH(1969).TheLightoftheMind: ISBN0895556596.
StAugustine'sTheoryofKnowledge.Lexington: Trap,A.(1990).S.Agostino:Introduzionealla
UniversityPressofKentucky. DottrinadellaGrazia.CollanadiStudi
Nelson,JohnCharles(1973)."Platonisminthe Agostiniani4.INaturaeGrazia.Rome:Citt
Renaissance".InWiener,Philip.Dictionaryof Nuova.p.422.ISBN8831134027.
theHistoryofIdeas.3.NewYork:Scribner. vonHeyking,John(2001).Augustineand
pp.51015(vol.3).ISBN0684132931."(...) PoliticsasLongingintheWorld.Columbia:
SaintAugustineassertedthatNeoPlatonism UniversityofMissouriPress.ISBN08262
possessedallspiritualtruthsexceptthatofthe 13499.
Incarnation.(...)" Woo,B.Hoon(2013)."Augustine's
O'Daly,Gerard(1987).Augustine'sPhilosophy HermeneuticsandHomileticsinDedoctrina
oftheMind.Berkeley:UniversityofCalifornia christiana".JournalofChristianPhilosophy.
Press. 17:97117.
O'Donnell,James(2005).Augustine:ANew Woo,B.Hoon(2015)."Pilgrim'sProgressin
Biography.NewYork:ECCO.ISBN006 SocietyAugustine'sPoliticalThoughtinThe
0535377. CityofGod".PoliticalTheology.16.5:421
Pagels,Elaine(1989).Adam,Eve,andthe 441.
Serpent:SexandPoliticsinEarlyChristianity. ZumkellerO.S.A.,Adolar(1986).Augustine's
VintageBooks.ISBN0679722327. IdealoftheReligiousLife.NewYork:Fordham
Park,JaeEun(2013),"LackingLoveor UniversityPress.ISBN0823211053.
ConveyingLove?TheFundamentalRootsof ZumkellerO.S.A.,Adolar(1987).Augustine's
theDonatistsandAugustine'sNuanced Rule.Villanova:AugustinianPress.ISBN0
TreatmentofThem",TheReformedTheological 941491064.
Review,72(2):10321.
Plumer,EricAntone(2003).Augustine's
CommentaryonGalatians.OxfordUniversity
Press.ISBN0199244391.
Externallinks
General Wikisourcehasoriginal
workswrittenbyorabout:
AugustineofHippo
"CompleteWorksofSaintAugustine(inEnglish)"(http://www.au
gustinus.it/links/inglese/opere.htm)fromAugustinus.it Wikiquotehasquotations
"CompleteWorksofSaintAugustine(inFrench)"(http://www.ab relatedto:Augustineof
bayesaintbenoit.ch/saints/augustin/)fromAbbeySaintBenotde Hippo
PortValais
"CompleteWorksofSaintAugustine(inSpanish)"(http://www.m WikimediaCommonshas
ercaba.org/Filosofia/Medieval/agustin_de_hipona_00.htm)from mediarelatedtoAugustine
Mercaba,Catholicleaders'website ofHippo.
"WorksbySaintAugustine"(http://www.ccel.org/ccel/augustine?
show=worksBy)fromCCEL.org
Mendelson,Michael."SaintAugustine".StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.
"Augustine".InternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.
"Augustine'sPoliticalandSocialPhilosophy".InternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.
"St.Augustine,BishopandConfessor,DoctoroftheChurch"(http://www.bartleby.com/210/8/281.html),
Butler'sLivesoftheSaints
AugustineofHippo(http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/jod/augustine/)editedbyJamesJ.O'Donnell
texts,translations,introductions,commentaries,etc.
Augustine'sTheoryofKnowledge
"SaintAugustineofHippo"(http://www.christianiconography.info/augustine.html)attheChristian
Iconography(http://www.christianiconography.info)website
"TheLifeofSt.Austin,orAugustine,Doctor"(http://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/aug
ustine.htm)fromtheCaxtontranslationoftheGoldenLegend
DavidLindsay:SaintAugustineDoctorGratiae(http://davidaslindsay.blogspot.com/2009/08/doctorgr
atiae.html)
St.AugustineAMaleChauvinist?(http://www.its.caltech.edu/~nmcenter/womencp/augustin.html)[1]
(http://www.ewtn.com/library/THEOLOGY/MALECHAU.HTM),Fr.EdmundHill,OP.Talkgivento
theRobertHughBensonGraduateSocietyatFisherHouse,Cambridge,on22November1994.
St.AugustineTimelineChurchHistoryTimelines(http://www.churchhistorytimelines.com/pages/staug
ustine)
GiovanniDomenicoGiulio:NachtgedankendesheiligenAugustinus.Trier1843Digitized(http://nbnres
olving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1481434)
Bibliography
AugustineofHippo(http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/augustine.php)atEarlyChurch.org.ukextensive
bibliographyandonlinearticles
BibliographyonSt.Augustine(http://www.findingaugustine.org/)StartedbyT.J.vanBavelO.S.A.,
continuedattheAugustinianhistoricalInstituteinLouvain,Belgium
WorksbyAugustine
WorksbyAureliusAugustine(http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Augustine,+Aurelius)atProject
Gutenberg
WorksbySaintAugustine(http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Augustine,+Saint,+Bishop+of+Hippo)at
ProjectGutenberg
WorksbyoraboutSaintAugustine(https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Bishop+of+Hippo%2
2+OR+%22Saint+Augustine%22+OR+%22Augustine%2C+Saint%22+OR+%22Aurelius+Augustine%2
2+OR+%22Aurelius%2C+Augustine%22+OR+%22Saint+Austin%22+OR+%22Austin%2C+Saint%2
2%29)atInternetArchive
WorksbyAugustineofHippo(http://librivox.org/author/79)atLibriVox(publicdomainaudiobooks)
St.Augustine(http://www.ccel.org/a/augustine/)attheChristianClassicsEtherealLibrary
AugustineagainstSecundinus(http://www.rogerpearse.com/weblog/augustineagainstsecundinusthem
anichaeaninenglish/)inEnglish.
AureliusAugustinus(http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT31.HTM)at"IntraTextDigital
Library"textsinseverallanguages,withconcordanceandfrequencylist
Augustinus.it(http://www.augustinus.it/)Latin,SpanishandItaliantexts
SanctusAugustinus(http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_40_03540430_Augustinus,_Sanctus.
html)atDocumentaCatholicaOmniaLatin
CityofGod,Confessions,Enchiridion,Doctrine(http://www.doxologypress.org/theaudio/index.html)
audiobooks
SaintAugustine(2008).TheHappyLifeAnswertoScepticsDivineProvidenceandtheProblemofEvil
Soliloquies.US:CUAPress.ISBN9780813215518.
Digitizedmanuscript(http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0580)createdinFrancebetween1275and1325with
extractofAugustineofHippoworksatSOMNI(http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43)
ExpositioPsalmorumbeatiAugustini(http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0895)digitizedcodexcreated
between11501175,alsoknownas"EnarrationesinPsalmos.183",atSOMNI(http://roderic.uv.es/hand
le/10550/43)
AureliiAgustiniHipponaeepiscopisuperloannemlibrum(http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0892)digitized
codexcreatedin1481hissermonsaboutJohn'sGospelatSOMNI(http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43)
SententiaeexomnibusoperibusDiviAugustinidecerptae(http://realr.mtak.hu/104/)digitizedcodex
createdin1539atLibraryoftheHungarianAcademyofSciences(http://konyvtar.mta.hu/index_en.php)
Biographyandcriticism
OrderofStAugustine(https://web.archive.org/web/20060610111127/http://augnet.org/)
BlessedAugustineofHippo:HisPlaceintheOrthodoxChurch(http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/
bless_aug.aspx)
Augustine'sWorld:AnIntroductiontoHisSpeculativePhilosophy(http://www.villanova.edu/mission/spi
rituality/about/)byDonaldBurt,OSA,memberoftheAugustinianOrder,VillanovaUniversity
TabulainlibrumSanctiAugustiniDecivitateDei(http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0049)byRobert
Kilwardby,digitizedmanuscriptof1464atSOMNI(http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augustine_of_Hippo&oldid=747979397"
Categories: AugustineofHippo 354births 430deaths 4thcenturyChristiantheologians

4thcenturyRomans 4thcenturywriters 5thcenturyChristiantheologians 5thcenturyChristiansaints
5thcenturyphilosophers 5thcenturyRomans 5thcenturywriters Africanphilosophers
Romaneraphilosophers Numidiansaints AncientRomansaints Amillennialism
AncientRomanrhetoricians AntiGnosticism Aurelii AugustinianOrder Autobiographers
BurialsatSanPietroinCield'Oro Chaouipeople Christianethicists Christianmystics
Christianphilosophers ChristianityinAlgeria ChurchFathers DoctorsoftheChurch
Existentialisttheologians LateAntiqueLatinlanguagewriters Latinletterwriters Musictheorists
Neoplatonists Christianapologists PeoplefromSoukAhras Christianexistentialists Mariology
Sermonwriters Systematictheologians ConvertstoChristianityfromatheismoragnosticism
4thcenturyBerberpeople 5thcenturyBerberpeople BerberChristians
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon5November2016,at16:13.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay
apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisaregistered
trademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

Augustine of Hippo - Wikipedia

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Augustine of Hippo - Wikipedia

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

7/11/2016 AugustineofHippoWikipedia

Contents Shrines SanPietroinCield'Oro,Pavia,

22.Vesey,Mark,trans.(2007) 32.MichaelBrettandElizabeth 45.Portali,Eugne."LifeofSt.

56.Lepelley,2:17677 68.AugustineofHippo,Decura 83.Bonner,G(1986).St.Augustine

95.King,PeterNathanBallantyne 109.Nonsubstantialitermanere 118.See:SfameniGasparro,G.

124.AugustineofHippo, 138.JamesCarroll,Constantine's 149.Edwards,B.(2011)."LetMy

160.Woo,B.Hoon(2015). 162.Munteanu,E.'OntheObject 164.RestlessHeart(http://www.restl

Categories: AugustineofHippo 354births 430deaths 4thcenturyChristiantheologians

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen